4-novedades enf desmielinizantes senr 2019 …Àlex rovira secció de neurorradiologia. servei de...
TRANSCRIPT
Àlex RoviraSecció de Neurorradiologia. Servei de Radiologia
Hospital Universitari Vall d’HebronBarcelona
“Novedades en patología inflamatorio‐desmielinizante”
Disclosures
Alex RoviraSection of NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital Vall d’HebronBarcelona, Spain
A. Rovira serves/ed on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi‐Genzyme, Biogen IDEC, OLEA Medical,Synthetic MR, Icometrix and Bayer, has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi‐Genzyme, Bracco,Merck‐Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Roche and Biogen Idec, and has researchagreements with Siemens AG.
• MS diagnosis: McDonald 2017 criteria
• MAGNIMS guidelines 2020
• New MRI features
• MS prognosis
• MS treatment response
• Neurofilaments light chain (NfL)
Update in inflammatory‐demyelinating diseases: Multiple Sclerosis
Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis through the ages
Allison and Miller11954
Integration of oligoclonal IgG bands into diagnostic criteria9
2017
Schumacher21965
Rose31976
Poser51983
McAlpine31972
McDonald and Halliday41977
International McDonald criteria6‐92001, 2005, 2010, 2017
Integration of MRI into diagnostic criteria6
2001
• MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = multiple sclerosis.
• 1. Allison and Millar. Ulster Med J. 1954;23(Suppl 2):1‐27. 2. Schumacher et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;122:552‐568. 3. Gafson et al. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2012;1:9‐14. 4. McDonald and Halliday. Br Med Bull. 1977;33:4‐9. 5. Poser et al. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:227‐231. 6. McDonald et al. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:121‐127. 7. Polman et al. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:840‐846. 8. Polman et al. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:292‐302. 9. Thompson et al. Lancet Neurol.
2018;17:162‐173.
Thompson AJ et al. Lancet Neurol 2017
MS diagnosis: 2017 McDonald criteria
Dissemination in space (DIS)
• ≥1 T2 lesion* in 2 out of 4 regions of the CNS
– Periventricular
– Cortico‐Juxtacortical
– Infratentorial
– spinal cord
CNS= central nervous system; Gd=gadolinium, CSF=cerebrospinal fluid
*symptomatic or asymptomatic
Reich DS et al. N Engl J Med 2018
MS diagnosis: 2017 McDonald criteria
Dissemination in time (DIT)
• Simultaneous presence of Gd+ and non‐enhancing lesions at any time
• New T2 and/or Gd+ lesion on follow‐up MRI– Compared to reference (baseline) MRI
Thompson AJ et al. Lancet Neurol 2017
MS diagnosis: McDonald 2017 criteria (DIS plus OB)
Presence of OB in CSF is accepted as an alternative to DIT
Thompson AJ et al. Lancet Neurol 2017
Thompson AJ et al. Lancet Neurol 2017
MS diagnosis: 2017 McDonald criteria
Dissemination in space (DIS) Dissemination in time (DIT)
• ≥1 T2 lesion* in 2 out of 4 regions of the CNS
– Periventricular
– Juxtacortical
– Infratentorial
– spinal cord
• Simultaneous presence of Gd+ and non‐enhancing lesions at any time
• New T2 and/or Gd+ lesion on follow‐up MRI– Compared to reference (baseline)
MRI
CNS= central nervous system; Gd=gadolinium, CSF=cerebrospinal fluid
*Gd not needed for demonstration of DIS
• Demonstration of DIS and presence of CSF specific oligoclonal bands
or
The 2017 revised McDonald criteria associatedwith:• greater sensitivity (earlier diagnosis)• but less specificityfor a second attack than the previous 2010 criteria.
