368-371 co11-824133 3/12/04 1:06 am page 368 islamic

c. A.D. 610Muhammadreceivesprophetic call

A.D. 750 Abbasids overthrowUmayyads

A.D. 600 A.D. 900 1200 1500A.D. 600 A.D. 900 1200 1500

Muslims gather around the Kaaba at the Great Mosque in Makkah.

Islamic Civilization

1258MongolsburnBaghdad

c. 1375Ibn Khaldunwrites histories

c. 1100Omar Khayyamwrites theRubaiyat

368–

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Chapter PreviewA few hundred years after the beginnings of Christianity,

another important religion arose in the Middle East: Islam.Followers of Islam conquered much of the Middle East,northern Africa, and part of Europe. They also made greatcultural contributions to the world.

View the Chapter 11 video in the World History:Journey Across Time Video Program.

Chapter Overview Visitjat.glencoe.com for a previewof Chapter 11.

Categorizing Information Make the following foldable to organize informationabout the people and places of Islamic civilization.

Reading and WritingAs you read, use yourfoldable to write downwhat you learn aboutIslamic civilization.Write facts under eachappropriate tab.

Step 1 Collect two sheets of paper and place themabout 1 inch apart.

369

Keep theedges

straight.

Islamic CivilizationThe Rise of IslamIslamic Empires

The Muslim Ways of Life

Staple along the

fold.

This makes allthe tabs thesame size.

The Rise of IslamThe religion of Islam originated in Arabia. It wasbased on the teachings of Muhammad.

Islamic EmpiresFollowers of Islam, called Muslims, built largeempires and spread their faith through trade andconquest throughout parts of Asia, Africa, and theMediterranean.

Muslim Ways of LifeMuslims were skilled traders and builders. Theyestablished large cities and made many advances in mathematics, science, and the arts.

Step 2 Fold down the top edgesof the paper to form four tabs.

Step 3 When all the tabs are thesame size, crease the paper to holdthe tabs in place and staple the sheetstogether. Turn the paper and labeleach tab as shown.

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http://jat.glencoe.com

Main Idea

370

Main Ideas and DetailsMain ideas are the most important ideas in a paragraph,

section, or chapter. Supporting details are facts or examplesthat explain the main idea. Read the following paragraph fromSection 3 and notice how the author explains the main idea.

Several things explain the success of Muslim trade. WhenMuslim empires expanded, theyspread the Arabic language. As a result, Arabic became the lan-guage of trade. Muslim rulersalso made trade easier by provid-ing merchants with coins.

—from page 388

Main Idea SupportingDetail

SupportingDetail

SupportingDetail

SupportingDetail

Often, the first sentence

in a paragraph will

contain a main idea.

Supporting details

will come in following

sentences.

368-371 CO11-824133 7/15/04 5:48 PM 70

Using a GraphicOrganizer

Read the following paragraph, and find the main ideaand supporting details. Create a graphic organizer like theone that appears at the bottom of page 370.

“The famous Mogulruler Akbar could notread, yet he set up alarge library because hevalued education, books,and art.” Write a letter to Akbar telling himabout your favorite bookand why it should beincluded in his library.

Read to Write

As you read Chapter 11, create yourown graphic organizer to show themain idea and supporting detailsfrom at least one paragraph.

371

Times were good in India underAkbar. Farmers and artisans pro-duced more food and goods than the Indians needed. As a result, trade increased. Muslim merchantsbrought paper, gunpowder, and fineporcelain from China to India. Inaddition, Muslim architects intro-duced new building styles, such asthe arch and dome, to India.

—from page 386

Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock

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The Rise of Islam

What’s the Connection?Previously, you learned about

early empires in southwest Asia.During the A.D. 600s, people calledArabs began a new empire in theregion. The driving force behind their empire building was the religionof Islam.

Focus on the • The deserts, coastline, and oases of

Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life. (page 373)

• The prophet Muhammad brought themessage of Islam to the people ofArabia. (page 374)

• The Quran provided guidelines forMuslims’ lives and the governmentsof Muslim states. (page 377)

Locating PlacesMakkah (MAH•kuh)Kaaba (KAH•buh)Madinah (mah•DEE•nah)

Meeting PeopleBedouin (BEH•duh•wuhn)Muhammad (moh•HAH•muhd)

Building Your Vocabularyoasis (oh•AY•suhs)sheikh (SHAYK)caravan (KAR•uh•VAN)Quran (koh•RAHN)

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Use adiagram like the one below to identifythe Five Pillars of faith.

372 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization

Five Pillars of Faith

A.D. 570Muhammad is born

c. A.D. 610Muhammad receivesprophetic call

A.D. 630Makkah surrendersto Muhammad

Makkah (Mecca)

Madinah

A.D. 550 A.D. 600 A.D. 650A.D. 550 A.D. 600 A.D. 650

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Daily Life in Early ArabiaThe deserts, coastline, and oases of

Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life.Reading Focus Do you ever think about how rainfallshapes your life? Read on to find out how lack of rainhelped shape the Arabs’ way of life.

Desert stretches over most of the Arabianpeninsula. The heat is intense, and a sand-storm can blind any traveler. Water is foundonly at oases (oh AY seez), green areas fed byunderground water. Not all of Arabia is dry,however. In the mountains of the south-west, enough rain falls to support plantssuch as juniper and olive trees.

To survive, Arabs formed into clans,people related by family, and tribes whowere loyal to one another. The tribe’s headwas called a sheikh (SHAYK).

Who Are the Bedouins? Some Arabs weredesert herders. To water and graze theircamels, goats, and sheep, they went fromoasis to oasis. They were called Bedouins(BEH • duh • wuhnz).

Bedouin womanmaking bread

Today, many Bedouins still roam the desert andlive in tents. Where did Bedouins graze theiranimals in the desert?

373

Bedouins lived in tents and ate driedfruits and nuts. They drank the milk of theiranimals. Only rarely would they eat meat.Their animals were much too valuable to beused as food.

Trade and Towns Many Arabs lived in vil-lages where they farmed or raised animals.These villages were near oases or in themountain valleys.

Some of the villagers were merchantswho transported goods across the desert. Tofend off attacks by Bedouins, many traveledin a caravan (KAR • uh• VAN), or group of trav-eling merchants and animals.

By about A.D. 500, Arabian merchantshandled most trade between India and theMediterranean Sea. As their trade grew,Arab merchants founded towns along thetrade routes in Arabia. Makkah (MAH • kuh),also known as Mecca, became the largestand richest of them all. It was a crossroadsfor merchants, and it was also an importantreligious site. The holiest place in Arabia wasin this city.

