4 ellis interconnectionstandards

7/28/2019 4 Ellis InterconnectionStandards

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GeneratorInterconnection

Standards Establishuniformtechnicalandprocedural

requirementsforinterconnectionofgenerationontheelectricgrid

Interconnectionstandardsaredrivenby

Safety(peopleandproperty)

Gridreliability,performance

Costconsiderations

Fairness(justandreasonable,andnotundulydiscriminatoryorpreferential)


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WhatInterconnection

StandardsandProceduresApply?

Distribution System Guidelines

IEEE 1547, PUC/PRC

IEEE, ANSI, IEC

NEC

Bulk System Guidelines

NERC, FERCIEEE, ANSI, IEC

NESC

Plenty of technical andjurisdictional overlap,

confusion, contradiction


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Applytogenerators,participatinginwholesalemarket,

regardlessofsizeandinterconnectionlocation TSO/DSOfollowproforma proceduresviaOATT

Proceduresandrequirementsgenerallybasedonsize

LargeGeneratingFacilities(>20MW):LGIP/LGIA

SmallGeneratingFacilities(SGF)(


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Applytogeneratorsuptoacertainsize,connectedto

thegrid,butnot participatinginwholesalemarket NetMetering,PURPAorsimilararrangementforsale of

electricitytothehostutilityonly

TypicallycoverREandotherDG,allcustomerclasses Proceduresandstandardsvarybystate

GenerallyconformwithFERCSGIP,butsomehave

significant

differences Technicalstandardsfocusedonthedistribution

systemandDER

StateJurisdictional

InterconnectionStandards(PUC/PRCRule)


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StateJurisdictional

InterconnectionStandards

State policy

www.dsireusa.org / July 2009

*Standard only applies to net-metered systems

WA: 20,000

OR: 25/2,000*

CA: no limit

MT: 50*

NV: 20,000

UT: 25/2,000*

NM: 80,000

WY: 25*

HI: no limit

CO: 10,000

MN: 10,000

LA: 25/300*

AR: 25/300*

MI: no limit

WI: 15,000

MO: 100*

IN: no limit

IL: 10,000

FL: 2,000*

KY: 30*

OH: 20,000

NC: no limit

VT: no limit

NH: 100*

MA: no limit

37 states +DC & PR

have adopted aninterconnection

policy

Notes: Numbers indicate system capacity limit in kW. Some state limits vary by customer type (e.g., residential/non-residential).No limit means that there

is no stated maximum size for individual systems. Other limits may apply. Generally, state interconnection standards apply only to investor-owned utilities.

CT: 20,000

PA: no limitNJ: 2,000*

DC: 10,000

MD: 10,000

NY: 2,000

VA: 20,000

SC: 20/100*

GA: 10/100*

PR: no limit

TX: 10,000

NE: 25*

KS: 25/200*

SD: 10,000


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InterconnectionRequirements

forSGF(FERCOrder2006)

FastTrackProcessforSGFthatpasscertainscreens

SGFcapacity


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TypicalDERInterconnectionProcess

Example:

CPUCRule21

Interconnection

Process

Source: California Interconnection Guidebook

http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/interconnection

/guide_book.html


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TypicalDERInterconnectionProcess

Example:

CPUCRule21Initial

TechnicalReview

Methodology

Source:

http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/interconnection

/application.html


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IEEE1547StandardFamily(AppliestoDERnolargerthan10MVA)

No. Title Status

1547StandardforInterconnectingDistributedResourceswithElectric Power

Systems 2003

1547.1StandardforConformanceTestsProceduresforEquipment

InterconnectingDistributedResourceswithElectricPowerSystems2005

1547.2ApplicationGuideforIEEE1547StandardforInterconnecting

Distributed

Resources

with

Electric

Power

Systems

2008

1547.3GuideForMonitoring,InformationExchange,andControlofDistributed

ResourcesInterconnectedwithElectricPowerSystems2007

1547.4DraftGuideforDesign,Operation,andIntegrationofDistributed

ResourceIslandSystemswithElectricPowerSystemsPending

1547.5 DraftTechnicalGuidelinesforInterconnectionofElectricPower Sources

Greaterthan10MVAtothePowerTransmissionGridPending

1547.6DraftRecommendedPracticeForInterconnectingDistributedResources

WithElectricPowerSystemsDistributionSecondaryNetworksPending

1547.7

DraftGuidetoConductingDistributionImpactStudiesforDistributed

ResourceInterconnection Pending


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forDistributedEnergyResources

IEEE1547VoltageandFrequencyTolerance

Additionaldisconnectionrequirements CeasetoenergizeforfaultsontheAreaEPScircuit

Ceasetoenergizepriortocircuitreclosure

Detectislandconditionandceasetoenergizewithin2secondsoftheformationofanisland(antiislanding)

(*) MaximumclearingtimesforDER 30kW;

DefaultclearingtimesforDER>30kW

VoltageRange(%Nominal) Max.ClearingTime(sec)*

V


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50% < V > 88%

V < 50%

110% < V > 120%

V > 120%




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Otherapplicablecodesandstandards(not

exhaustive) RequirementVoltageRegulation MaintainservicevoltagewithinANSIC84RangeA(+/5%)

