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Human Body SystemsHuman Body SystemsHuman Body SystemsHuman Body SystemsMrs. BaileyMrs. BaileyMrs. BaileyMrs. Bailey

Anatomy deals

with the structure

of the body and its

parts, in other

words, what are

things called?

Physiology studies

the functions of

these parts, in other

words, how do

these things work? 2

Biology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content Standards4. 4. 4. 4. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization

of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and

function of organs determine their relationships within body

systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform

its normal functions.

4.8 Recognize that the body’’’’s systems interact to maintain

homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological

feedback loop.

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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Primary TissuesPrimary TissuesPrimary TissuesPrimary Tissues

1. Epithelium

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. *ervous

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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

2 Types:

•Covering/Lining

•Glandular

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Connective TissueConnective TissueConnective TissueConnective Tissue

1. Most abundant

tissue in the body.

2. Supports epithelial

tissue and connects

it to other tissues.

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Muscle TissueMuscle TissueMuscle TissueMuscle Tissue1. Skeletal• striated

• voluntary

2. Cardiac• striated

• involuntary

3. Smooth• involuntary

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Nervous TissueNervous TissueNervous TissueNervous TissueForms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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BODY SYSTEMSBODY SYSTEMSBODY SYSTEMSBODY SYSTEMS• Integumentary System

• Skeletal System

• Muscular System

• *ervous System

• Endocrine System

• Cardiovascular System

• Lymphatic System

• Respiratory System

• Digestive System

• Urinary System

• Reproductive System 15

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary System ---- Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures

Skin, Hair, *ails, Oil glands, Sweat glands

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Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary System ---- Major Functions Major Functions Major Functions Major Functions

• Protection

• Sensation

• Regulate Body Temperature17

Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal System ---- Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures

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Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal System –––– Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Protection

• Support

• Movement

• Stores minerals

• Blood cell formation19

Skeletal muscles

Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular System ---- Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures

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Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

1. Movement

2. Maintain posture

3. Stabilize joints

4. Generate heat21

Nervous SystemNervous SystemNervous SystemNervous System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

Brain, Spinal cord, *erves

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Nervous SystemNervous SystemNervous SystemNervous System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

Recognizes and

coordinates the

body’’’’s responses

to changes in its

internal and

external

environments.

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary

• Thyroid

• Parathyroids

• Adrenals

• Pancreas

• Ovaries

• Testes

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystemEndocrine System –––– Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

1. Controls growth

and development

2. Controls

metabolism

3. Maintains homeostasis25

Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels

Circulatory SystemCirculatory SystemCirculatory SystemCirculatory System ---- Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures Major Structures

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Circulatory SystemCirculatory SystemCirculatory SystemCirculatory System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Brings O2, nutrients,

and hormones to cells

• Fights infection

• Removes cell waste

• Helps regulate

body temperature

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Lymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune Systems ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

White blood cells, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels

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Lymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune SystemsLymphatic/Immune Systems ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Protection from disease.

• Collects fluid lost

from blood vessels

and returns the

fluid to the

circulatory system.

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Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

Lungs, Bronchial tree, Trachea, Pharynx, Larynx, *ose

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Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Provides O2

to cells.

• Removes

excess CO2

from cells

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Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas

Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

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Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Converts

macromolecules

from food into

smaller molecules

that can be used by

cells for energy

and for repair and

growth

• Eliminates waste.

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Skin, Lungs, Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra

Excretory System Excretory System Excretory System Excretory System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

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Excretory System Excretory System Excretory System Excretory System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

Eliminates waste products to maintain

homeostasis.

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Male: Testes, Vas deferens,

Prostate, Seminal vesicles, Penis

Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive System ---- Major StructuresMajor StructuresMajor StructuresMajor Structures

Female: Ovaries, Fallopian

tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Breasts

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Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive SystemReproductive System ---- Major FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor FunctionsMajor Functions

• Produces

reproductive

cells

• In females,

nurtures and

protects

developing

embryo.37

HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASISThe relatively constant states maintained by the body

Examples:

1. Thermoregulation

2. Regulation of blood

O2/CO2 level

3. Glucoregulation

4. Osmoregulation

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HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMSHOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMSHOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMSHOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

SE*SOR

detects some

physiological

parameter

constantly

when significant

changes occur

I*TEGRATORsums up

information

from sensors

EFFECTOR “target””””whose activity is

altered in order to compensate

to bring parameter back into its

normal range

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Negative feedbackNegative feedbackNegative feedbackNegative feedback - a reaction in which the system responds

in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Since this

tends to keep things constant, it allows the maintenance of

homeostasis.

ExampleExample: When the concentration of CO2 in the body increases,

the lungs are signaled to increase their activity and expel more

CO2.

Positive feedback - the response is to amplify the change

in the variable. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so does not result

in homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common in naturally

occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its

applications.

ExampleExample:: Labor contractions.

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ThermoregulationThermoregulationThermoregulationThermoregulationKeeping a constant body temperature

• The body’’’’s enzymesenzymes work best

at 37°°°°C (body temperature)!

• The temperature of the body is

monitored by the hypothalamushypothalamus.

• If you are too cold or too hot the

hypothalamus sends nerve

impulses to the skin.

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• SE*SORTemperature receptors in skin

• I*TEGRATORHypothalamus

• EFFECTORMuscles or Sweat Glands

ThermoregulationThermoregulationThermoregulationThermoregulation