McDonald 2017 leads to a higher number of MSdiagnoses in patients with a less active diseasecourse.
van der Vuurst de Vries et al. JAMA Neurol 2018
Application of the 2017 Revised McDonald Criteria
Application of the 2017 Revised McDonald Criteria (Vall d’Hebron experience)
Exclusively 2010 n=0
Exclusively 2017 n=132 (23.3%)
Patients fulfilling:
n=566 Criteria fulfillmentn (%)
DIS and DIT 2010 159 (28.1)
DIS and DIT 2017 168 (29.7)
DIS and +OB 2017 263 (46.5)
Complete 2017 McDonald criteria 291 (51.4)
McDonald criteria
Standardisation and harmonisation of MRI acquisition
• High quality MRI scans• Optimisation of MRI sensitivity (brain and spine)• Facilitation of comparative analysis (visual, automated)• Integration in multicentre studies• Implementation of quantitative and automated MRI assessments• Creation of big data repositories (MRI, clinical, OCT, fluid biomarkers...)
• Prognostic models• Treatment response predictive models
OCT, optical coherence tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis –
clinical implementation in the diagnostic process
Rovira A et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015
Revised recommendations of the consortium of MS Centers Task Force for a standardized MRI protocol and clinical guidelines for the diagnosis
and follow‐up of MSTraboulsee A et al. AJNR 2016
MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis –establishing disease prognosis and
monitoring patients
Wattjes M et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015
European Commission decision on use of GBCAs
• Use GBCAs only if essential• Use GBCAs at lowest dose needed• Only macrocyclic agents
CNS, central nervous system; GBCA, gadolinium‐based contrast agents.European Medicines Agency 23/11/2017 EMA/625317/2017.
• Exceptions: Primovist/Multihance (liver‐imaging), Magnevist joint‐imaging
Despite lack of evidence of the clinical effects (in subjects with normal renal function) and limitations in the assessment of gadolinium deposition in CNS, special caution in patients at higher risk: • Patients requiring multiple lifetime doses• Pregnant and paediatric patients • Patients with inflammatory conditions• Patients receiving radiotherapy
Multiple sclerosisInflammatory bowel diseasePaediatric oncologic patients
Minimise repetitive GBCA imaging studies when possible• No use of GBCAs• Lower dose• Alternatives to GBCAs
Initial Re‐Baseline First follow upa,b Second follow upa, b Follow upsa, b
DiagnosticcPre‐treatment
Gad highly recommended
3–6 months after treatment onset Gad optionale
12 months after Re‐Baseline
Gad optionalf
24 months afterRe‐Baseline
Gad optional
Every yeard
Gad optionale
Active lesions should be ignored (unless associated with
clinical activity or unexpected high MRI activity)
Assess markers of poor prognosis
Apply predictive response/prognostic scales/models
MRI in monitoring MS
DMT, disease‐modifying treatment; GA, glatiramer acetate; IFN, interferon.a Shorter follow‐up MRI (6 months) if isolated significantly MRI activity or isolated clinical activity; b Add spinal cord MRI to brain MRI if clinically indicated;c Add spinal cord MRI to brain MRI for initial diagnosis or if never performed; d Less frequent MRIs in clinically stable patients treated with IFN or GA;e Gad required if clinical activity/progression; f Particularly in patients receiving moderate efficacy DMTs. 1. Rovira A et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:471‐82; 2. Wattjes M et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:597‐606; 3. Traboulsee A et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:394‐401.
0.1 mmol/kg BW (macrocyclic GBCA) only in selected cases
ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; BW, body weight; CE, contrast enhanced; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery; GBCA, gadolinium-based contrast agents; MP-RAGE, Magnetisation Prepared - RApid Gradient Echo; PD, proton density.1. Rovira A et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:471-82; 2. Wattjes M et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:597-606; 3. Traboulsee A et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:394-401.
