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Entries for figures appear in italics. Entries for tables appear in bold.
abandoned cubs 315abdominal effusions 75, 75–76 see also
ascitesabortion 395acrosomal
integrity 171–175membranes 164, 164–165reaction 169–171, 170, 485
adaptationsto captive environment
346–347, 514dental/skeletal 102, 102, 380–381digestive system 102–105,
378–380, 379highly specialised 378vocalisation 382–383, 383see also anatomy/physiology
Adventure World ( Japan) 202Aeromonas 366age, and reproductive traits 176ageing see geriatric animalsaggression, male
and cub rearing practices 334historical perspectives 458life history/behavioural traits 87,
94–96, 97and mating 159, 289–292, 290
see also belowplay fighting 338, 338, 348role of AI 490selection against 346–347
aggressive behaviour management98, 346–347, 348hyper-aggression/misdirection
of aggression in captivity346, 348
opportunities for familiarity346, 349
seasonal testosterone patterns346, 348
selection against aggression346–347
stepwise controlled exposure 347aggressive behaviour, other animals
344–346AI (artificial insemination) 469, 470,
471, 471–472for aggressive pairs 490anaesthesia 471at Chengdu Research Base
485–490cold storage of semen 479, 484combined AI/natural mating 474,
479, 484comparative data 471–472critically ill sperm donor 474,
474–479, 490future priorities 490–491and gene diversity 491historical perspectives 458, 461for inexperienced
animals 490insemination methodology 471for mate incompatibility 470and natural mating 263–266,
479, 484number of sperm required 491oestrus, indications 471results, reproductive successes
473–474, 474semen processing for assisted
breeding 470–471testing/improving efficiency 491timing of 484, 491 see also vaginal
cytologytranscervical 479, 479
541
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
AI (artificial insemination) (cont.)ultrasound assessments, Berlin
Zoo 415, 428, 428–431, 429ultrasound assessments,
San Diego Zoo 431–437, 432,433, 434
for weak sexual behaviour 470,485, 490
at Wolong Center 474, 474–484see also genome resource banks;
sperm cryopreservationallergies 393–394
soybean meal 394altricial offspring 383, 471
immune systemunderdevelopment 384
prolonged/high dependency 315,342, 348
ambassadorial value, ex situpopulation 11
American Zoo and AquariumAssociation (AZA) 20
anaesthesia 60–61, 61, 66–68for AI 160, 471alternative approaches 375anaesthetic maintenance
techniques 360–361avoiding use 411–412, 469
see also restraint withno sedation
biomedical survey 40blindfolding 357cheetah biomedical survey 20–21documentation/record forms 361for electroejaculation 360emergence/recovery 361–362endoscopy, gastrointestinal
442–443endotracheal intubation 358,
358–359fluid/temperature
management 360and hypertension 372
induction/intubation 357–359intravenous catheter 359isoflurane delivery system 358ketamine hydrochloride 357medical management 355–362, 356oxygen facemask 357, 358physiologic monitoring 357pre-procedural planning 355–356staffing/personnel 360–361supplementary anaesthesia
358, 358ultrasound assessments 411,
417–418vital sign monitoring 360
anatomy/physiology 378dietary/digestive adaptations
102–105, 378–380, 379elongated radial sesamoid bone
102, 102gastrointestinal tract 102–105highly specialised nature 378microbial symbionts 104skeletal 380–381skull/dental modifications
102urinogenital 381, 381–382, 382for vocalisation 382–383, 383
androgenprofiles, males 219, 219–221,
225–226RIA 206
Annual Technical Meeting for GiantPandas 25, 26
anorexia 401geriatric animals 368
anovulatory endocrine profile 211anthropogenic stress see stressanti-inflammatory medication
368–370appetite, reduced, in geriatric
animals 368artificial insemination see AIascarid infection (Baylisascaris
schroederi) 78–79, 364–365, 366,388, 388
ascites (fluid accumulation) 367, 394,416, 418–419, 438 see alsoabdominal effusions
assisted breeding 469, 470–471see also AI
atropine see anaesthesiaavoidance, stress 302–303
and enclosure size 299AZA (American Zoo and Aquarium
Association) 20
bacteriadiarrhoea see enteritis,
haemorrhagic/bacterialdiarrhoea
microbial symbionts 104pathogens 366see also infection
baiji river dolphin population, habitatviability assessment 25
bamboo 101, 102, 113–115digestion 108–113, 388logistics of supply 124–125,
281, 295nutritional constituents 115as primary food 129–130
542 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
protein 123selective intake 105species consumed 115see also food; nutrition
Bashania fargesii 113 see alsobamboo
Baylisascaris schroederi 78–79, 364–365,366, 388, 388
behaviouraggressive see aggressive
behaviourrepetitive see stereotypies
behavioural conditioning see operantconditioning
behavioural deficitsbiomedical survey 40, 49and cub rearing practices 334
behavioural homeostasis 302behavioural management strategies,
Wolong Centerabnormal behaviours 276–277behavioural signs of oestrus 287conservation initiatives/
reintroduction 296cross-disciplinary studies 296data gathering 295–296empty time 282ethological needs model of
motivation 276future priorities 294–296improved captive breeding
success 275–276natural mating/cub rearing
aims 275olfactory management 286reproduction in the wild 274reproductive behaviour
studies 287scientific application, value of 294social traits relevant to
reproduction 285–286stereotypies 276–277, 277
and suboptimal enclosures276
targeting needs 274–275see also environmental
enrichment; matingintroductions; neonatalmanagement; operantconditioning
behavioural responses to stress304–305, 306–307assessment 302–303avoidance 302–303conserve-withdraw
response 302and enclosure size 299
fight-flightresponse 302
measuring 301–302monitoring 305–307, 307–309,
308, 307–311behavioural survey data 92–96, 92–96behavioural traits see life history/
behavioural traitsBeijing Zoo 25Berlin Zoo, ultrasound health
assessments 411, 411–417AI guided/post-breeding
monitoring 415, 428,428–431, 429
anaesthesia 411for ascites removal 416for catheterisation 415–416conscious assessment 411–412drawing of female urinogenital
tract 419, 424to determine ovarian
functioning 416for general health assessment
416–417pancreatitis 416, 417prostate gland, presence 425reproductive assessments,
females 419, 419–422reproductive assessments, males
424, 424–428transabdominal 411transcervical (for AI) 415transcutaneous/transrectal
414, 414biodiversity 539biological data see databiomaterials, minimal export 34, 247biomedical approach, need for 32biomedical survey, reproductive
