38g – explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press

Exercise• Begin copying Pg. 843 in your textbook onto a

sheet of notebook paper. Write neatly, but quickly!• I will be keeping the time to see how long it takes

you.• When you finish, raise your hand and write down

the time that I call out to you.• Then, take out a calculator and sit tight.

ExerciseNOW CALCULATE:• Minutes it took you x 2 = ___ min/pg• Multiply that by 1,105 (pages in your book)• Divide by 60 (minutes in an hour)• Divide by 16 (hours you write per day)• THIS TELLS YOU HOW LONG IT WOULD TAKE

FOR YOU TO COPY YOUR TEXTBOOK BY HAND!

The Printing Press• The most important invention of the 1400s• It was a gradual process:

– First, they learned to make paper from the Arabs– Then came the development of printing blocks

and moveable type– Johann Gutenberg built the first printing press

in 1455 and used it to print a Bible

The Printing Press• Effects:

– Spread ideas – crucial for the success of the Reformation

– Books became cheap so many people could buy them (especially the Bible)• Books written in vernacular for people who had not had

classical educations• Revolutionized learning because books were so

readily available, so more people learned to read

38a – explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli • Wrote The Prince (1513)

– Writings demonstrated the value of humanism – A guidebook for rulers– Recommended realistic actions a ruler could take to stay in

power– Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should be kind and generous if

able, but it is better to “be feared than loved”– A ruler should use any means necessary to achieve goals

• The “end justifies the means”

From this arises the question whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, voluble [changeable], dissemblers [liars], anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children, as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied solely on their words, without making preparations, is ruined.

- Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince

38b – identify artistic and scientific achievements of the “Renaissance Man,” Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo

• WARM-UP:

“The Renaissance Man”

• Well educated in the Classics– Knowledgeable in many subject areas

• Charming, witty, smart• Could dance, write poetry, play music• Should be physically fit

The Renaissance Woman• Should study the Classics• Could write, dance, paint, and make music

well• Should NOT seek fame or political power

– Renaissance women were far better educated but had fewer rights than Medieval women

Raphael

• Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting• He became the favorite painter of the Pope

because of his amazing detailed paintings showing Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

• “School of Athens” is his greatest work

• All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included in this painting all of the great personalities of the classical period

• A great variety of poses• Raphael worked on this commission

simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel

Raphael

Plato and AristotleSocrates

Michelangelo

Alexander the Great

Pythagoras

Zoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

Donatello• Donatello was the greatest sculptor of

the Renaissance• Medieval sculptors only carved the

front of a statue, but Donatello wanted sculptures to be viewed from all sides like Greek & Roman statues

• Donatello’s “David” became the first large, free-standing human sculpture

38c – explain the main characteristics of humanism to include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)• Poet from Florence• Wrote The Divine Comedy

– The story is about Dante’s journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

– Written in the vernacular (everyday language) so everyone could enjoy his writing

Desiderius Erasmus (1469?-1536)• Christian Humanist writer• Wrote the book In Praise of Folly

– Poked fun at flaws in real people, such as greedy merchants, arrogant priests, etc.

– Criticized the Church for teaching rituals instead of following Christ• Believed the clergy was ignorant• Believed in Christianity of the heart, not in a religion of rules and

ceremonies– Believed that to improve society, people should study the Bible– Believed basis of education should be Roman & Greek classics

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)• Christian writer who was concerned with

society’s flaws– Said literature should serve Christian goals

• Wrote Utopia– Described his ideal society, where people

worked hard, lived in peace, and were well-educated