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Constantinople

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Baghdad

Persepolis

The Middle East, c. A.D. 600

In the middle of Makkah was the Kaaba(KAH buh), a low square building sur-rounded by statues of gods and goddesses.Arabs believed that the great stone insidethe Kaaba was from heaven. Pilgrims, peo-ple who travel to a holy place, flocked toMakkah. Arabians worshiped many gods,but the most important was Allah. Allahwas considered to be the creator.

Analyze How did geographyshape life in Arabia?


Muhammad: Islam’s ProphetThe prophet Muhammad brought the

message of Islam to the people of Arabia.Reading Focus Have you ever heard someone speakand been moved to tears? The following paragraphs tellabout a prophet who moved the Arab people with hiswords.

Muhammad’s Message In A.D. 570 a mannamed Muhammad (moh • HAH • muhd) wasborn in Makkah. An orphan, he was raisedfirst by his grandfather and then by anuncle. As a teenager, he worked as a cara-van leader and became a successful mer-chant. He married and had children.

Despite his success, Muhammad wasdissatisfied. He felt that the wealthy townleaders should return to the old ways. Hethought they should honor their families,be fair in business, and help the poor.

Muhammad went into the hills to medi-tate. In about A.D. 610, he said he was visitedby an angel and told to preach Islam. Islammeans “surrendering to the will of Allah.”Allah is the Arabic word for “God.”

Inspired, Muhammad returned toMakkah. Everywhere he went, he told people to destroy statues of false gods andto worship only Allah, the one true God.

Muhammad also preached that all peo-ple were equal and that the rich shouldshare their goods. In Makkah, where mostpeople lived humbly, this vision of a justsociety was very powerful. Muhammadwas saying that wealth was not as impor-tant as leading a good life. When the Day ofJudgment arrived, he said God wouldreward the good people and punish theevildoers.

Opposition to Islam Slowly Muhammadconvinced people that his message wastrue. At first, only his family became

Islam, one of the world’s majorreligions, began in the ArabianPeninsula.1. Which empire was located

north and west of the ArabianPeninsula?

2. About how far is it from Makkahto Yathrib?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

KEYByzantine EmpirePersian Empire

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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

A Holy JourneyA Holy Journey

375

A pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah often involved a long,difficult journey across deserts and other rough country.Muslim travelers carried palm leaves to show that they wereon a pilgrimage. Where was Muhammad born?

A pilgrimage to Makkah

Muslims, or followers of Islam. Soon, how-ever, many of the poor were attracted to hismessage that goods should be shared.

Wealthy merchants and religious lead-ers did not like Muhammad’s message.They thought he was trying to take awaytheir power. They made his life difficult andbeat and tortured his followers.

In A.D. 622 Muhammad and his follow-ers left Makkah. They moved north to atown called Yathrib (YA • thruhb). The jour-ney of Muhammad and his followers toYathrib became known as the Hijrah (HIH •jruh). The word comes from Arabic andmeans “breaking off relationships.” LaterMuslims made the year A.D. 622 the firstyear of a new Muslim calendar. Yathrib wel-comed Muhammad and his followers. Theircity was renamed Madinah (mah • DEE • nah),which means “the city of the prophet.”

Muhammad’s Government The people ofMadinah accepted Muhammad as God’sprophet and their ruler. Muhammadproved to be an able leader. He applied thelaws he believed God had given him to allareas of life. He used these laws to settledisputes among the people. Muhammadcreated an Islamic state—a government thatuses its political power to uphold Islam. Herequired all Muslims to place loyalty to theIslamic state above loyalty to their tribe.

To defend his new government,Muhammad built an army. His soldiers con-quered Makkah in A.D. 630, and Muhammadthen made it a holy city of Islam. Two yearslater, Muhammad died. By this time, Islamwas spreading to all of Arabia.

Explain Why didMuhammad’s message appeal to the poor?

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MUHAMMADA.D. 570–632

Muhammad experienced great poverty and many

hardships early in his life. His father, Abd Allah, died before

he was born. His grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, took care of

Muhammad in Makkah for a short time. Abd al-Muttalib felt

that Makkah was an unhealthy place to raise a baby, but he

could not leave because he was a political leader in the city.

So he entrusted Muhammad to a tribe of nomads. They

took the baby Muhammad to their home, the desert. When

Muhammad was six years old, his mother died. Two years

later, when Muhammad was eight, his grandfather also died.

Arab custom did not allow minors to inherit anything, so

the property and money from Muhammad’s father and

grandfather could not be passed down to him. To survive,

Muhammad needed the protection of Abu Talib, his uncle

who now headed the family.

Under the care of Abu Talib, Muhammad went on trading journeys to Syria. He then

began to manage the business of a rich widow named Khadijah. She was impressed by

Muhammad’s honesty and ability. She and Muhammad married. They had four daughters

and at least two sons who did not live past childhood. Muhammad’s marriage to Khadijah

made him a wealthy man and a member of Makkah’s prosperous merchant class.

However, Muhammad could not forget his early

experiences. His childhood had deeply influenced

Muhammad and made him a thoughtful person. He

often would go up into the hills near Makkah and

spend nights in a cave. Alone there, he would reflect

on the problems he saw in Makkah. It was in these

hills that Muhammad claimed an angel told him,

“You are the Messenger of God.”

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

marks the place where Muhammad is

believed to have ascended to heaven.

The Mosque of the Prophet

in Madinah contains

Muhammad’s tomb.

Are any of the problems Muhammad saw in

Makkah similar to problems in society we see

today? Explain.

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CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 377

Islam’s Teachings The Quran provided guidelines for

Muslims’ lives and the governments of Muslimstates.Reading Focus Do you ever wonder how you shouldact in certain situations? In the following paragraphs,you will learn where Muslims looked for guidance.

Islam, Judaism, and Christianity havesome beliefs in common. Like Jews andChristians, Muslims believe in one God.Muslims believe this one God holds allpower and created the universe. They alsobelieve that God determines right andwrong. People are expected to obey God’slaws if they want to be blessed in the afterlife.

Jews, Christians, and Muslims alsobelieve that God spoke to people throughprophets. For Muslims, early prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and finally

Muhammad. For Christians, Jesus wasmore than a prophet. He was the son ofGod and therefore divine. In Islam,Muhammad is seen as a prophet and a verygood person but not as divine.

What Is the Quran? Muslims wrote downthe messages that Muhammad said hereceived from Allah. These writings becamethe Quran (koh • RAHN), or holy book ofIslam. For Muslims, the Quran is God’swritten word. For this reason, Muslimsstrive to follow the Quran.

The Quran instructs Muslims abouthow they should live. Many of its moralteachings are like those of the Bible. Forexample, Muslims are told to be honest andto treat others fairly. They are to honor theirparents, show kindness to their neighbors,and give generously to the poor. Murder,lying, and stealing are forbidden.