success in captivity 245, 365, 462,499, 499–500anaesthesia 40behavioural deficiencies 40, 49biomaterials, minimal export 34communication/translation 38conclusions 52cross-cultural learning/working
34, 53–54, 521–522data/information 37, 52, 53disease monitoring 53factors limiting 38funding/donors 38–40, 40future priorities 52–54genetic management plan 53genetic over-representation 48, 48historical/behavioural data
collection 43–44
Index 543
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
biomedical survey, reproductivesuccess in captivity (cont.)implementation 33–35leadership 33management, population 37–38measuring stress in wild
pandas 53MOU (memorandum of
understanding) 34, 40, 54–58nutrition survey 43participating institutions/
investigators 38–39physical examination 41–43planning 32radio-collars ban 53reintroduction 53reporting/sharing results 34reproductive potential 44–45respect for hosts 34results 44–46rules/guidelines 34–35semen collection 41skills diversity 38, 52–54skin biopsy 41Stunted Development Syndrome
50, 50–51suboptimal nutrition 49–50team diversity 34testicular hypoplasy/atrophy
51–52timing 40tattooing 41, 42transponder chipping 40–41, 42unknown paternity 46, 47, 53
blindfolding 357blood pressure see hypertension/
epistaxisblood sampling
avoiding stress of 224–225without sedation 355
brain function, effects ofenvironmental enrichment294–295
breeding 3–4behaviour and management
working group, CBSG 30behavioural management
strategies 287, 287and behavioural traits see life
history/behavioural traitsdelayed 338–339, 348historical perspectives see
historical perspectives onbreeding
male breeding history,morphometric/testiculartraits 160–161, 171, 171–174
vs non-breeding males 176,176–179
programmes 456, 512–514recommendations see
demographic/genetic trendsanalysis
self-sustainability goal 59–60, 85,245–246, 456, 527
success in captivity see biomedicalsurvey; success (captivebreeding)
wild vs. captive males 176, 176,499, 499–500
see also aggression; endocrinology(reproductive hormones);pregnancy; reproductivebiology
cagerestraint 354squeeze 232
Canoidea socialization studies 334capacitation, sperm 169–171, 170, 485captive animals see ex situ populationcaptive management working group,
CBSG 378carbohydrates 121–122carcinoma, squamous cell 81cardiac disease 402, 402–403caregivers, human 317cat socialization, domestic 345–346catarrhal/mucus excretion 387–388catastrophe modelling 511catheterisation, semen collection
415–416CAZG (Chinese Association of
Zoological Gardens) 23–31, 39,524
CBSG see Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group
Cervus programme 250–251charisma, giant panda 299, 521cheetah biomedical survey 19–22
anaesthesia 20–21methodological challenges 20reproductive inefficiency 19–20
Cheetah Species Survival Plan(SSP) 20
Chengdu Base of Giant PandaBreeding 23, 39, 440Laboratory of Genetics and
Reproductive Studies 247sperm cryobiology 485, 485,
485–490chewing/mastication, feeding
enrichment strategies 281–282,282, 295
544 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
China Conservation and ResearchCenter for the Giant Panda seeWolong Center
China Wildlife and ConservationAssociation 524
Chinese Association of ZoologicalGardens (CAZG) 23–31, 39, 524
Chinesegoal of independence,
conservation 536location, training courses 536
Chongqing Zoo 39chromic shifts 242clinical pathology 65–66, 68, 68–72
see also diseases/pathologycold storage, sperm see sperm
cryopreservationcolic 366colitis, catarrhal/ulcerative 387–388collaborating organisations
endocrinology 200paternity assessment 247see also partnerships
colonoscopy 451, 451–452colostrum 320–321, 330–331, 384colour-flow imaging 437Columbus Zoo 39communication/translation
biomedical survey 38open see databases/knowledge
collection; partnershipscomputer analysis (Cervus
programme) 250–251computerised record-keeping 96conditioning see operant conditioningconservation
‘conservation assessment andresearch techniques’ CBSGworkshop 528
future priorities 536–539goals 299habitat loss 4–5hedge/insurance role of ex situ
population 527–528in situ 455initiatives, and behavioural
management strategies 296multidisciplinary nature 523–524role of zoos 523training/information sharing
needs 528see also in situ population (status/
threats); partnershipsConservation Breeding Specialist
Group (CBSG) of IUCN 19, 39, 462baiji river dolphin population 25biomedical approach, need for 32
captive management workinggroup 378
consensus/conclusions 31–32demographics working group
28–29genome resource bank 30goals 28health/disease priorities 377masterplan for captive giant
pandas 25mortality, veterinary and
nutrition working group30–31, 378
reproduction, behaviour andmanagement workinggroup 30
role 23–31South China tiger captive
breeding managementplan 25
team members 25–26see also workshop proceedings
conserve-withdraw response 302cooperative strategies see partnershipscorticosteroids 217, 217–219, 224–225
RIA 206courses, training see training coursescreatine assessment/fluid balance
203–204cross-cultural learning/working,
biomedical survey 34, 53–54,521–522 see also partnerships
cross-disciplinary studies 296, 438see also partnerships
cross-fostering 343–344, 344, 347crowds, human see noise stresscryopreservation, sperm see sperm
cryopreservationcubs see neonatal management/
neonatescultural/international collaboration
see cross-cultural learning/working; see also partnerships
cytology, vaginal see vaginal cytologyCWCA (China Wildlife and
Conservation Association) 524
databases/knowledge collectionapplication to in situ
pandas 525biomedical information 84, 375,
406–407biomedical survey 37, 43–44,
52, 53capacity building
development 536improving overall 465–466
Index 545
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
databases/knowledge collection (cont.)information survey, historical
88, 88lack, wild pandas 6mutual information sharing 535reasons for knowledge increase
521, 521–522, 522–523, 539record-keeping 96, 349sharing/cooperation 85, 463,
528, 535species-specific 525–527see also partnerships; studbooks;
trainingDavis, D. D. 378decision tree, mating 287, 287, 294decondensation, sperm 169–171,
170, 485delayed breeding 338–339, 348demodecosis 77, 77, 365, 404demographic/genetic trends analysis
495–497adaptation to captive
environment, avoiding 514changing demographics in ex situ
population 497–502cooperative strategies 516–518demographic vs genetic priorities
514–516excluded groups 506fecundity 498, 498–499,
500, 500–502genetic diversity 505, 507, 514genetic fragmentation 507, 508genetic management
workshop 496genetic summary, population 506global captive breeding
