661143 - a01 logbook final submission

ENVS10003 - CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

AO1 LOGBOOKFINAL SUBMISSION

POH YEN TABITHA YEOH661143

TUTORIAL 10

UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

Tabitha Yeoh

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LOGBOOK WK 1-10EACH WEEK INCLUDES:

1. E-LEARNING NOTES2. CHING NOTES

3. STUDIO REPORT

POH YEN TABITHA YEOHCONSTRUCTING ENVS LOGBOOK

Tabitha Yeoh

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Photo 1 - Melbourne Bluestone pavement

Reference: [Untitled photograph of Melbourne’s bluestone] (2008). Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://houseofdoom.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/angs-digi-cam-073.jpg

References For Information:

- ENVS10003 (2014, March 6). Melbourne’s Bluestone. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 5). W01 m1 Introduction to Materials. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be

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Ching Wk 1 Notes (1)

Site Analysis

studying the context, which mayinfluence orientation and

construction of a building.

Consider:

boundaries,topography, soils

drainage patterns,water features

vegetation,climate e.g. sun

access via infrastructure(roads), public utilities (water,power), services, commercial

activities

desirable views, noise,nearby land uses, historical

resources, 'character'

Loads On Buildings

Dead (permanent) loads are static loads thatact downward on an object.

Settlement loadsare caused by subsidence of aportion of the supporting soil.

Loads (applied) take the most direct route to the ground forsupport. At the ground, there are reaction

forces to make applied load stable.

Structural systems of buildingssupport 2 types of loads: static

and dynamic

Static loads are applied slowly until there'sno rapid fluctuation in magnitude/position.

Live loads are can move or are movable e.g.rain load. Occupancy loads are the weights

of people, furniture, etc.

Dynamic loads are suddenly applied andfluctuate rapidly e.g. wind +

earthquake loads. Designs of structures mustbe able to resist them, e.g. flexible buildings arebetter in an earthquake because they oscillateslowly and have longer periods (take longer to

complete 1 oscillation).


Sketch 1 - Types of Loads (drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 2 - Settlement Load (drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

References For Information & Sketches:

- Ching, F. D. (2008). Site Analysis. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 1.07). New Jersey: Wiley.- Ching, F. D. (2008). Loads On Buildings. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.08). New Jersey: Wiley.

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Structural Forces: A force causes a change in themovement or shape of an object. It can be expressed

as a vector (has a magnitude and direction).

Concurrent forces act onlines which intersect at a

point.

Parallelogram Law -the vector sum for 2 forces

Polygon Method - vectorsum for 2+ forces Tension forces are when an

external load pulls on anobject. Particles composing

the material move apart,stretching the material.

Compression forces (oppositeof tension) are when particlescompact together, shortening

the material.

Nonconcurrent forces act on lines whichdo not intersect. Vector sum is a singleforce - causes the same translation and

rotation (moment) of an object. A 'couple'consists of 2 =, parallel forces of opposite

directions - causes rotation but nottranslation.

Collinear forces acton a straight line.


Reference For Information & Sketches:

- Ching, F. D. (2008). Structural Forces. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.11). New Jersey: Wiley.

Sketch 1 - Parallelogram Law(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 2 - Polygon Method(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 3 - Compression & Tension(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 4 - Couple Force(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

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*All photos taken by Siyun Yang - member of our Constructing Environments Studio Group.


Sketch 1 - Compression Forces

This Week’s Task - Construct a tower as high as possible with a minimal amount of material used. Tower must have an open-ing. After tower construction is completed, remove as many material as possible, to test its stability.

Material - The material we were given to build the tower was MDF (medium density fibre-board) blocks. The blocks (measuring approximately 45 x 25 x 10mm) are all the same size, mass and density.

The blocks were easy to work with and fairly efficient - did not require any additional materials e.g. glue which could be a hassle. The MDF blocks were fairly lightweight, thus it was more susceptible to toppling over; easily movable. Had the blocks been larger in size, the task would have been much faster to complete.

‘Compression’ is - when an external load pushes on a structural mem-ber, the particles of the material compact together, causing the material to shorten.

* MDF Block tower construction creates compres-sion between the blocks, becoming a compression structure.