Muslim pilgrims surround the Kaaba in Makkah. When didMuhammad’s soldiers capture the city of Makkah?

A child studiesthe Quran

(l)AFP/CORBIS, (r)ARAMCO

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Reading SummaryReview the • In the desert of the Arabian

Peninsula, the Arab people weremostly herders and traders.

• In the town of Makkah,Muhammad began to preach anew religion, Islam, which soonspread to all of Arabia.

• Muslims believe that Muhammadwas Allah’s final prophet and thattheir holy book, the Quran, isAllah’s written word.

1. What are oases, and why werethey important to Arabs?

2. Name some activities theQuran prohibits.

Critical Thinking3. Compare and Contrast

Draw a Venn diagram to compare and contrast Islam,Judaism, and Christianity.

4. Conclude Why do you thinkMuhammad’s teachings werepopular with poorer people?

5. Analyze How did Muhammadlink religion and government?

6. Expository Writing Supposeyou are living in Makkah at the time Muhammad beganpreaching. Write a short news-paper article that describesMuhammad’s teachings andthe reactions of people in thecity to those teachings.

7. Main Idea Drawa graphic organizer to show thesupporting details for this mainidea: Geography shaped the waythat the early Arabs lived.

What Did You Learn?

Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com


Islam Judaism

Christianity

AllThree

Belief Muslims must declare that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet.

Prayer Muslims must pray five times per day facing toward Makkah.

Charity Muslims must give to the poor.

Fasting Muslims must not eat from dawn to dusk during the sacred month of Ramadan.

Pilgrimage Muslims must visit Makkah once in their life.

The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars are acts of worship that allMuslims must carry out. How many timesshould Muslims pray each day?

Many rules in the Quran apply toMuslims’ daily life. According to these rules,Muslims should not eat pork, drink liquor,or gamble. The Quran also has rules aboutmarriage, divorce, family life, propertyrights, and business practices.

Muslims are expected to fulfill the FivePillars of Islam, or acts of worship. Theseare shown in the chart at the left.

Scholars of Islam also created a law codethat explains how society should be run.This code is taken from the Quran and theSunna (SUH • nuh). The Sunna is the namegiven to customs based on Muhammad’swords and deeds. Islam’s law code coversall areas of daily life. It applies the teachingsof the Quran to family life, business, andgovernment.

Evaluate What role do theQuran and Sunna play in Muslim daily life?

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What’s the Connection?In Section 1, you learned how

Islam spread from Madinah toMakkah. In time, Islam’s followersbrought their beliefs to all ofSouthwest Asia and parts ofSoutheast Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Focus on the • Arabs spread Islam through teaching,

conquest, and trade. (page 380)

• While Muslims split into two groups,the Arab Empire reached new heights.(page 382)

• Turks and Moguls built Muslim empiresin Asia, Africa, and Europe. (page 384)

Locating PlacesDamascus (duh•MAS•kuhs)Indonesia (IHN•duh•NEE•zhuh)Timbuktu (TIHM•BUHK•TOO)Baghdad (BAG•dad)Delhi (DEH• lee)

Meeting PeopleUmayyad (oo•MY•uhd)Sufi (SOO• fee)Abbasid (uh•BA•suhd)Suleiman I (SOO• lay•MAHN)Mogul (MOH•guhl)Akbar (AK•buhr)

Building Your Vocabularycaliph (KAY• luhf)Shiite (SHEE•eyet)Sunni (SU•nee)sultan (SUHL•tuhn)

Reading StrategyCause and Effect Create a diagramto show why the Arabs were successfulconquerors.

Islamic Empires


A.D. 750Abbasids overthrowUmayyads

1258Mongols burnBaghdad

1526Moguls ruleIndia from DelhiConstantinopleC´ordoba

BaghdadDelhi

A.D. 500 1100 1700A.D. 500 1100 1700

Arabs were successful conquerors.

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The Spread of IslamArabs spread Islam through teaching,

conquest, and trade.

Reading Focus When you come up with a new idea,how do you let others know about it? Read on to findout how Arabs spread Islam.

Muhammad died in A.D. 632, and con-flicts began in the Muslim community overwho should be the caliph (KAY• luhf), or suc-cessor to the Messenger of God. A powerfulgroup of Muslim leaders chose the newleader, but disagreements continued.

The first four caliphs were Abu Bakr,Umar, Uthman, and Ali. They ruled fromMadinah. Each of the four had a personalconnection to Muhammad. For example, the

first caliph was Muhammad’s father-in-law,Abu Bakr. The fourth caliph was Ali,Muhammad’s first cousin and son-in-law.Each of the four caliphs wanted to spreadAllah’s message to everyone.

Building a Muslim Empire By the year A.D.661, when the fourth caliph died, the ArabEmpire had expanded to include Persia, therest of southwest Asia, and Egypt. Expansioncontinued under the Umayyad (oo•MY•uhd)caliphs, who ruled from A.D. 661 to A.D. 750.They chose the city of Damascus (duh•MAS•kuhs) in Syria to be their capital. Muslims thenentered India and Afghanistan. They alsoexplored the North African coast and crossedthe Mediterranean Sea into Spain, creating anadvanced Muslim state there. Just 100 yearsafter Muhammad’s death, the Islamic state

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The Spread of Islam A.D. 632–750

The Umayyad Mosque, alsoknown as the Great Mosqueof Damascus

Byzantine Empire, A.D. 750

Islamic territory atMuhammad's death, A.D. 632Islamic expansion, A.D. 632–661

Islamic expansion, A.D. 661–750

KEY

After Muhammad’s death, the ter-ritory in the Arab Empire expanded.1. What area of Europe came under

Muslim control?2. Describe the territories conquered

by the Arabs by the year A.D. 661.

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Relationship to Muhammad

Abu Bakr

father-in-law

A.D. 632–634

Umar

Career

Caliphate

Achievements as Caliph

merchant

spread Islam to all of Arabia; restored peace after death of Muhammad; created code of conduct in war; compiled Quran verses

friend

A.D. 634–644

merchant

spread Islam to Syria, Egypt, and Persia; redesigned government; paid soldiers; held a census; made taxes more fair; built roads and canals; aided poor

Uthman

son-in-law, member of theUmayyad family

A.D. 644–656

merchant

spread Islam into Afghanistan and eastern Mediterranean; organized a navy; improved the government; built more roads, bridges, and canals; distributed text of the Quran

Ali

first cousin, son-in-law

A.D. 656–661

soldier, writer

reformed tax collection and other government systems; spent most of caliphate battling Muawiya, the governor of Syria

The First Four CaliphsThe First Four Caliphs


Islamic glass horse

Under the caliphs, Islam spread through theMiddle East and into North Africa.1. Which caliph organized a navy?2. Compare What achievements did Umar

and Ali have in common?