programme requirement512–514
heterozygosity 513inbreeding in managed vs
unmanaged populations 508inbreeding/relatedness avoidance
507, 507–508, 514, 517life table projections 503–504management groups 517–518metapopulation management
512, 513methodology 497paternity determination 497,
505–506paternity uncertainties,
resolving 516pedigree analysis 505population genetics 505–508population increases 496,
498, 498
productivity/genetic managementstrategies 514, 516
sexual incompatibility 499software 497, 508Species Survival Plan (SSP) 496studbooks 495–496, 516survival 502–503, 503wild/captive reproductive success
499, 499–500wild-caught animal input
506–507wild panda sperm collection 513see also population modelling
demographics working group, CBSG28–29
dental adaptations 102, 102, 380–381dental disease 76–77, 373, 373–374
antibacterial therapy 374see also oral pathology
depression, emotional 401development, stunted see Stunted
Development Syndromediabetes insipidus 400–401diarrhoea, haemorrhagic/bacterial
390, 390–392diet see bamboo; food; nutritiondigestive system 386
adaptations 102–105, 378–380, 379allergies 393–394ascites 394colitis, catarrhal/ulcerative
387–388dietary factors 388digestive capabilities 108,
108–113disorders 366microbial symbionts 104mucus excretion 104, 387–388mixing 113pancreatitis 366rates of transit 112–113, 113,
118–124vomiting 393see also enteritis; oral cavity
pathology; parasites; viraldiseases
diseases/pathology 377–378abdominal effusions 75, 75–76ascites (fluid accumulation) 367cardiac 402, 402–403clinical pathology 65–66, 68,
68–72colic 366demodecosis 77, 404diabetes insipidus 400–401and emotional factors 401fits/seizures 401, 402
546 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
future priorities 406–407infectious disease research 466monitoring, biomedical survey 53multi-systemic illness 392musculoskeletal system 404neurological system 401–402ocular system 404–406and reintroductions into wild
377–378respiratory system 403testicular hypoplasia 79, 79–81uterine/cervical infection 81, 81veterinary training priorities 378see also anatomy/physiology;
digestive system; geriatricanimals; medical issues/management; neonatalpathology; parasites; renalsystem; reproductivebiology; skin disease;Stunted DevelopmentSyndrome; viral disease
distemper virus vaccinations 364distribution see population
distributiondiversity, genetic see genetic diversityDNA extraction 248, 248–249DNA sequencing 248 see also
genotypingdolphin populations, habitat viability
assessment 25domestic carnivores, socialization 336domestic cat socialization 345–346duodenoscopy 449–451
early socialization see rearing;socialization
E. coli 390educational value, ex situ population
11–12electroejaculation 360, 415–416 see
also sperm/semenembryonic mortality/abortion 395emotional factors, and health 401empty time behavioural management
strategies 282enclosures
size 279–280and stress 299structural complexity/choice
options 280, 280–281, 295suboptimal 276visits by cubs 319–320see also environmental
enrichment; housingendangered species see in situ (wild)
population, status/threats
endocrine profilesandrogen, males 219, 219–221anovulatory breeding
season 211peri-oestrual 208–209, 209pregnancy 209–210, 211pubertal oestrus 211
endocrinology, reproductivehormonesanimals studied 200collaborating organisations 200delayed implantation 198endocrine profiles see abovegestation span 198monitoring and management
226–227oestrus, behavioural
changes 198pregnancy, behavioural
changes 198pseudopregnancy 198–199see also urine/faecal hormone
measurementsendomyocardial fibrosis 402,
402–403endoscopy, gastrointestinal 440–441
anaesthesia 442–443animals evaluated 441colonoscopy 451, 451–452correlations with specific
histories 453duodenoscopy 449–451enemas 442equipment 443–444fasting 441future priorities 452–453gastric ulcers 448, 448, 452gastroscopy 447–449,
448, 452laparoscopy 440methodology 441–444oesophagoscopy 444–446preparation 441, 441–442results/discussion 444–452veterinary staff training 453wider use of technique 453
endotracheal intubation 358,358–359
enemas 442enrichment, environmental see
environmental enrichmententeritis, haemorrhagic/bacterial
diarrhoea 390, 390–392dietary modifications 390E. coli 390and multi-systemic illness 392oral inoculation 390
Index 547
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
environmental enrichmentdiet supplementation/enrichment
strategies 281–282, 282, 295effects on health/brain function
294–295ensuring bamboo supply 281, 295implementation 466–469measuring 284–285, 294novel items 284observing natural situation 277tailored programmes 295temporal feeding pattern
alterations 283–284see also enclosures
enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) 207–208oestrogen conjugate EIA 207progestin EIA 207–208RIA vs EIA 204
escape response see avoidanceEscherischia coli 390ethograms, stress 307, 307ethological needs model of
motivation 276 see alsobehavioural managementstrategies
Euler equation 503–504ex situ (captive) population
changing demographics 497–502first cub 455, 457global breeding programme
requirement 512–514hedge/insurance role 527–528masterplan 25reproductive success see
reproductive success incaptivity
status/threats to 9–11as threat to in situ population
6–7value see below
ex situ population, value 11–14ambassadorial 11educational 11–12funding 12–13insurance 12research 13unknown 13–14Western 7–9
excretionmucus 104, 128, 130, 387–388neonates 325, 329–330, 330see also faeces; urinary/faecal
hormone measurementsexport/import
biomaterials, avoiding 34, 247policies 522
extinction risk 511–512
eye 404–406examinations without sedation
355and UV radiation 405
faeces 126, 126–128analysis 268, 270hormone analysis 204, 213, 213
see also urinary/faecalhormone measurements
mucus excretion 104, 128, 130,387–388
neonates 325, 329–330, 330Fargesia spathacea 113 see also bamboofasting, for endoscopy 441fat 123fecundity 498, 498–499, 500
age-specific 500, 500–502see also demographic/genetic
trends analysisfeeding/nutrition, neonates 128–129,
318, 320–327apparatus 323–324colostrum 320–321, 330–331,
331, 384formula milk 321, 321–323, 323
see also hand rearingmaternal milk 321position 316, 325–326regimes 325, 325–326transitions 326–327tube feeding compromised
infants 324–325weaning onto solids 326–327see also food (adults); nutrition
femalesgonadotrophin-treated/untreated
females 213, 213–217, 217ultrasound health assessments
419, 419–422, 422, 422–424urinogenital tract 419, 424see also maternal behaviour;
