Mark HurwitzProject Renewal

Preventing recidivism and homelessness:housing strategies forex off enders

National Conference on Ending HomelessnessJuly 14, 2011

1925

1928

1931

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

79104 108

131

98 109 112 117 108 96111

138

201

297

411

478491 502

Rate per 100,000 population

There are 2.4 mill ion Americans behind bars

Source: U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, statistical series “Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions.”

Incarceration Rate Under State and Federal Jurisdiction

1925-2009

United States

Mexico

New Zealand

Turkey

England and Wales

Australia

Greece

Netherlands

South Korea

Belgium

Germany

Switzerland

Norway

Denmark

Iceland

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

753224

209206

197162161155153152

134116

10910410099979694929085

767470676663

4415

The US has 5% of the world’s population and 23% of its prisoners

INCARCERATION RATE IN OECD COUNTRIES2008-2009

Rate per 100,000 population

Source: Pew Center on States, International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS) at King’s College London.

Rates of Institutionalization, including Jails, in the United States 1934-2001

Growth in prisons followed the shrinkage of mental hospitals

Rate per 100,000 adults

Source: An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934 – 2001 by B. E. Harcourt, The Law School The University of Chicago, 2009

Black male high school dropouts have a 68% chance of imprisonment before the age of 35

men born 1945-1949

men born1975-1979

Source: Becky Pettit, Bryan Sykes, and Bruce Western, “Technical Report on Revised Population Estimates and Analysis Tables for the Pew Public Safety and Mobility Project” (Harvard University, 2009).

Cumulative risk of imprisonment by age 30-34

White Black Latino0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1.4

10.4

2.83.8

14.7

4.11.5

11

2.90.4

5.3

1.1

All High School Dropouts HS/GED College

White Black Latino 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

5.4

26.8

12.2

28

68

19.6

6.2

21.4

9.2

1.2

6.63.4

All High School Dropouts HS/GED College

Spending on corrections outpaces every other category except medicaid

General fund expenditures for corrections

Source: Pew Center on States

Total correctional population, year-

end 2007

Prisons 1.5 mil-lion

Probation and Pa-role 5.1 million

Jail 0.8 million

State correctional spending across 34

states, FY 2008 Prisons, $18.65 BillionProbation and Pa-role, $2.52 Bil-lion

Probation and parole accounts for 69% of correctional population but 12% of state spending

Source: Pew Center on States

Prison

Sys

tem

s

Prob

atio

n Ag

encies

Paro

le A

genc

ies

$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 $80.00

$78.95

$3.42 $7.47

State daily costs per of-fender

Annual cost per person, avg of 33 States

One day in prison costs more than 10 days on parole or 22 days on probation

Source: Pew Center on States

j

Million dollar blocks indicate huge potential for justice reinvest-ment

(Eric Cadora, 2004)

Prison Expenditures By BlockBrooklyn, NY

The three year recidivism rate for State Prison inmates released in 2004 was 43.3 percent.

If states could reduce their recidivism rates by just 10 percent, they could save more than $635 million combined in one year alone in averted prison costs.

Nationally, 35% of prison admissions are a result of parole violations

“A prison that deprives prisoners of basic sustenance, including adequate medical care, is incompatible with the concept of human dignity and has no place in civilized society.” – United States Supreme Court, Brown v. Plata

The supreme court says overcrowding is cruel and unusual punishment

A conceptual framework for interventions

At each stage there are opportunities for• Systems level change• Service level change

Sequential Intercept Model: Munetz and Griffen 2006

Incarceration

How do homelessness and incarceration interact?

• Increased visibility/ target for law enforcement

• Reduced access to treatment for mental illness and substance abuse

• Broken social and family bonds

• Difficulty obtaining employment

• Disruption in benefits• “Collateral consequences”

such as public housing bans

How can we build collaborations that break the cycle?

Law Enforceme

nt

Housing and

Services

Institutional and

Community

Corrections

Government/ Philanthropy

Nonprofit

Research and

Advocacy

Reduce

d

Recid

ivism

Cost

Effectivenes

s

Reduced Homelessness

How do we measure succcess?

How can we spread innovation?

http://www.nationalreentryresourcecenter.org/http://reentrypolicy.org/http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov/html/http://

www.pewcenteronthestates.org/initiatives_detail.aspx?initiativeID=31336

http://www.csh.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=4480&nodeID=81

http://www.urban.org/justice/index.cfmhttp://www.vera.org/http://www.courtinnovation.org/

RESOURCES