Optional
CE-T1WI3D T1 MP-RAGE 3D T2-FLAIR DWI ADC
Delete: T2/PD
Add: DWI (safety)
Minimum delay 5-10 minutes
Brain MRI protocol for monitoring: new
New MRI findings in Multiple Sclerosis
Leptomeningeal enhancement
Central vein sign
Hipointense rims/ dots
• Characterised by:– demyelination1
– microglial activation1
– often meningeal inflammation2,3
• Less often associated with4– immune cell influx
– complement activation
– BBB leakage
• Difficult to detect by MRI5
• Three types of cortical lesion*6
*Based on post‐mortem tissue samples taken from 22 patients with MS. Leukocortical Type I lesions involve neocortex and subcortical white matter; intracorticalType II lesions are confined to the neocortex and often located around a vessel; subpial Type III lesions extend from the pial surface into the neocortex. 1. Peterson JW et al. Ann Neurol 2001; 2. Lucchinetti CF et al. N Engl J Med 2011; 3. Magliozzi R et al. Ann Neurol 2010; 4. Klaver R et al. Prion 2013; 5. Filippi M et al. Neurology 2010; 6. Wegner C et al. Neurology 2006
38% are Type I(leukocortical)
18% are Type II(intracortical)
44% are Type III(subpial)
Type I Type II Type III
Focal lesions in grey matter: 90% of MS autopsy cases show cortical demyelination
Absinta et al. Neurology 2017; Absinta et al. Neurology 2015; Howell et al. Brain 2013; Lucchinetti et al. 2011
Subpial demyelination Meningeal inflammation (B and T cells)Bo et al. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003
Most common cortical lesion Affects the largest cortical area A common appearance: • long ribbons of subpial demyelination, often affecting several adjacent gyri• wedge‐shaped, with the basis at the surface of the brain.
Absinta et al. Nat Rev Neurol 2016
Subpial demyelination: cortical lesiones type III
Absinta et al. Neurology 2017; Absinta et al. Neurology 2015; Howell et al. Brain 2013; Lucchinetti et al. 2011
• Meningeal inflammatory infiltrates are found in most patients with MS and 40%–50% of subjects with SPMS• Meningeal infiltrates may play a contributory role in the underlying subpial grey matter pathology (subpial
demyelination, atrophy)• Presence of B cell folicle‐like structures• Associated with an agressive disease course• Associated with leptomeningeal contrast enhancement (BBB dysfunction of leptomeningeal vessels)
Cortical lesiones: type III
FLAIR FLAIR Gd T1 Gd
baseline 2 months 3 months 6 months
Leptomeningeal enhancement: dynamic changes
• LME persistence range from 71% to 100% at 1 year and 73% to 100% at 2 years, • Subarachnoid spread/fill and subarachnoid nodular subtypes persist less often than vessel wall and dural foci. • Persistence is not significantly different between those on/off treatment and those with progressive/non‐progressive disease phenotypes.
• The number of persisting foci was significantly different in subjects with/without increasing EDSS scores (median, 12 versus 7.5, P .04).
Jonas et al. Am J Neuroradiol 2018
Leptomeningeal enhancement and cortical damage (7T)
Autopsy data suggest that patients with leptomeningeal follicles are prone to increased cortical demyelination and neuronal los (Magliozzi et al. Brain 2007; Howell et al. Brain 2011)
Ighani et al. Mult Scler J 2019
• Relationship between LME and cortical GM atrophy • No association of LME and neocortical CLs.
Meningeal inflammation is involved with neurodegenerative inflammatory processes, rather than focal lesion development.
Kilsdonk ID et al. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:841–849
Axial 7‐T FLAIR images of an MSpatient and a patient with non‐MS brain lesions
Dawson J. Trans Roy Soc Edinb 1916; 50:517‐740Horowitz et al. Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:303‐5
venuleplaque
Susceptibility‐weighted MR imaging in MS
Magi et al. Ann Neurol 2018
The “central vein sign” differentiates inflammatory CNS vasculopathies from MS at standard clinical magnetic field strengths.