pregnancy; vaginal cytologyfertility onset, male 194fibre, dietary 121–122
and health 388lignin 111supplementation/feeding
enrichment strategies281–282, 282, 295
fight-flight response 302fighting, play 338, 338, 348 see also
aggressionfinancial issues see fundingfluid
accumulation see ascitesbalance, assessment 203–204
548 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
foetal development 438food, adults
geophagia 115–117intake 105, 105–108lignin 111non-bamboo foods 115–117, 124,
125–126sources, wild pandas 6timing alterations 283–284see also bamboo; feeding
(neonates); nutritionformula milk 321,
321–323, 323founders 506–507fragmentation, genetic 507, 508freezing/frozen sperm see sperm
cryopreservationfunding
biomedical survey 38–40, 40loans, panda 537–538and panda charisma 522–523value of ex situ population 12–13
future priorities 14AI 490–491alternative anaesthetic
approaches 375behavioural competencies for
reintroduction 98behavioural management
strategies 294–296, 469capacity building programme
development 536colour-flow imaging 437computerised record-keeping 96conservation/reintroduction 296,
536–539continuing routine medical
examinations 84cooperation/partnerships 296,
407, 536–539cub rearing management 87–88,
97–98data gathering 84, 295–296, 375,
406–407demographic 516–518diet/nutrition 129–130diseases 85, 377, 406–407disease monitoring 53endoscopy, gastrointestinal
452–453enhanced reproductive
representation 462–465enrichment, implementation 295,
466–469establishing successful breeding
traits 98
foetal development studies 438genetic management
planning 53genome banks 194, 270,
492–493improve overall health
knowledge 465–466infectious disease
research 466increase cub survival 465information/technology sharing/
transfer 85life history/behavioural traits
96–99loans, North American zoos
536–537male seasonality studies 194measuring stress in wild
pandas 53medical management 374–375microsatellite analysis, faecal/hair
samples 268, 270miniaturisation, instruments 437neonatal management 331–332onset of male fertility
studies 194operant conditioning 368, 375optimising use of frozen-thawed
sperm 193–194ovulation-determination,
ultrasound 438paternity assessment 268–271pregnancy diagnosis 438rearing practices 347–349record-keeping 349reintroduction 53reproductive biology 52–54,
193–194species-specific instruments 437speed up research progress
469–470Stunted Development Syndrome
83, 438testicular hypoplasia/atrophy
studies 194ultrasound use 437–438urinary/faecal hormone
measurements 221–226vaginal cytology 241–242
gastric ulcers 448, 448, 452gastrointestinal distress 387–388
see also digestive systemgastrointestinal endoscopy see
endoscopyGeneral Adaptation Syndrome 301
Index 549
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
genetic diversity 505, 507, 514and AI 491Laboratory of Genomic Diversity,
USA 248maintenance goal 246see also heterozygosity;
inbreeding/relatednessgenetic/s
fragmentation 507, 508management 53, 492–493, 496over-representation 48, 48 see also
genetic diversity;heterozygosity; inbreeding/relatedness
population see populationgenetics
see also demographic/genetictrends
genome resource banks (GRBs)183–184, 270, 469, 485Action Plans 492CBSG 30developing 194, 270global management plans 493strategies/facilities for genetic
management 492–493wild male sperm banking 493see also semen cryopreservation
genotyping facility, development of247–248, 248training seminar 248
geophagia 115–117geriatric animals 353–354, 367–368
anorexia/reduced appetite 368dental disease 373, 373–374operant conditioning 368quality of life 368, 370, 374, 375see also hypertension/epistaxis;
osteoarthritis; renalinsufficiency
gestation span 198giant panda
Annual Technical Meeting forGiant Pandas 25, 26
biological data/tools collection,species-specific 525, 525–527
captive see ex situ populationcharacteristicscharisma/uniqueness fascination
1–3, 299, 521current distribution 463, 463emblem of fragile biodiversity 539as endangered species see in situ
(wild) population, status/threats
as flagship for cooperation 539Genome Resource Bank (GRB) 183
iconic status 1in situ see wild populationjuveniles/cubs see neonatal
managementpopulation see populationrange map, wild populationssurvival, demographic trends
502–503, 503wild see in situ population
GRBs see genome resource banks
habitat loss, wild pandas 4–5hair samples analysis 268, 270hand rearing 292,
315–316abandonment 315caregivers 317housing/environmental
requirements 317, 317illness/injury 316incubators 316, 318–319malpositioning 316maternal milk supply,
inadequate 316multiple births/twins 316nursery admittance 316skin coloration 316transition housing 319visits to adult enclosures 319–320vocalisation/activity levels 316see also feeding (neonates);
neonatal management;rearing; socialization
healtheffects of environmental
enrichment 294–295and emotional factors 401improve knowledge 465–466priorities 377see also diseases/pathology
heterozygosity 513table 251see also genetic diversity;
inbreeding/relatednesshistorical information survey 88, 88historical perspectives on breeding
160, 455–456AI 458, 461behaviour management/operant
conditioning 469biomedical survey 43–44conservation in situ 455current distribution 463, 463enhanced reproductive
representation 462–465enrichment, implementation
466–469
550 Index
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83295-3 - Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and ManagementEdited by David E. Wildt, Anju Zhang, Hemin Zhang, Donald L. Janssen and Susie EllisIndexMore information
first ex situ cub 455, 457future priorities 462improve overall health knowledge
465–466infectious disease research 466male aggression 458mentoring 463neonatal mortality 1963–2002
457, 460–461oestrus failure 458refusal to mate 458
1963–1989 456–4581990 to present 460–462
partnerships/collaboration461–462
population 1936–2003 458resource/knowledge sharing/
cooperation 463speed up progress 469–470self-sustainability goal, ex situ
breeding programmes 456homeostasis, behavioural 302hormones see corticosteroids;
endocrinology; urinary/faecalhormone measurements
hookworms 389housing/environmental requirements,
hand reared cubs 317, 317transition housing 319see also enclosures
hunting, wild pandas 6hyper-aggression/misdirection of
aggression in captivity 346, 348see also aggression
hypertension/epistaxis 372–373and ketamine anaesthesia 372taking readings 354, 372, 372
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalactivity (HPA) measures 301–302
illness see diseases/pathologyimmune system underdevelopment,
cubs 384immunisation see vaccinationimmunoassays 204