Voltagecontrol Notpermitted(IEEE1547)

Flicker MaximumBorderlineofIrritationCurve(IEEE1453)

Harmonics


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forTransmissionConnectedSystems

SomekeydifferencescomparedtoDER

NeedtoconsidersomeoftheseforPVassystemsize&penetrationincrease

Requirement

VoltageTolerance Ridethrough3phasefaultPOIforupto150ms

FrequencyTolerance Basedoninterconnectionrequirements

PowerFactorCapability +/ 0.95pf(orhigherdependingonstudyresults)

VoltageControlPowerfactor,reactivepowerorvoltagecontrolatthe

discretionoftransmissionoperator

Synchronization,

Protection

Dedicatedswitchingandprotectionequipment

requiredfortransmissionconnectedsystems

SCADA/EMSintegration Requiredinallcases

PowerControlEmergingforhighpenetrationwind. Mayneedhandle

withmarketinstrumentsinsomecases

Other NERCFAC/TPL/MOD/PRC/VARstandards


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FrequencyandVoltage

ToleranceStandards(BulkSystem)

FrequencyRange(Hz)

Max.ClearingTime(sec)*

59.4 60.5 N/A

59.4 58.5or

60.6 61.5 3min

58.4 57.9or

61.6 61.730sec

57.8 57.4 7.5sec

57.3 56.9 45cycles

56.8 56.5 7.2cycles

61.7instantaneous

WECCOffNominalFrequencyTolerance VoltageTolerance(LVRT)

Tolerate

bolted

fault

(0

volts)

at

POI

for

upto9cycles(150ms)

FERCOrder661A:appliestowind

generators>20MVA

WECCLVRTcriterion:appliestoall

generators

>10

MVA

FrequencyTolerance Forexample,WECCONFstandard,

whichappliestoallgenerators

RulesstillevolvingintheUSand

elsewhere


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FrequencyandVoltage

ToleranceStandards(BulkSystem)

Proposed NERCPRC024

Wouldapplytoallgenerators20MVAorlarger,andstationswithmultiple

unitswithtotalcapacityof75MVAor

more


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EmergingPowerControl

forHighPenetrationWindP

kan

Pbr

Pkan

Pbr

Pkan

Pbr

Absolute power limit

Power ramp limit

Delta power limit

Source: Energinet.dk


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MediumVoltageStandard

inGermany(10kVto110kV)

FaultTolerance

AppliestoPVasof2011 Invertersmustcomplywithboundaryline2

Mustprovidereactivesupportduringfault(voltagecontrol)

Source: E. Troester, New German Grid

Codes for Connecting PV to the Medium

Voltage Power Grid, 2nd International

Conference on Concentrating

Photovoltaic Power plant


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StaticVoltageSupport

Providecapabilityof+/ 0.95pfatfulloutput(impactsequipmentrating) Dispatchcouldbeconstantpf,constantVar,Var supportbasedon

poweroutput(seeexamplebelow)orVar supportbasedonvoltage

AppliestoPVasof2010







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ActivePowerControl

Reducepoweroutputwhenfrequencyisabove50.2Hz AppliestoPVasof2010







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AFewObservations WindandPVinterconnectionstandardsondifferenttracks,but

converging NorthAmericanapproachtobulksystemstandardstendstobe

technologyneutral

Itmakestechnicalsensetoapplydifferentrequirementstodifferent

technologies(e.g.,Europeanapproach) Difficulttoreachconsensus,longprocess

IEEE1547providesgreatfoundationforDER

Somefuturecapabilitiesshouldbemandatedbystandards;

someshouldbeincentivized bymarkets

E.g.,primaryfrequencysupport


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WhereareWeGoing? Reconciledistribution/transmissionstandards

Voltage/frequencytolerance

Reactivepowercapability,volt/var control SCADAintegration

Power/Frequencycontrol

Specialcases(e.g.,islands)orfuture veryhighpenetration?

Harmonizationisimportantforefficiencyandcost

Severalactiveeffortsunderway

IEEE1547.4,1547.5,1547.6,P2030(SmartGrid)

(http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547/1547_index.html)

US:NERCIVGTF(http://www.nerc.com/filez/ivgtf.html)

Europe:Mediumandlowvoltagegridcodes(GR,SP,FR,IT)


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QuestionsandDiscussionQuestionsandDiscussion


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Codes&StandardsSpecifictoPV

Source DocumentsIEEESCC21 StandardsCoordinatingCommitteeonFuelCells,Photovoltaics,

DispersedGeneration,andEnergy

Storage

IEEE1547series(DERupto10MVA)

StandalonePVsystems,batteries(several)

P2030 (SmartGrid Newinitiative)

UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.(UL)PV

StandardsTechnicalPanels UL1703(PVmodules)

US1741(Inverters,chargecontrollers)

NFPA NEC,Article690(solarPhotovoltaicSystems)

ASTME44.09 TechnicalCommitteeon

PhotovoltaicElectricPowerConversion

SeveraladdressingPVmoduleandarray

testing

IECTC82 Solarphotovoltaicenergy

systems

Severaladdressingmeasurement,safety,

testprocedures