31 patients with inflammatory CNS vasculopathies and 52 with RRMS3D T2*‐w EPI acquired during or after iv injection of a single dose (0.1 mmol/kg) of GBCA
Central vein sign (3.0 ‐ 1.5T)
50% 50%
Intralesional susceptibility signal (ISS) in MS (3T)
Intralesional susceptibility signal (ISS) 50% of T2 lesions
Likely represents iron‐rich macrophages / microgliaMyelin loss also contributes
Rovira et al. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2015; 21 (S11):209
Hagemeier et al. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;36:73‐83; Bian et al. Mult Scler 2013;19:69‐75
SWIFLAIR
Susceptibility‐weighted MR imaging in MS
Hypointense rims: MS versus other CNS disorders
48% of CIS, 59% of RR and 39% of PMS patients had at least one lesion with an IR
Rim positive lesions were more likely to be found periventricularly than in other locations (X2 (3) = 263.8, p<0.001)
Clarke, Rovira et al. ECTRIMS 2019
Susceptibility‐weighted MR imaging in MS
Susceptibility‐weighted MR imaging in MS
Systemic vascultis MS
Prognostic factors: relapses, disability worsening
Rotstein, Montalban. Nat Rev Neurol 2019
EDSS3 Multivariate analysis
HR0.5 1 2 5
0.5 (0.3 - 0.9)
2.9 (1.4 – 6.0)1.2 (0.5 - 2.8)0.9 (0.3 - 2.1)
2.0 (1.2 - 3.6)
0.6 (0.4 - 1.0)
1.0 (0.4 - 2.1)0.6 (0.3 - 1.0)0.7 (0.4 - 1.2)
0.8 (0.5 - 1.2)
HR (C.I. 95%)
DMT before 2nd attackDMT after 2nd attack
>= 10 lesions4-9 lesions1-3 lesions
0 lesions
OB presentOB absent
Optic neuritisOther
0-19 years20-29 years30-39 years40-49 years
WomenMen
• Study design: Barcelona inception cohort• Sample size: 1,015 CIS patients• Follow‐up: 6.75 years (mean)• Final outcomes: reaching EDSS score of 3.0 or
more
Tintoré, Rovira et al. Brain 2015
• Study design: Barcelona inception cohort• Sample size: 401 CIS patients• Follow‐up: 10 years (mean)• Final outcomes: reaching EDSS score of 6.0 or more
Tintoré et al., Mult Scler J 2019
Prognostic factors at disease onset: The Barcelona inception cohort
Time to EDSS 3.0
% p
atie
nts
with
ED
SS 3
.0
Follow up (months)
N = 246
Topography of lesions can predict patients at risk of faster disability progression;presence of infratentorial lesions increases the risk for disability
Prognostic factors at disease onset: topography of lesionsThe Barcelona inception cohort
Prognostic factors at disease onset: The Barcelona inception cohort
Arrambide, Rovira et al. MSJ 2017
The presence of at least one SC lesion at the time of the CIS is associated with short‐term disability and further contributes to estimate the risk of disability accumulation, particularly in non‐SC CIS.
Spinal cord lesions in patients with CIS
Cum
ulat
ive
prob
abili
ty o
f ED
SS ≥
3.0
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 20 40
0.1
60
All patients (N=207)p=0.016
One or more SC lesions
No SC lesions
Time (months)
Topography of lesions can predict patients at risk of faster disability progression
Early MRI predictors long term outcome (CIS)
CIS
178 patients 15 years
72% MS• 57% RRMS• 15% SPMS
Baseline MRI
Brownlee et al. Brain 2019
Baseline MRI model:Gad lesions (≥2) and spinal cord lesions (≥ 1) were independently associated with higher odds of conversion to SPMS at 15 years (C‐statistic 0.76).
Baseline One year
Grey matter pathology and neurodegeneration
Cortical lesions
Kutzelnigg et al., Brain 2005
RRMS SPMS
Scalfari et al.,Neurology 2018
Evolution to SPMS
Phenotype CLs prevalence CLs accumulation
RIS Up to 40% ?
CIS Up to 52% 28% patients (3y FU)
RRMS Up to 64% 43‐58% patients (3y‐7y FU)(≈0.8‐0.9 new CLs/patient/yr)
SPMS Up to 74% 47‐48% patients (3y‐7y FU)(≈1.0 new CLs/patient/yr)
PPMS Up to 84% (DIR)Up to 88% (PSIR)
15‐58% patients (1y‐2y FU)(≈0.8‐1.6 new CLs/patient/yr)
Pediatric MS Less than 12% ? Filippi et al., Lancet Neurol 2019
Predictors of disability worsening: Machine learning approach (Random Survival Forest)
Courtesy of Pisani , Calabresi et al. (Verona) ECTRIMS 2019
Specificity Sensitivity Accuracy87% 92% 88%*Measure used to calculate the size of the variables' predictiveness included in the ML model.