RIA vs EIA 204see also enzyme immunoassays
(EIAs); radioimmunoassays(RIAs)
import see export/importin situ (wild) population
biological data 525biomedical survey 53vs captive males, reproductive
success 176, 176, 245, 499,499–500
conservation 455endangered see belowinput to gene pool 506–507maternal behaviour 293, 339–340sexual behaviour 274sperm banking 493, 513see also reintroduction to wild
in situ (wild) population, status/threatsto 4–7from ex situ (captive) population
6–7food sources 6habitat loss 4–5hunting 6information lack 6
inbreeding/relatednessavoidance 507–508, 514, 517genetic estimation 251, 268managed vs unmanaged
populations 508see also genetic diversity;
heterozygosityincubators 316, 318–319inexperienced animals
AI for 490delayed breeding 338–339, 348maternal skills 343, 347,
348–349see also mentoring
infectionbacterial pathogens 366neonates 384, 384–386parasitic see parasitesreproductive tract 395uterine/cervical 81, 81see also diseases/pathology
infertile animals, evaluating 241information see databases/knowledge
collectioninoculation see vaccinationinsemination methodology see AIinsurance value, ex situ
population 12interdisciplinary studies, behavioural
management strategies 296see also partnerships
international learning/working,biomedical survey 34,521–522see also partnerships
intubation see anaesthesiaisoflurane see anaesthesiaIUCN (World Conservation Union
Species Survival Commission)see Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group
Index 551
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Japan (Adventure World) 202jaw/dental modifications 102, 102,
380–381
ketamine see anaesthesiakidneys see renal system; urinogenital
tractkinship 510, 515
minimisation strategy 514–516knowledge see databases/knowledge
collection
labelling, avoiding 348Laboratory of Genomic Diversity,
USA 248laparoscopy 63, 440leadership, biomedical survey 33learning see inexperienced animals;
see also mentoringlibido, lack see sexual behaviourlife history/behavioural traits, and
breeding successaggression 87, 94–96, 97, 98behavioural characteristics
87–88behavioural survey data 92–96,
92–96computerised record-keeping 96cub rearing management 87–88,
97–98distribution by location, gender
and origin 92establishing behavioural
competencies forreintroduction 98
establishing successful breedingtraits 98
future priorities 96–99gender and origin of animals
surveyed 94historical data results 91–92, 93historical information survey
88, 88keeper survey of behavioural
traits 88–91, 89–90short oestrus period 87
life table projections 503–504lignin 111loans, North American zoos 536–537
funding 537–538lordotic posture, failure 339
male/saggression see aggressionbreeding history, morphometric/
testicular traits 160–161, 171,171–174
breeding vs non-breeding 176,176–179
fertility onset 194prostate gland, presence 425seasonality studies 194, 346, 348ultrasound health assessments
424, 424–428, 428management
in China 22–23, 25, 26CBSG working group 378genetic 53, 246, 492–493, 496genetics workshop 496groups, demographic/genetic
trends analysis 517–518nutritional 124–126olfactory 286population 37–38see also aggressive behaviour
management; medical issues/management; neonatalmanagement
mange, demodectic 77, 77, 365, 404mastication, feeding enrichment
strategies 281–282, 282, 295maternal behaviour, and cub rearing
practices 334, 342–343critical timeframe determination
343, 348cross-fostering 343–344, 344, 347later learning of maternal skills
343, 347, 348–349over four month cub-dam
separation 342, 347premature (under four month)
cub-dam separation342–343, 349
prolonged dependency 342, 348maternal behaviour, other animals
340–341maternal behaviour, wild pandas 293mating
aggression see aggression;aggressive behaviourmanagement
assessing AI vs natural 263–266behavioural management
strategies 275decision tree 287, 287, 294incompatibility 470, 499introduction of animals for
287–292lordotic posture failure 339mounting positions 290multi-male mating strategies in
captivity 340, 348–349natural/ AI combined 263–266,
474, 479, 484
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problems and cub rearingpractices see sexual behaviour
refusal see sexual behaviour, lackof libido
separation 292timing, monitoring see vaginal
cytologysee also breeding; reproductive
biology; sexual behaviourmean kinship see kinshipmeasurements, body see
morphometricsmedical issues/management, captive
populationsanimals surveyed 60breeding trauma 367common medical problems of
adults 365–367continuing routine
examinations 84cooperative programmes 353data collection 84, 331, 375disease identification/
management 85future priorities 82–83, 374–375identification, permanent 63–64information/technology sharing/
transfer 85interdisciplinary approach 59laparoscopy 63, 440morphometric methods/results
64–65, 68, 68operant conditioning 368, 375procedural techniques 61–63self-sustainability goal 59–60, 85semen collection 66ultrasound 62–63see also anaesthesia; disease/
pathology; geriatric animals;neonatal management;preventive medicine;restraint with no sedation;stunted developmentsyndrome
medicationanti-helmintics 365NSAID 368–370
Mellen, Jill 25memorandum of understanding
(MOU) 34, 40, 54–58mentoring 463, 490
female maternal skills 343, 347,348–349
multi-male mating strategies 340,348–349
see also inexperienced animalsMexico, Zoologico de Chapultepec 202
microchip transponders 63–64microbial symbionts 104microsatellite analysis, faecal/hair
samples 268, 270milk
collection without sedation 354formula 321, 321–323, 323inadequate 316maternal 321
Miller, Philip 25missionary approach, avoiding 34,
521–522morphometrics 64–65, 68, 68
and diet/nutrition 126male breeding/testicular traits
160–161, 171, 171–174neonates 327, 327–328, 328
mortality, veterinary and nutritionworking group, CBSG 30–31, 378see also neonatal mortality
motivation, ethological needs model276 see also behaviouralmanagement strategies
MOU (memorandum ofunderstanding), biomedicalsurvey 34, 40, 54–58
mounting positions 290lordotic posture 339
mucus excretion, digestive 104, 128,130, 387–388
multi-disciplinarynature of conservation work
523–524skills diversity, biomedical survey
38, 52–54musculoskeletal system 404
National Conservation ManagementPlan for China 377
natural/combined mating 263–266, 474,
479, 484conditions, approximating to 277
see also enclosure design;environmental enrichment
nature reserves 455neonatal management/neonates
292–294birth weights 327body weight/growth monitoring