Sketches PhotosWeek 1 - Compression Structures

Photo 1: A pile of the MDF blocks we had to use to construct our tower.

*All sketches drawn by Tabitha Yeoh (myself)

Photo 2: Layering of MDF blocks, always need to be careful of how we lay out the blocks to avoid them toppling over.

Sketch 2 - Rough Design of Tower

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Our Team’s Tower Construction System -- We decided to start building our MDF blcok tower using a square base of 6x6 blocks. The other 2 groups opted for a circular (cylindrical) base.

- Our arrangement was very similar to a brick wall; alternating rows have staggered arrangement of blocks. We did this for 15 rows to build a strong foundation. Each new layer became an ‘applied’ load, while older layers became ‘dead’ loads, which load paths from the applied loads would pass through in order to reach the ground, producing a reaction force for stability. The other groups used a similar layout of bricks, but adapted to the curves of their cylindrical frame.

- In realising that we needed to save on material (as we were running out of MDF blocks quickly as a result of choosing to build a solid, gapless) to add height to the tower, we reduced the number of blocks (the applied load) to 4 blocks, and hence increased the gap between blocks for each layer.

- As the tower continued to grow, and harder to build, we reduced the number of MDF blocks again to 2 when the tower reached approx. 175cm. As a result of gradually reducing the number of blocks, our tower began to transform into a triangular shape.

- Although slightly more complex for a cylindrical structure, the other groups also reduced their num-ber of blocks, and their towers gradually became skinnier, remaining circular.

Week 1 - Compression Structures

Sketch 2 - Upper Tower Load Path Diagram

Photo 2: Tower becomes more triangular in shape as we kept reducing the number of blocks per row.

Sketches Photos


Photo 1: Constructed a gapless square base at the bottom be-fore reducing number of blocks and increasing gaps between the blocks.


Sketch 1 - Tower Base Load Path Diagram

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Photo 1: Our group standing with our completed tower(removed blocks from the bottome to create an opening), ap-proximately 200cm tall.

Photo 2: Close-up view of our group removing the MDF blocks after the tower was completed. Was easy to remove blocks from the centre of each square face.

Completing The Tower & Deconstruction -- Our MDF block tower reached a final height of approximately 200cm. Ours was one of the taller towers amongst the groups.

- Throughout the task, we were required to remove as many of the MDF blocks from the base of our towers to obtain more material which we could then use to increase the height.

- For us it was definitely much easier to remove blocks compared to the other groups because we had a square base which is more rigid and symmet-rical (it is easier to make symmetrical square base compared to a curved base). A square base meant that we also had an equal distribution of blocks on all 4 faces, enabling us to remove an even amount of blocks from the centre of each face, without causing much disruption to the structure or causing it to collapse.

- From continuously removing blocks after finish-ing the task, the tower finally collapsed at the point where it starts to become triangular in shape. A reason for this is because the dead loads higher up have less stability compared to those lower down, due to more gaps between blocks, reducing the compression forces and slowing down the load path.

- However, we did remove a significant amount of blocks and can safely say that the structure was quite stable.

Week 1 - Compression Structures Sketches PhotosPOH YEN TABITHA YEOH

CONSTRUCTING ENVS LOGBOOK



Sketch 1 - Removal of MDF blocks from Tower

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Sketch 1 - Roller Joint + movements(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 2 - Pin Joint + movements(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 3 - Fixed Joint + movements(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

References For Information & Sketches:

- Ching, F. D. (2008). Joints & Connections. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.30). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 9). W02 s2 Structural Joints. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 9). W02 s1 Structural Systems. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be

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E-Learning Wk 2 Notes (2)

Environmentally Sustainable Design(ESD) & Selecting Materials

Consider...orientation of building to get more sun inthe winter and less during the summer, wherewater harvesting occurs, how ventilation will

moderate temperatures.

A building is like a "filter to the environment". In theconstruction industry water, energy, raw material,

etc. consumption is high.

Embodied energy is the total energyused during all stages of a material's life –

similar to 'virtual water' concept.

Life cycle begins with the extraction of raw materialsfrom the Earth and ends with the disposal of wasteproducts back to the Earth or recycled (partially or

totally) into other products.