(SOO • feez) spent their time praying andteaching Islam. They won many followersthroughout the Arab Empire.

Muslim merchants also helped to spreadIslam. They set up trading posts throughoutsoutheast Asia and taught Islam to the peo-ple there. Today, the country of Indonesia(IHN•duh•NEE•zhuh) includes more Muslimsthan any other nation in the world.

Some Muslim merchants crossed theSahara to trade with kingdoms in WestAfrica. In the 1300s, the west African city ofTimbuktu (TIHM•BUHK•TOO) became a leadingcenter of Muslim learning.

Explain How did Muslimsspread the religion of Islam through trade?

became a great empire. Why were the Arabsso successful? Arabs had always been goodon horseback and good with the sword, butas Muslims, they also were inspired by theirreligion. They were fighting to spread Islam.Muslims believed anyone who died in battlefor Islam would go to paradise.

The Arabs were also successful becausethey usually let conquered peoples practicetheir own religion. They called Christians,Jews, and Zoroastrians “People of the Book,”meaning that these people, too, believed inone God and had holy writings. Muslims didnot treat everyone equally, though. Non-Muslims had to pay a special tax.

In the Arab Empire, many people becameMuslims and learned Arabic as a language ofreligion and trade. Eventually, the term Arabmeant a speaker of Arabic, not a resident ofArabia.

Preaching and Trading Muslims also spreadIslam by preaching. A group called Sufis

Burstein Collection/CORBIS

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to the present day. Today most Muslims areSunnis. Iran and Iraq have the largest pop-ulations of Shiites.

How Did Islam Split? Shiites (SHEE •eyets)believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law,should succeed him and that all futurecaliphs should be Ali’s descendants.According to the Shiites, the Umayyadcaliphs in Damascus had no right to rule.

Sunnis (SU • nees), who outnumberedShiites, accepted the Umayyad dynasty asrightful caliphs, though they did not alwaysagree with their policies. Over time, theShiites and Sunnis developed different reli-gious practices and customs.

Who Were the Abbasids? The Abbasids(uh •BA • suhds) were the dynasty that cameafter the Umayyads. The Umayyads lostpower in A.D. 750 because they angeredmany Muslims, especially in Persia. Persian

Muslims felt that Arab Muslims gotspecial treatment. They got the bestjobs and paid fewer taxes.

When these Muslims rebelled,people all over the empire joinedthem. They overthrew the Umayyads,and a new dynasty began. The new caliph was a descendant ofMuhammad’s uncle. His name wasAbu al-Abbas. The new Abbasiddynasty lasted until 1258.

The Abbasids devoted their energies totrade, scholarship, and the arts. They alsobuilt a new capital, Baghdad (BAG •dad).

Baghdad prospered because it wasbeside the Tigris River and near theEuphrates River. It was a good location totrade since many people used the rivers toship goods north and south. As a result, theArab Empire grew even wealthier.

The Abbasid dynasty is also known forbringing Persian influence into the empire.

Royal CaliphsIbn Khaldun recorded historical events andhis interpretation of them.“When one considerswhat God meant thecaliphate to be, nothingmore needs [to be said]about it. God made thecaliph his substitute tohandle the affairs of Hisservants. He is to makethem do the things thatare good for them andforbid them to do thosethat are harmful. He hasbeen directly told so.A person who lacks the power to do a thing is never told to do it.”

—Ibn Khaldun,“The Muqaddimah”

According to Khaldun, what is therelationship between God and the caliph?


Struggles Within Islam While Muslims split into two groups,

the Arab Empire reached new heights. Reading Focus Have you ever belonged to a clubwhose members could not agree on a leader? Read tofind out what happened when Muslims disagreed aboutwho should lead them.

From the moment Muhammad died,Muslims began arguing about who had the right to be caliph. The quarrel over who should succeed Muhammad split theMuslim world into two groups, the Sunnisand the Shiites. This division has remained

The Great Mosqueof Damascus built by theUmayyad caliphs.

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Abbasid Empire A.D. 800

Baghdad was very close to Persia, and theAbbasid rulers came to know and love theart and literature of Persia.

The Seljuk Turks Time brought manychanges in the 500 years of Abbasid rule. InEgypt and Spain, the Muslims wanted theirown caliphs. About the same time, a newpeople, the Seljuk Turks of central Asia,began moving south into the Arab Empire.The Abbasids were losing control.

The Seljuk Turks were nomads andgreat warriors. When they first moved into the empire, the Abbasids hired them assoldiers. Soon, however, the Seljuk Turkssaw how weak the Abbasids were. Theydecided to take power for themselves.

First, the Seljuks took over much ofwhat is now Iran and Turkey. Then, in

1055, they boldly took Baghdad itself. TheSeljuks were satisfied to rule only the government and army. They let the Abbasidcaliph remain as the religious leader. TheSeljuk ruler called himself sultan (SUHL •tuhn), or “holder of power.”

For 200 more years, the empire contin-ued in this way. The Seljuks ruled, but itwas still the Abbasid dynasty. Then, in the1200s, another people swept into theempire. These were the fierce Mongols ofcentral Asia. The Mongols were buildingtheir own empire and destroying many ofthe civilizations they conquered. In 1258they stormed into Baghdad and burned it tothe ground. The Arab Empire had ended.

Contrast What is the dif-ference between Shiite and Sunni Muslims?

A mosquein Baghdad

Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid empire and animportant center for trade.1. What empire blocked Abbasid expansion to the northwest?2. Does Baghdad appear to be well located for trade? Explain.

Abbasid capitalFormer Umayyad capitalTrade route through Baghdad

Abbasid empire during reignof Harun al-Rashid, A.D. 800

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Later Muslim Empires Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires

in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Reading Focus How do you react when someonetreats you unfairly? Read on to find out how Muslims inTurkey and India treated the people they conquered.

The Arabs built—and lost—the firstMuslim empire. Later on, other Muslimgroups created empires in Asia, Africa, andEurope. One of the largest and most power-ful of these empires was the Ottomanempire that began in Turkey. Another wasthe Mogul empire in India.

Who Were the Ottomans? In the late 1200s, a group of Turks in the northwestcorner of Asia Minor began to build a newempire. The ruler of these Turks was namedOsman, and as a result, these Turks becameknown as the Ottoman Turks.

The Ottomans quickly conquered mostof the land that today makes up the countryof Turkey. They attacked the ByzantineEmpire and pushed north into Europe. In1453 they seized Constantinople, theByzantine capital. They changed the city’sname to Istanbul and made it the center oftheir empire.

Ottoman armies also marchedsouth, conquering Syria, Palestine,Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts ofArabia and North Africa. They usedguns and cannons to fight their bat-tles and built a large navy to controlthe Mediterranean Sea.