327, 327–328, 328database 331excreta 325, 329–330, 330future priorities 331–332immunoglobulin transfer
320–321, 330–331medical issues 330–331
Index 553
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neonatal management/neonates (cont.)natural/dam rearing 292–293peer exposure 293, 348placentation,
endotheliochorial 330and reintroduction to wild 293temperature monitoring
328–329twin swapping 316, 330twins 293–294weaning 293wild panda maternal
behaviour 293see also altricial offspring;
feeding/nutrition; handrearing; rearing;socialization
neonatal mortalityembryonic mortality/abortion 395
1963–2002 457reducing 460–461, 465
neonatal pathology 383–386bacterial infection 330, 384,
384–386and hand rearing 316immune system
underdevelopment 384post-weaning stress 294twinning 383
neurological system 401–402fits/seizures 401, 402
noise stress, anthropogenic303–305analysis of impact, methodology
303–304charisma/crowd attraction 299ethograms 307, 307findings 311hypotheses tested 311independent variables/stressors
305–306monitoring 305–307, 307–309,
307–311reactive responses 304–305,
306–307and reproductive failure 303
nonhuman primate socializationstudies 334, 335–336, 340–341,344–345
North AmericaCheetah Species Survival Plan
(SSP) 20panda loans see loanssee also USA
NSAID medication 368–370nutrition/diet 101–102
allergies 394
anatomical adaptations seeanatomical adaptations toherbivory
biomedical survey 43body mass 126carbohydrates 121–122enrichment strategies 281–282,
282, 295and enteritis 390evaluation/assessment 126–128faeces 126, 126–128fat 123fibre 121–122future priorities 129–130and habitat restriction by
humans 123and ill-health 388life stage considerations 128–129management/dietary husbandry
124–126nutrient guidelines 118–124protein 122–123requirements/availability
117–118, 118suboptimal, biomedical survey
49–50vitamins/minerals 124water 118–121see also bamboo; food
ocular system see eyeoesophagoscopy 444–446oestrogen 221–223
conjugate EIA 207conjugate RIA 205
oestrusbehavioural changes 198, 287early socialization, influence on
behaviour 336failure 458indications, for AI 471monitoring for timed matings
239–241 see also vaginalcytology
pubertal endocrineprofile 211
short oestrus period 87ultrasound assessments 416, 438
olfactory management 286open communication see database
knowledge collection;partnerships
operant conditioning 368, 375, 469for vaginal swabs 232, 233, 233,
241, 354see also restraint with no
sedation
554 Index
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opposable thumb (elongated radialsesamoid bone) 102, 102
oral cavity pathology 386–387, 386 seealso dental disease
oral inoculation, enteritis 390osteoarthritis 368–370
anti-inflammatory medication368–370
radiographic indicators 368, 368vertebral spondylosis 368
ovarian functioning see oestrus
pacing see stereotypiespancreatitis, ultrasound assessments
416, 417parasites 364–365, 388–390
anti-helmintics 365ascarids (Baylisascaris schroederi)
78–79, 364–365, 366, 388, 388demodectic mange 365hookworms 389protozoan 389roundworm 389
parentage see paternity, assessment ofunknown
partnerships, human 18–19, 21–22,461–462, 520–521biomedical information 407biomedical survey 34, 38CBSG/Chinese federal agencies
level 524cross-cultural learning/working,
biomedical survey 34, 53–54,521–522
cross-disciplinary studies 296, 438CWCA/CAZG/western zoos level
524demographic/genetic trends
analysis 516–518endocrinology 200ex situ/in situ benefits 520, 538fostering 523–525, 538–539individual/personal interactional
level 524–525information sharing/cooperation
85, 463, 528, 535international relationships
521–522multi-disciplinary nature of
conservation work 523–524multi-disciplinary skills diversity,
biomedical survey 38, 52–54mutual information sharing 535panda as flagship for cooperation
539paternity assessment 247team diversity 34
see also databases/knowledgecollection; trainingopportunities/courses
parvovirus vaccinations 364paternity, assessment of unknown
246–247, 258, 497, 505–506, 516addressing 258–263assessing AI vs natural mating
263–266avoiding export of biomaterials
247biomedical survey 46, 47, 53collaborative effort 247computer analysis (Cervus
programme) 250–251DNA extraction 248, 248–249DNA sequencer 248future priorities 268–271genetic diversity maintenance
goal 246genetic management need 246genetic relatedness estimation
251, 268genome banks 270genotyping facility, development
of 247–248, 248heterozygosity table 251low reproductive success in
captivity 245microsatellite analysis, faecal/hair
samples 268, 270paternity assessment example
251, 251–258, 252pedigree construction 251, 263polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
amplification 249–250self-sustainability goal 245–246training seminar 248twins/genetic over-representation
266, 266validation with blinded
samples 258pathology see diseases/pathology;
neonatal pathologyPCR (polymerase chain reaction)
amplification 249–250pedigree
analysis 505construction 251, 263
peer exposureneonatal management 293, 348play fighting 338, 338, 348
peri-oestrual endocrine profile208–209, 209
Phillips, Lyndsay 25Phyllostachys nigra 115 see also bamboophysiology see anatomy/physiology
Index 555
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placentation, endotheliochorial 330play fighting 338, 338, 348poaching, wild pandas 6polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
amplification 249–250population
current distribution 463, 463ex situ (captive) see ex situ
populationincreases 496, 498, 498management, biomedical survey
37–381936–2003 458wild see in situ population
population genetics 505–508excluded groups 506genetic diversity 505, 507, 514genetic fragmentation 507, 508genetic summary, population 506inbreeding/relatedness avoidance
507–508, 514paternity determination 497,
505–506pedigree analysis 505summary 506wild-caught animal input
506–507see also demographic/genetic
trendspopulation modelling 508, 511
catastrophe modelling 511extinction risk 511–512input parameters 508, 510mean kinship 510, 514–516, 515scenarios modelled 508–510starting conditions 511see also demographic/genetic
trendspractice see inexperienced animals;
see also mentoringpregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) RIA
205–206pregnancy
behavioural changes 198delayed implantation 198diagnosis 438endocrine profile 209–210, 211foetal development 438ultrasound assessments 422,
422–424, 428, 428preventive medicine 362
quarantine procedures 363routine examinations 362–363see also parasites; vaccinations
progestins 223–224EIA 207–208
progesterone excretion over successiveyears 211, 211–212