Reduce, reuse, recycle

Common ESD Strategieslocal materials &material efficiency

thermal mass & night air purging(cools building down – hot air

rises to the top where there is agap for heat to escape)

solar energy, windenergy & cross

ventilation

smart sun design,insulation & water

harvesting


Photo 1 - Life CycleReference: [Life Cycle of stuff_final] (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://epa.gov/climatechange/images/life-cycle-images/lifecycle.jpg

Reference For Information:

- ENVS10003 (2014, March 9). ESD and Selecting Materials. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be

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Construction SystemsConsiderations

Performance Requirements: structuralcompatibility, fire resistance, comfort,insulation, protection from rain, soil

movement, sound, maintenance overtime

Aesthetic Qualities: proportion, colour,surface type, regulatory requirements

Economic Efficiencies: affordability (budget) & the lifecycle costing – longevity of materials and how the

building acts as a 'filter'

Environmental Impacts: embodiedenergy of materials, efficiency of

materials in moderating environment

Constructability: context – is there accessto labour? Prefabricated/in situ.

Framework ForAnalysing Form

Tectonic strategies: column + walland point + plane.

Column + wall: e.g. the arcade (Florence, 13th cent.)generally consists of 2 parallel vertical planes with

enough distance for pedestrian movement.1 side is cut out into rows of arches resting on columns while

the other is solid wall. This construct sets up pairs of contras e.g.public to private, permeable to solid, light to dark, light to heavy,point loads to uniformly distributed loads, component to mass.

Point + plane: more modern, thelogical sequence is Euclids – thingsbegin at a point which extends to a

line, then becoming a plane and finallya volume.

Euclid is the key to both column + wall(a clear demonstration of structure andconstruction) and point + plane (harderto define structure and spatial divisioneven though lines fuse into a physical

form).


Sketch 1 - Column + Wall vs Point + Plane(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)


- ENVS10003 (2014, March 9). Framework for Analysing Form. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ97Whk1kGU&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 9). W02 c1 Construction Systems. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be

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- Ching, F. D. (2008). The Building. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.02). New Jersey: Wiley.- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building Systems. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.03). New Jersey: Wiley.

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Week 2 - Balsa Tower StructurePOH YEN TABITHA YEOH


Sketch 1 - Rough Balsa Tower Concept

Task - Construct a tower that reaches the height of the ceiling, only using the piece of balsa wood given. Tower must be stable.

Material - - A rectangular piece of Balsa wood - which we cut into 32 long strips, each measuring 620mm long and approximately 3-4mm wide. There is a slight varia-tion between pieces in terms of thickness.

- In addition, we were given super glue and pins to connect the pieces of balsa wood together. We found that the pins worked the best in terms of fusing 2 pieces of balsa wood together and was much easier to work with (gluing the balsa we discovered to be more difficult, messy and time consuming).

- The balsa feels quite flimsy on its own (it is light-weight and very thin in comparison to other types of wood) - very easy for strips to snap in half, thus they were quite difficult to work with and not very effi-cient. This was evident particularly when we started to increase the height of our tower, where the tower is the least stable.

- Had strips been cut thicker (as we discovered that we did not require as much as 32 strips) the tower would’ve been more successful and faster to com-plete.

Sketches Photos



Photo 1: Creating the wide triangle base for our balsa tower (divided 620mm strips into 3 equal sections).

Photo 2: Adding pins to secure triangular tower frame to base (used multiple pins to create a fixed joint).

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Structural Joints - - To construct our balsa tower, we employed 2 types of structural joints: the ‘pin’ joint (connect 2 balsa strips by 1 pin head) and the ‘fixed’ joint (connect strips by 2 pin heads). Out of the 2 joints, we realised that the fixed joint was more successful in terms of retaining the tower structure compared to the pin joint (the weaker joint), of which gave way to rota-tional movement.

Truss Structural Frame -- Before constructing our balsa tower, our tutor showed us examples of ‘truss’ frames. They are es-sentially structural frames which get their rigidity from their triangle/linear members within the com-position. Axial tension and compression forces oc-cur in a truss frame.