Like the Seljuks, the Ottomanscalled their leader a sultan. The mostfamous sultan was Suleiman I (SOO •lay • MAHN), who ruled in the 1500s.Suleiman was a man of many talents.He was enthusiastic about architectureand built many schools and mosques.

Suleiman was also a brilliant gen-eral, who brought Ottoman armiesnorth into Europe. He even threatenedthe great European capital of Vienna.For all these reasons, Ottomans calledhim Suleiman the Magnificent.

After his rule, the Ottoman empirebegan to weaken. Little by little, theylost territory. The empire finally col-lapsed at the end of World War I.

Muslims pray beneath the large decorateddome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey.Suleiman built this beautiful mosque for hisson Selim II. What were some of the reasonsthat Suleiman was called “the Magnificent”?

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The Ottoman Government The Ottomanempire had many different people, includ-ing Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Albanians,Armenians, and Slavs. These groups prac-ticed several religions. While many wereMuslims, others were Christians or Jews.

The government made different laws fornon-Muslims. They had to pay a special tax,and in return, they were free to practicetheir religion. They also could run theirown communities. These groups choseleaders to present their views to the sultan.

As the empire grew, the sultans begangiving more responsibility for running thegovernment to officials called viziers. Overtime, the viziers gained great politicalpower, and some were even more powerfulthan the sultan.


Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500 km0

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A F R I C A

TunisAlgiers

TripoliJerusalem

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Madinah

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Cairo

Vienna

The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman empire continued toexpand for almost 400 years.1. How far west into Europe did the

Ottoman empire expand?2. During what time period did the Ottoman

empire expand to the Persian Gulf?

The Ottomans used elite soldiers called janissaries.

The sultans also created a new army ofsoldiers called janissaries. The janissarieswere Christian boys from conqueredregions in Europe. Their families had tosend them to Istanbul, where the boysbecame Muslims and were trained as sol-diers loyal only to the sultan.

Who Were the Moguls? During the 1500s, the Moguls (MOH • guhlz) createdanother Muslim empire in India. TheseMuslim warriors came from the mountainsnorth of India. The Moguls used guns, can-nons, elephants, and horses to conquer territory. In 1526 they made the city ofDelhi (DEH • lee) the center of their empire.

Ottoman lands, c. 1300

c. 1300–1326 (Osman)1326–14511451–14811481–15201520–1566 (Suleiman I)1566–1699

New Territory Gained:

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Reading SummaryReview the • Arab armies spread Islam as far

west as Spain and as far east asIndia. Muslim traders helpedspread the religion to southeastAsia and west Africa.

• Despite splitting into two groups,the Sunni and the Shiite, Muslimpower reached its greatest heightunder the Abbasids.

• In the 1400s and 1500s, twogreat Muslim empires, theOttoman and the Mogul, arose.

1. How did the Muslims treatconquered peoples?

2. How far did the Arab Empirespread under the Umayyads?

Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information

Draw a chart to organize infor-mation about the Ottomanand Mogul empires.

4. Contrast Describe the differ-ences between the Shiite andSunni Muslims.

5. Summarize Besides conquestsby Arab armies, how was Islamspread?

6. Evaluate Why was Akbar considered a great ruler?

7. Persuasive Writing WhichMuslim empire—the Umayyads,the Ottomans, or the Moguls—treated its non-Muslim subjectsthe most fairly? The leastfairly? Write a paragraph todefend your answer.

What Did You Learn?



Times were good in India under Akbar.Farmers and artisans produced more foodand goods than the Indians needed. As aresult, trade increased. Muslim merchantsbrought paper, gunpowder, and fine porce-lain from China to India. In addition, Muslimarchitects introduced new building styles,such as the arch and dome to India.

After Akbar, the Mogul empire began todecline. Later rulers spent too much moneytrying to expand the empire and imposedheavy taxes on the people. Others tried toforce the Hindus to convert to Islam andbanned the building of Hindu temples. Thesepolicies led to many rebellions, and parts ofthe empire broke away.

At the same time the Moguls began los-ing power over their subjects, they had todeal with European merchants. The mer-chants came to India to trade but used theirmilitary power to take over Mogul territory.Eventually, the Mogul empire collapsed, andGreat Britain took control of most of India.

Describe How didConstantinople change in 1453?

OttomanEmpire

MogulEmpire

Akbar passing the crown to his grandson

The greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar(AK•buhr). He brought peace and order to thepart of India he ruled by treating all his sub-jects fairly. Most of India’s people wereHindu. He allowed them to practice theirreligion. Both Hindus and Muslims served inAkbar’s government.

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What’s the Connection?In Section 2, you learned that

many Muslim rulers brought peaceand order to their empires. Peace andorder helped trade to increase. Trade,in turn, brought great wealth to theMuslim empires.

Focus on the • While Muslim traders enjoyed great

success and cities grew, mostMuslims lived in villages in thecountry. (page 388)

• Muslims made valuable contributionsin math, science, and the arts.(page 390)

Locating PlacesGranada (gruh•NAH•duh)Agra (AH•gruh)

Meeting PeopleMamun (mah•MOON)al-Razi (ahl•RAH•zee)Ibn Sina (IH•buhn SEE•nuh)Omar Khayyam

(OH•MAHR KY•YAHM)Ibn Khaldun (IH•buhn KAL•DOON)

Building Your Vocabularymosque (MAHSK)bazaar (buh•ZAHR)minaret (MIH•nuh•REHT]crier (KRY•uhr)

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Create apyramid to show the social classes in the early Muslim world.

c. A.D. 900Al-Razi writesmedical texts

c. 1100Omar Khayyam writes theRubaiyat

c. 1375Ibn Khaldunwriteshistories

A.D. 800 1100 1400A.D. 800 1100 1400

Muslim Ways of Life

CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization 387(l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS

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Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 11—Student Web Activities tolearn more about Islamic civilization.


Muslims shop at a textile market.What was a bazaar in a Muslim city?

spread the Arabic language. As a result,Arabic became the language of trade.Muslim rulers also made trade easier byproviding merchants with coins.

Muslim merchants kept detailed recordsof their business deals and the money theymade. In time, these practices developedinto a new business—banking. Muslimsrespected traders for their skills and thewealth they created.

What Were Muslim Cities Like? Tradehelped the leading Muslim cities grow.Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus werelocated on trade routes that ran from theMediterranean Sea to central Asia. However,Muslim cities were not only places of trade.

Trade and Everyday LifeWhile Muslim traders enjoyed great

success and cities grew, most Muslims lived in vil-lages in the country. Reading Focus Have you ever visited a mall or a farmmarket? These are both places where people gather tosell goods. Read to learn about Muslim traders and theirmarketplaces.