The lower the MD the higher was the predictive effect
*
ROC CURVE ANALYSISPROGRESSIVE MS SCORETHE MOST SIGNIFICANT PREDICTIVE FACTORS BY USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH
The severity of the early focal and global cortical pathology is a strong predictor of the conversion to the progressive phase.
Treatment options in Multiple Sclerosis (DMDs)
Tintoré et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018
• 13 disease modifying treatments• Different MoA, efficacy, safety profile, adherence, tolerance, cost, administration…
DMT (IFN)12 months
EDSS
1 year 2‐3 years
• Clinical measuresRelapse rate /severityConfirmed disability progression
• Radiological biomarkersNumber of new / enlarging T2 lesionsNumber of Gd+ lesions
MRI as a predictors of treatment response
DMT
Rio score (Río et al. Mult Scler 2009;15:848‐53)
Modified Rio score (Sormani et al. Mult Scler 2012;19:605‐12)
MSBase Study Group (Kalincik et al. Brain 2017; 140: 2426‐43) Prosperini et al. (Prosperini et al Mult Scler 2014;20:566‐76)
Canadian model (Freedman et al. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40:307‐23)
German model (Stangel et al. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2015;8:3‐13)
NEDA (Havrdova et al. Neurology 2010; 74 (suppl 3):S3‐S7.) MAGNIMS score (Sormani et al. Neurology 2016; 87: 134)
MRI activity (new T2/Gad T1)Relapses
EDSS worseningNeuropsychology and quality of life
DemographicsBaseline and follow‐up data
12 monthsEDSS
1 year 2‐3 years
Predictors of treatment response: short‐term data
DMT
Limitations Ignore baseline measures and fluid biomarkers Require at least one‐year follow‐up Tested only in injectable first‐line therapies (IFN, GA)
12 monthsEDSS
1 year 2‐3 years
Predictors of treatment response: short‐term data
RoAD score (Risk of ambulatory disability)
Variable CategoryBaselinefactors
Sex FemaleMale
Age, years <3030‐40>40mean (SD)median [interval]
Disease duration, years
<22‐55mean (SD)median [interval]
EDSS score <1.51.5‐2.0>2.0mean (SD)median [interval]
Relapses in previous year
12≥3mean (SD)median [interval]
Gadolinium‐enhancing lesions
01≥2mean (SD)median [interval]
Variable Category
One‐yearfactors
≥1‐point EDSS worsening
NoYes
Relapses 01≥2mean (SD)median [interval]
Gadolinium‐enhancing lesions
01≥2mean (SD)median [interval]
New T2‐hyperintense lesions
012≥3mean (SD)median [interval]
Gasperini, Prosperini, Rovira et al.
DMT
1 year
Baseline Short‐term
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
100
100-Specificity
Sensitivity
BL_VAROY_VARROAD
RoADscore
AUC 0.87
Best cut-off >4
Sensitivity 76%
Specificity 82%
PPV 39%
NPV 96%
DMTEDSS
0–3 years
Bovis et al. BMC Medicine (2019) 17:113
• Baseline patients’ characteristics could identify patients with larger/lower benefits from treatment• Data from RCTs could be used for creating models to identify predictors of largest benefit to treatment
response
• Linear combination of age, sex, previous relapses,brain volume, and MRI lesion activity.
• This method can be applied to any RCT to create atreatment‐specific score.
• Addition of fluid biomarkers (NfL) should beconsidered
Predictors of treatment response: baseline data only
Capture both inflammatory and degenerative
process (T2, Gad, atrophy)
Measure of neuro‐axonal damage• Focal/diffuse• Brain and spinal cord
Accesible, easy and quick to measure
Good correlation with clinical endpoints
Prognostic marker of disease activity
Responsive to MS therapy
• Prediction of treatment response?
NfL as a biomarker of MS
• MS diagnosis: McDonald 2017 criteria
• MAGNIMS guidelines 2020
• New MRI features: leptomeningeal enhancement, central vein, iron
rims/dots
• MR: prognosis; prediction of treatment response
• Competitor: Neurofilaments light chain (NfL)
Update in inflammatory‐demyelinating diseases: Multiple Sclerosis