prostate gland, ultrasoundassessments 425
protein 122–123protozoan parasites 389psychological well-being 401pseudopregnancy 198–199pubertal oestrus endocrine profile 211pyelonephritis/anaemia in adult
398, 398
quality of life 368, 370, 374, 375
rabies vaccinations 364radial sesamoid bone 102, 102radiography without sedation 355radioimmunoassays (RIAs) 205–206
androgen 206corticosteroid 206oestrogen conjugate 205pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG)
205–206RIA vs EIA 204
radiotelemetry collars 312ban 53
rearing 87–88, 97–98future priorities 347–349by humans see hand rearinginfluence on behaviour see
socialization, earlypeer group and subsequent
development 348record-keeping 349research methodology 335and subsequent maternal
behaviour see maternalbehaviour
and subsequent sexual behavioursee sexual behaviour
see also aggressive behaviourmanagement; neonatalmanagement
record-keeping 349computerised record-keeping 96
reintroduction to wildbehavioural management
strategies 296biomedical survey 53establishing behavioural
competencies for 98neonatal management 293
relatedness see inbreeding/relatednessrenal system, disease/pathology
396–400insufficiency 370–372
556 Index
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kidney failure in geriatric panda399–400
kidney failure in young panda396–398
pyelonephritis/anaemia in adult398, 398
see also urinogenital tractrepetitive behaviour see stereotypiesreproductive biology
acrosomal membranes 164,164–165
age and reproductive traits 176anaesthesia 160animals evaluated 160breeding vs. non-breeding males
176, 176–179disease/pathology 394–396embryonic mortality/abortion 395future priorities 193–194goals 159–160, 193 see also
self-sustainabilityGRBs 183, 194historical data 160 see also
historical perspectives onbreeding
infections of reproductivetract 395
male aggression see aggressionmale breeding history,
morphometric/testiculartraits 160–161, 171, 171–174
male seasonality studies 194onset of male fertility studies 194optimising use of frozen-thawed
sperm 193–194and stress 303testicular anomalies 396, 396testicular hypoplasia/atrophy
studies 179, 179–181, 194ultrasound assessments 419–422,
422–424, 424–428uterine lesions 396, 396see also breeding; mating;
sperm/semenreproductive potential, biomedical
survey 44–45reproductive success in captivity
and AI 473–474, 474behavioural management
strategies 275–276captive vs wild males 176, 176,
245, 499, 499–500see also biomedical survey
research resource, ex situ (captive)population 13, 37
resources, information see databases/knowledge collection
respiratory system 403restraint with no sedation 354–355
blood pressure monitoring 354blood sampling 355milk collection 354ocular examinations 355radiography 355restraint cage 232, 354ultrasound examinations 354,
354, 411–412vaginal swabs 232, 233, 233,
241, 354see also operant conditioning
roundworm 389
Saint Louis Zoo 39San Diego Zoo 39, 200 see also belowSan Diego Zoo, ultrasound health
assessments 417–419, 418, 419AI, guided/post-breeding
monitoring 431–437, 432,433, 434
anaesthesia 417–418ascites 418–419reproductive assessments,
females 422, 422–424reproductive assessments, males
428, 428Seal, Dr Ulysses S. 23, 23–25seasonality
female see oestrusmale 194, 346, 348
sedation, without restraint seerestraint with no sedation; see alsoanaesthesia
selection, against aggression 346–347see also adaptations
self-sustainability goal, ex situbreeding programmes 59–60, 85,245–246, 456, 527
semen see sperm/semensexual behaviour, and cub rearing
practices 334, 336–340delayed breeding 338–339, 348female oestrus behaviour 336sex differences 337–338wild panda observations
339–340see also aggression; aggressive
behaviour management;mating
sexual behaviour, lack of libido 334,458and AI 470, 485, 490see also aggression; aggressive
behaviour management;mating
Index 557
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sexual behaviour, other animals335–336
sharing knowledge see databases/knowledge collection;partnerships
siblings see peer exposureSIMPOP 508Sinarundinaria ssp. 115 see also bambooskeletal adaptations 102, 102, 380–381skills diversity biomedical survey 38,
52–54skin
biopsy biomedical survey 41coloration, neonates 316
skin disease 403–404demodecosis 77, 77, 365, 404squamous cell carcinoma 81, 404,
474, 474–479and stereotypic behaviours 403
skull/dental modifications 102, 102,380–381
Smithsonian’s National ZoologicalPark 39, 201, 523
social environment 401social traits relevant to reproduction
285–286socialization, early
contemporary practices/earlycub-dam separation 335, 349
influence on later behaviouraltraits 334
and subsequent maternalbehaviour see maternalbehaviour
and subsequent sexual behavioursee sexual behaviour
wild panda observations 339–340socialization, other animals
Canoidea studies 334domestic carnivores 336domestic cat 345–346nonhuman primate studies 334,
335–336, 340–341, 344–345solitary carnivores 341and subsequent aggressive
behaviour 344–346and subsequent maternal
behaviour 340–341and subsequent sexual behaviour
335–336wild carnivores 336worth/value of studying 348
softwareCervus programme 250–251demographic trends 497, 508SIMPOP 508VORTEX 508
solitary carnivores, socialization 341South China tiger captive breeding
management plan, CBSG 25soybean meal allergies 394Species Survival Plan (SSP) 496sperm/semen
banks see genome resource bankscapacitation/acrosome reaction/
decondensation 169–171,170, 485
collection 41, 66, 161, 161–162,499–500 see alsoelectroejaculation
critically ill donor 474,474–479, 490
morphology 163, 163–164,171–175
motility 169number required, for AI 491ovum interaction/zona
penetration 169–171, 170, 192,192–193, 485
processing for assisted breeding470–471
quality/acrosomal integrity171–175
ultrasound assessments 415–416wild panda sperm collection 513see also AI
sperm cryopreservation 166–169,183–184, 469, 491cryobiology 485, 485, 485–490cryodilutants 165, 182, 182efficiency at Chengdu Research
Base 485, 485,485–490efficiency at Wolong Center 474,
474–484freezing method, impact 184–185,
185, 185, 185–187, 187freezing rate impact 185–187,
187, 187fresh/cold use 181–183functionality 191glycerol temperature/duration of
exposure 187–189, 189optimising use of frozen-thawed
sperm 193–194storage 479, 484testing/improving efficiency,
fresh/thawed 491see also AI
squamous cell carcinoma 81, 404, 474,474–479
squeeze cages 232stereotypies 276–277, 277
and stress 302–303, 311vomitting 393
558 Index
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stressanthropogenic activities 312anthropogenic noise see noiseavoiding stress of blood testing