Muslims were the leading merchants inthe Middle East and northern Africa untilthe 1400s. Their caravans traveled overlandfrom Baghdad to China. Their ships crossedthe Indian Ocean to India and SoutheastAsia. They carried spices, cloth, glass, andcarpets. On their return, they broughtrubies, silk, ivory, gold, and slaves.

The Success of Muslim Traders Severalthings explain the success of Muslim trade.When Muslim empires expanded, they

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Muslim Carpets and WeavingsCarpets were woven in the Middle Eastlong before the coming of Islam. Theybecame popular in the Islamic worldbecause Muslims used them in theirdaily worship.

Carpets were oftenmade of sheep’s wool or goat hair. Shepherdsmight knot them byhand, or the carpetsmight be made onportable looms. Flowersand geometric shapeswere popular designs.

The carpets used for the Muslim’s dailyprayers are called prayerrugs. No matter whereMuslims live, they prayfive times daily. Theykneel down on theirprayer rug and pray

facing toward Makkah. Prayer rugs are small and can be folded and carried from place to place.

Fine carpets of silk and wool are often hung on the walls of mosques and public buildings.They are considered fine art.

Connecting to the Past1. What animals were needed

to make carpets?

2. What is the main reason Muslim carpetshave continually been in demand?

They also became important centers of government, learning, and the arts.

Muslim cities looked very similar. Themajor buildings were palaces and mosques.Mosques (mahsks) are Muslim houses ofworship. They also serve as schools, courts,and centers of learning.

Another important part of everyMuslim city was the bazaar (buh •ZAHR), ormarketplace. Stalls and shops made up thebazaars. Sellers in the stalls andshops sold goods from Asia.Buyers from all over, includingEurope, went from stall to stallto find goods to take home andsell.

Although cities were impor-tant, most Muslims lived in villages and farmed the land.Because water was scarce,Muslim farmers used irrigationto bring water to their crops.They grew wheat, rice, beans,and melons in the fields. Theyraised almonds, blackberries,apricots, figs, and olives in their orchards. Some farmers also raisedflowers for use in perfume.

At first, Muslim villagers owned smallfarms. Later, wealthy landowners took oversome of these farms and formed largeestates. Farmers and enslaved peopleworked for the landowners.

Muslim Society The Muslim people fellinto social groups based on power andwealth. At the top were government lead-ers, landowners, and traders. Below themwere artisans, farmers, and workers. Thelowest group was made up of enslavedpeople.

As in other civilizations, slavery waswidespread. Because Muslims could not beenslaved, traders brought enslaved people

A Muslimwomanweaving a rug

Muslim carpet

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Hijab today ranges fromcolorful scarves to black robes. Somewomen wear hijab, and some do not.

Many wear hijab to follow Muslimtradition. Others think it allows them to

be judged for themselves and not their bodies.In certain countries, the government requires

women to wear hijab. Why do you think only upper-class women wore hijab in the early centuries of Islam?

Hijab

The teachings of Muhammad state thatwomen’s garments should not attract attention.The female Muslim custom of hijab—wearinggarments that cover the head and body—was followed only by upper-class womenduring the first few hundred years of Islam. In the Middle Ages, hijabbecame more common.

Traditional Muslim women

Modern Muslim women

from non-Muslim areas. Many of these peo-ple were prisoners of war. They oftenserved as servants or soldiers and couldbuy back their freedom.

Men and women played different rolesin the Muslim world. As in other parts ofthe world, men ran government, society,and business. Women, on the other hand,helped run Muslim families. They also couldinherit wealth and own property. Manyplaces had laws requiring women to covertheir faces and to wear long robes in public.

Explain How did Muslimrulers give their merchants an advantage?

Muslim AchievementsMuslims made valuable contributions

in math, science, and the arts.Reading Focus Did you know that the numbers youuse are called Arabic numerals? Read on to find outwhat other contributions Muslims made.

Arabic was the common language of theMuslim empires. You have already readhow Arabic language encouraged trade. Italso helped different people in the empiresto share knowledge. For example, in A.D. 830the Abbasid caliph Mamun (mah • MOON)

390 CHAPTER 11 Islamic Civilization(l)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)David Turnley/CORBIS

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founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.Mamun staffed his center with Christian,Jewish, and Muslim scholars. These scholarsexchanged ideas and rewrote Greek, Persian,and Indian works in Arabic.

Scholars in Muslim lands saved much ofthe learning of the ancient world.Europeans in the West hadlost this knowledge after theWestern Roman Empire fell.Through Muslim scholars,western Europeans foundout about Aristotle and otherancient Greek thinkers.

Mathematics and ScienceMuslims made importantadvances in mathematics.Later, they passed on thesediscoveries to Europeans.For example, Muslimsinvented algebra, a type ofmathematics still taught inschools today. The Muslimsalso borrowed the symbols 0 through 9from Hindu scholars in India. These num-bers were later used by Europeans. Today,they are known as “Arabic numerals.”

Muslims also made progress in science.Muslim scientists who studied the heavensperfected the Greek astrolabe. Sailors usedthis tool to study the stars and then deter-

mine their location atsea. Muslim scientistsused the astrolabe tomeasure the size anddistance around theearth. Based on theirmeasurements, theyrealized that the earthis round.


The Mystery of Smallpox

The Muslim scientist al-Razi urged scientistsand doctors to search for the causes of disease, rather than just treatments.

“Although [scholars] have certainlymade some mention of the treatment of the Small-Pox . . .there is not one of them who has mentioned the cause of theexistence of the disease, and how it comes to pass that hardly anyone escapes it . . .”

—Al-Razi, “On the Causes of Small-Pox”

Al-Razi’s own theory about thecause of smallpox was incorrect.His efforts to find the cause, however, helped change how doctors and scientists investi-gated diseases.

Why was al-Razi concerned about previousscholars’ studies of smallpox?

Other Muslim scientists experimentedwith metals and kept records of their work.As a result, the Muslims are considered thefounders of chemistry. One of the best-known Muslim chemists was al-Razi (ahl•RAH•zee), who lived from A.D. 865 to A.D. 925.Al-Razi developed a system for categoriz-ing substances as animal, mineral, or veg-etable. He also wrote books for doctors thathelped them to identify diseases.

Muslim doctors were the first to discoverthat blood circulates, or moves to and fromthe heart. The Persian doctor Ibn Sina (IH•buhn SEE•nuh) showed how diseases spreadfrom person to person. As they worked,Muslim doctors published their findings. Muslim astrolabe

Muslimmedicaldrawing

(t)R & S Michaud/Woodfin Camp & Assoc., (b)Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock

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OMAR KHAYYAM1048–1131

and IBN KHALDUN1332–1406

Omar Khayyam—who was born in Persia—was a

mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, but he is

best known as a poet. Scholars believe that Khayyam

wrote only parts of his most famous poem, the Rubaiyat,

but they are certain that at least 120 verses and the

main concepts are his. Stanza XII reads:

“A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,

A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread—and Thou

Beside me singing the Wilderness—

Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow [enough]!”—Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat

Khayyam wrote books on algebra and music before he

was 25 years old. He led an observatory for 18 years and

developed a more accurate calendar.

Ibn Khaldun is one of the most famous Arab scholars.

He was a historian, geographer, sociologist, and politician.

He was born in Tunisia and worked for the rulers of Tunis

and Morocco. He also served as ambassador to one of the

Spanish kingdoms and as a judge in Cairo, Egypt. He wrote

much about social and political change. His best-known

work is Muqaddimah (Introduction), written in 1375. It is

the first volume of his book Kitab al-Ibar (universal history).

In this book, he tried to develop a scientific way to analyze

historical events. He is one of the first historians who studied

how geography, economics, and culture affect history.

392

Ibn Khaldun

The Rubaiyat is a collection of 4-line verses

called quatrains. Find a modern poem that is

made up of quatrains.

Omar Khayyam

Bet

tman

n/C

OR

BIS

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MinaretsFrom the mosque’s towers, called

minarets, religious officials call Muslims to prayer five times a day.

DomeBeneath the dome is a hollow in

a wall that faces Makkah. Muslims pray facing this direction.

Courtyard Worshipers gather in the

courtyard for prayers.WellEvery mosque has a well or fountain at

which worshipers can wash their faces, arms, hands, and feet to show respect for God.

Islamic MosqueIslamic Mosque

In Islamic cities and towns, mosques were centers of religiousand daily life. Besides being places of worship, mosques alsoserved as meeting places, schools, and courts. What was themost striking architectural feature of a mosque?

Muslim Writing The Quran is probably themost famous collection of writings in theMuslim world, but Muslims producedother famous works, as well. One of themost well known is The Thousand and OneNights, also called The Arabian Nights. Itincludes tales from India, Persia, andArabia. One of the stories tells aboutAladdin and his magic lamp.

Another Muslim, the Persian poet OmarKhayyam (OH • MAHR KY • YAHM), wroteparts of the Rubaiyat (ROO • bee • AHT) around1100. Many consider it one of the finestpoems ever written.

In addition to stories and poems,Muslims wrote history. The great Muslimhistorian Ibn Khaldun (IH • buhn KAL • DOON)

wrote in 1375 that all civilizations rise,grow, and then fall. He also was one of thefirst historians to study the effect of geogra-phy and climate on people.

Art and Buildings Muslims developed aform of art based on Islam. Muslims are notallowed to show images of Muhammad inart. They believe that such images mightcause people to worship Muhammadinstead of Allah. Instead, designs entwinedwith flowers, leaves, stars, and beautifulwriting make up most Muslim art. Muslimsuse these designs to decorate walls, books,rugs, and buildings.

Muslims were known for their beautifulbuildings. Mosques filled Muslim cities likeBaghdad, Damascus, Cairo, and Istanbul.

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Reading SummaryReview the

• There were many Muslim citiessuch as Baghdad, Cairo, andDamascus, but most Muslimsremained farmers in small villages.

• Muslim scholars made importantdiscoveries in fields such as alge-bra and chemistry, and Muslimwriters, artists, and architectsalso produced important works.

1. Describe the three Muslimsocial groups.

2. What contributions did Muslimsmake in the field of medicine?

Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information

Draw a chart like the one below.Fill in details about Muslimcontributions in the areas ofmath, science, and the arts.

4. Summarize Describe severalfactors that made Muslimtrade strong.

5. Analyze How did the Arabiclanguage and Muslim leadershelp preserve and advance theworld’s knowledge?

6. Evaluate Which Muslim contribution do you think hadthe greatest effect on later civilizations?

7. Descriptive Writing Imagineyou are living in a Muslim city.Write to a friend describing a bazaar. Describe what abazaar is and some of theitems you might find there.

What Did You Learn?



added porches, fountains, andpools. To provide protection, theysurrounded the palaces with walls.The most famous example of a Muslim palace is the Alhambra(al • HAM • bruh) in Granada (gruh •NAH • duh), Spain. It was built in the1300s.

Another famous Muslim build-ing is the Taj Mahal in Agra (AH •gruh), India. The Mogul ruler Shah

Jahan built it as a tomb for his wife after shedied in 1629. Made of marble and preciousstones, the Taj Mahal is one of the world’smost beautiful buildings.

Today, the Muslim empires are gone.However, Islam is still a major world reli-gion. About one out of every six persons inthe world is a Muslim.

Identify What contribu-tions did Muslims make in math and science?

Domes top many of the mosques, but amosque’s most striking feature is itsminarets (MIH • nuh • REHTS). These are towersfrom which a crier (KRY • uhr), or announcer,calls believers to prayer five times a day.

Islamic rulers lived in large brick palaces.These palaces often had courtyards at theircenter. To cool the courtyards, palace builders

Math Science Arts

The Taj Mahal took more than 20 years to build.Where is the Taj Mahal located?

Galen Rowell/CORBIS

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Muslim Ways of Life

Islamic Empires

The Rise of Islam

Section

Section

Section

Vocabularyoasissheikhcaravan Quran

VocabularycaliphShiiteSunni sultan

Vocabularymosquebazaarminaretcrier

Focusing on the • The deserts, coastline, and oases of

Arabia helped shape the Arab way of life. (page 373)

• The prophet Muhammad brought the message of Islam to the people of Arabia. (page 374)

• The Quran provided guidelines forMuslims’ lives and the governments of Muslim states. (page 377)

Focusing on the • Arabs spread Islam through teaching, conquest, and trade. (page 380)

• While Muslims split into two groups, the Arab Empire reached new heights.(page 382)

• Turks and Moguls built Muslim empires in Asia, Africa, and Europe.(page 384)

Focusing on the • While Muslim traders enjoyed great success and cities grew, most Muslims

lived in villages in the country. (page 388)

• Muslims made valuable contributions in math, science, and the arts.(page 390)


A child studies the Quran

Study anywhere, anytime!Download quizzes and flash cardsto your PDA from glencoe.com.

ARAMCO

395-397 C11CRA-875047 9/18/06 10:54 AM Page 395

www.glencoe.com


Main Idea Main Ideas and Details19. Read the paragraph below. Create a graphic organizer to show the main idea and

supporting details.

The Muslim people fell into social groups based on powerand wealth. At the top were government leaders, landowners,and traders. Below them were artisans, farmers, and workers.The lowest group was made up of enslaved people.

To review this skill, see pages 370–371.