224–225behavioural assessment 302–303behavioural homeostasis 302conservation goal, keeping
animals in captivity 299conserve-withdraw response 302definition of stress 300deleterious consequences 299discussion/future priorities
311–312and enclosure size 299fight-flight response 302General Adaptation
Syndrome 301hormones see corticosteroidshypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
activity (HPA) measures301–302
individual assessment approach300
measuring reactive response301–302
post-weaning 294radiotelemetry collar 53, 312stereotypic behaviour
302–303, 311in wild pandas, biomedical
survey 53studbooks 349, 495–496, 516 see also
databases/knowledge collectionStunted Development Syndrome 68,
70, 70–75biomedical survey 50, 50–51causality 83, 438diet 75disease/infection 75
success, captive breeding seereproductive success
Switzerland see Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group (CBSG) of IUCN
symbionts, microbial 104
tattooing 63–64biomedical survey 41, 42
teamdiversity 34members, CBSG 25–26see also partnerships
TEST cryodilutant 165testicular
anomalies 396, 396hypoplasia/atrophy studies 51–52,
79, 79–81, 179, 179–181, 194
morphometric traits 171, 171,171–174
testosterone patterns, seasonal 346,348
threats (wild pandas) see in situpopulation (status/threats)
thumb, opposable (elongated radialsesamoid bone) 102, 102
tiger captive breeding managementplan, CBSG 25
traffic stress 312training opportunities/courses 528,
528, 528–535Chinese independence goal 536Chinese location 536mutual information sharing 535needs 528seminar, genotyping facility 248tailored courses 535training trainers 536veterinary 378, 453
transabdominal ultrasoundassessments 411
transcervical AI 415, 479, 479transcutaneous/transrectal
ultrasound assessments 414, 414for ascites removal 416for catheterisation prior to
semen collection byelectroejaculation 415–416
to determine ovarianfunctioning 416
for general health assessment416–417
pancreatitis 416, 417transponder chipping biomedical
survey 40–41, 42trichrome staining 233–236tube feeding compromised infants
324–325twins
genetic over-representation266, 266
hand rearing 316neonatal management 293–294neonatal pathology 383swapping 316, 330
ulcerative colitis 387–388ulcers, gastric 448, 448, 452ultrasonography 62–63, 410–411
AI, Berlin Zoo 415, 428,428–431, 429
AI, San Diego Zoo 431–437, 432,433, 434
anaesthesia 411, 417–418ascites 416, 418–419, 438
Index 559
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ultrasonography (cont.)catheterisation 415–416colour-flow imaging 437conscious assessment 354, 354,
411–412cross-disciplinary studies 438drawing of female urinogenital
tract 419, 424foetal development 438future priorities/applications
437–438for general health assessment
416–417large-scale/wider
application 438miniaturisation 437ovarian functioning 416, 438pancreatitis 416, 417pregnancy diagnosis 438prostate gland, presence 425reproductive assessments,
females 419, 419–422, 422,422–424
reproductive assessments, males424, 424–428, 428
species-specific instruments 437Stunted Development
Syndrome 438three-dimensional 437transabdominal 411transcervical (for AI) 415transcutaneous/transrectal
414, 414see also Berlin Zoo; San
Diego Zooultra violet (UV) radiation 405University of California at Davis 39urine/faecal hormone measurements
199–200, 202–203androgen profiles, males 206, 219,
219–221, 225–226corticosteroids 206, 217, 217–219,
224–225creatine assessment/fluid balance
203–204data analysis 208discussion/future priorities 221enzyme immunoassays 207–208faecal extraction methods 204faecal hormone analysis
213, 213gonadotrophin-treated/untreated
females 213, 213–217, 217immunoassays 204oestrogens 205, 207, 221–223,
236–238, 236–237
pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG)RIA 205–206
progesterone excretion oversuccessive years 211,211–212
progestins 207–208, 223–224radioimmunoassays (RIAs)
205–206RIA vs EIA 204
urinogenitaladaptations 381–382, 16, 16, 382tract, ultrasound assessments
419, 424USA
Fish & Wildlife Service, importpolicy 522
Laboratory of Genomic Diversity248
see also North Americauterine/cervical
infection 81, 81lesions 396, 396
UV radiation 405
vaccinations 363–364distemper virus 364enteritis 390parvovirus 364rabies 364
vaginal cytology, oestrus cyclemonitoring for timed matings231–232animals used/study group 232case studies/representative
profiles 238–239, 238daily collection of swabs 242evaluating infertile animals 241evaluating underlying
mechanism 241false/second chromic shifts 242future priorities 241–242methodology 233–236morphology/staining traits
236, 236oestrus cycle monitoring
239–241training females to allow
procedure 232, 233, 233,241, 354
trichrome staining 233–236in relation to urinary oestrogen
236–238, 236–237vaginal cytological monitoring of wild
pandasvertebral spondylosis 368veterinary training 378, 453
560 Index
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viral diseases 392–393distemper 392, 393parvovirus 392
vitamins/minerals 124vocalisation, adaptations to
382–383, 383neonates 316
vomitting 393VORTEX 508
weaning 326–327critical timeframe determination
343, 348neonatal management 293post-weaning stress 294
water 118–121 see also fluid balancewell-being, psychological 401 see also
stresswild carnivores, socialization 336wild giant pandas see in situ populationWildt, David 25, 33Wolong Center (China Conservation
and Research Center for the GiantPanda) 39, 81, 274AI efficiency 474, 474–484breeding programme 23–25cold storage of semen 479, 484combined AI/natural mating 474endocrinology studies 202environmental enrichment 303male squamous cell carcinoma
case 474, 474–479timing of AI 484transcervical AI 479, 479see also behavioural management
strategiesworking groups
behaviour and management,CBSG 30
conservation assessmentand research techniques,CBSG 528
mortality, veterinary andnutrition, CBSG 30–31, 378
workshop proceedings 26, 26–28captive management working
group 378demographics working group
28–29genetic management
workshop 496mortality, veterinary and
nutrition working group30–31, 378
reproduction, behaviour andmanagement workinggroup 30
World Conservation Union SpeciesSurvival Commission seeConservation Breeding SpecialistGroup
worms see parasites
Zoo Atlanta 39, 200zoo science 17–19
multidisciplinary/integrativeapproach see partnerships
practical applications 17–18priorities 35whole animal approach 18
Zoological Society of San Diego see SanDiego Zoo
Zoologico de Chapultepec(Mexico) 202
Index 561
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