Review Main IdeasSection 1 • The Rise of Islam11. How did geography affect the early Arabs’

way of life?

12. What guidelines did the Quran provide forthe governments of Muslim states?

Section 2 • Islamic Empires13. How did the Arabs spread Islam?

14. Why did the Muslims split into twogroups?

Section 3 • Muslim Ways of Life15. What scientific advances were made by

early Muslims?

16. What is significant about Ibn Khaldun’srecording of history?

Critical Thinking17. Compare How are Islam, Judaism, and

Christianity similar?

18. Evaluate Do you think a government thatallows people to practice any religion theychoose will be stronger than one that doesnot? Explain.

Review VocabularyWrite the key term that completes each sentence.

a. caravan f. minaretb. caliph g. sheikhc. sultan h. bazaard. mosque i. Sunnise. Quran j. Shiites

1. A crier called Muslims to prayer from the___ of a mosque.

2. After Muhammad died, his followerschose a ___ to lead them.

3. The most famous ___ was Suleiman.4. In each Muslim city, a ___ sold goods to

local and out-of-town merchants.5. Arab merchants traveling in a ___ used

camels to carry goods across the desert.6. The Muslim holy book is called the ___.7. Each tribe of early Arabs was led by a ___.8. Each ___ was a house of worship and a

school.9. The ___ believed that Muhammad’s son-

in-law should succeed him.10. According to the ___, the Umayyad

dynasty were rightful caliphs.

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SYRIA

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PERSIA

BYZANTINEEMPIRE

Damascus

Jerusalem

Madinah

Makkah(Mecca)

Baghdad

Abbasid Empire

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.20. Movement Why was the Abbasid empire

unable to expand to the Black Sea?

21. Region What bodies of water couldAbbasid merchants use to trade with the outside world?

22. Place You learned that the Abbasidschanged the capital city from Damascus to Baghdad. Look at the locations of thosecities. Which do you think would have beenthe best location for a capital city? Why?

Read to Write23. Descriptive Writing Suppose you are

a Muslim merchant traveling in the desertwith a caravan. Write three diary entries,each describing the events of your day.Each day you choose to describe shouldfocus on a different aspect of the life of amerchant. Share your entries with the class.

24. Using Your Write a poem orshort story using the facts from your completed foldable.


AnalyzeIn the first stanza of the Rubaiyat, OmarKhayyam welcomes the morning.“Wake! for the sun, the shepherd of

the sky,Has penned [confined] the stars within

their fold on high,And, shaking darkness from his mighty

limbs,Scatters the daylight from his burning eye.”

—Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám:A Paraphrase From

Several Literal Translations,by Richard Le Gallienne

28. What has been penned up by the sun?29. Personification is when a writer gives

human qualities to something that is not human. How does Khayyam personify the sun in this stanza?

Using Technology25. Exploring Language Use the Internet and

your local library to find English words thathave their origins in the Arabic language.Create a chart using your computer show-ing English words and their Arabic roots.

Linking Past and Present26. Evaluating Impact Which Islamic inven-

tion or development do you think has thegreatest effect on the world today? Explainyour choice.

Building Citizenship Skills27. Analyzing Documents Do research to

find out how the United States Constitutionprotects religious freedoms. Do you thinkthe way Muslim empires treated religionwould be allowed under the U.S.Constitution? Explain.

Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare forthe Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com

Abbasid capitalFormer Umayyad capital

Abbasid empire during reignof Harun al-Rashid, A.D. 800

KEY

395-397 C11CRA-875047 9/22/06 7:47 PM Page 397


Where did thesecivilizationsdevelop?

• Began on Italian peninsula

• Won control ofMediterranean world

• Began in Judaea

• Spread throughout theRoman Empire

• Began in Arabia

• Arab Empire stretchedfrom North Africa tocentral Asia

• Farming villages

• Major cities includedRome and Alexandria

• Ports and cities ofMediterranean area • Desert oases

• Farming villages

• Major cities includedMakkah and Baghdad

Who were someimportantpeople in thesecivilizations?

Where did mostof the peoplelive?

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Ancient Rome

Rise ofChristianity

Rise ofChristianity

C hapte rs 8 & 9 Chap t er 10

IslamicCivilization

IslamicCivilization

C hap te r 11

AncientRome

Comparing New Empires and Faiths

Compare ancient Rome, earlyChristianity, and early Islam by reviewing the informationbelow. Can you see how thepeoples of these civilizationshad lives that were very muchlike yours?

Chapters 8 & 9Chapter 10Chapter 11

• Cincinnatusc. 519–438 B.C.

• Augustus, ruled27 B.C.–A.D. 14

• Theodorac. A.D. 500–548

• Jesusc. 6 B.C.–A.D. 30

• Helenac. A.D. 248–328

• AugustineA.D. 354–430

• MuhammadA.D. 570–632

• Omar KhayyamA.D. 1048–1131

• Suleiman I, ruledA.D. 1520–1566

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What werethese people’sbeliefs?

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Ancient Rome

AncientRome

Rise ofChristianity

Rise ofChristianity

Chapte r s 8 & 9 Chap t er 10

IslamicCivilization

IslamicCivilization

C hap te r 11

• Belief in many gods andgoddesses

• Emperors honored asgods

• Many local religions

• Belief in one God andJesus as Son of God andthe Savior

• Major groups: EasternOrthodox and RomanCatholic

• Belief in one God (Allah)

• Muhammad is final prophet

• Major groups:Sunni and Shiite

What was theirlanguage andwriting like?

• Latin was officiallanguage; Greek spokenin empire’s eastern part

• Many local languages

• New Testament ofBible written inGreek

• Latin became language ofRoman Catholic Church

• Quran written in Arabic

• Arabic was Arab Empire’sofficial language

• Persian and Turkish alsospoken

How do thesechanges affectme? Can youadd any?

• Latin contributed manywords to Englishlanguage

• Rome’s idea of a republicfollowed by governmentstoday

• Christianity is majorreligion of the Westtoday

• Birth date of Jesus isstarting date for Westerncalendar

• Islam is a major religion today

• Developed algebra

• Developed game of chess

What was theirgovernmentlike?

• Rome developed from arepublic into an empire

• An emperor was the chief leader

• Army played role in government

• Ranked order of priests,bishops, and archbishops

• Bishop of Romebecame head of theRoman CatholicChurch

• Muhammad foundsIslamic state

• After Muhammad,leaders called caliphsheld religious andpolitical power

Whatcontributionsdid they make?

• Introduced ideas about law and government

• Developed new styles of building

• Christianity became aworld religion

• Shaped beliefs and valuesof Western civilization

• Islam became a worldreligion

• Developed ideas in medicine andmathematics

(tl)Stock Montage, (tr)Michael Holford, (c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images, (br)Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library

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