Our Team’s Balsa Tower Construction System -- We decided to create a wider triangular base for our tower with hopes that the structure would be less susceptible to toppling over when we increased the height. The other groups opted for something dif-ferent - they did not build a wide base and instead, started increasing height from the very beginning. The main shape for our tower was triangular, and so were the other groups.

- As we got to building the structure, we chose to mimic the triangular/diagonal composition within a truss frame for each face of our tower (to do this we cut our strips into 3 sections and used pins/glue to secure it to our tower’s frame.


CONSTRUCTING ENVS LOGBOOKSketches Photos



Sketch 1 - Joint Diagrams

Sketch 2 - Truss Frame

Photo 1: Early stages of balsa tower construction - creating the framework for a truss structure.

Photo 2: Triangular web for truss frame - using pin and fixed joints (used both pin heads and super glue).

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Our Team’s Balsa Tower Construction System (cont.) -- As we increased in height, we tried to narrow our tower to a point as we were running out of time as well as pins to use.

- The other groups kept to a linear composition for their truss frame, which was definitely more success-ful in terms of the tower’s stability (load paths would have taken a longer route to reach the ground and produce a reaction force), speed and efficiency. Us-ing that method helped them to achieve height faster than our group and in the end, a more stable struc-ture.

- The use of joints also played an important part in the stability of our tower. We were being experimen-tal, and as a result did not have a regularity in the types of joints we used. We should have stuck to us-ing pins to secure our joints and used fixed joints like the other groups did. In the end we did not reach a very high height or construct a stable tower, of which was evident when we applied force to it.

Applying Force to the Tower -- When applying a vertical force (by hand) to the towers, the balsa material would ‘warp’; twist. The more force applied, the degree of warping will in-crease until the balsa snaps - particularly vulnerable in the middle which is unconnected by pins. Our groups structure did not hold much warping (com-paratively) and the balsa snapped easily, mainly be-cause of the inconsistency in our joints, non-linear truss frame and the strips were cut too thinly.


CONSTRUCTING ENVS LOGBOOKSketches Photos



Sketch 1 - Balsa Tower Load Diagram

Sketch 2 - Balsa Tower Warping Diagram

Photo 1: Constructed the final stages of of our balsa tower - structure converges from a wide triangular base to a point.

Photo 2: Applying a vertical force to our balsa tower, causing it to warp and eventually snap at the weak points.

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Reference For Information:

* Notes taken from personal observations in University Lectures.

- Newton, C. (Director) (2014, March 5). Paper Structures. Constructing Environments. Lecture conducted from University of Melbourne, Melbourne.-Newton, C. (Director) (2014, March 12). Water Tank Structures. Constructing Environments. Lecture conducted from University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

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Structural Elements

"The design of a structural element is based on the loads to becarried, the material used and the form and shape chosen for the

element. The elements from which a structure is made orassembled have, in engineering or building terms, specific names

which are used for convenience" - 'Tony Hunt's structuresnotebook' p40 (2003)

strut (compression) –designed to carry loads along

long axis e.g. columns

tie – similar to strut butproduces tension e.g. bridges

beam – horizontal structures that tend tocarry vertical loads and usually built out ofmaterials that can support compression +

tension e.g. timber, steel

slab (spanning) – horizontalplates that carry vertical loads,

usually held by beams

panels – vertical element designed tocarry horizontal/vertical loads shear diaphragm – prevents overturning,

resists wind loads by carrying the lateral loadsthrough strong walls e.g. lift shafts

Footings andFoundations

Foundations are at the bottomof buildings. It's purpose is to

safely transfer loads to the ground (to the footings).Must resist force of soil pressing against foundation.

Settlement: building tends to sink a little over time from build up ofsoil compression. Footings and foundations should be designed to

ensure settlement occurs evenly. The soil's bearing capacityshould not be exceeded. Cracking occurs as a result of differential

settlement (uneven distribution, weak foundation system).

Shallow footings: used when soils are stable, lightbuildings, vertical load transfer. Most houses have shallow

footings. Types of shallow footings: pad footings –spreads a point load over a wide area of ground, strip footings –

when loads are spread in a serial manner, raft foundation– increased stability by joining individual strips on a mat.

Deep foundations: used when soil conditions areunstable, heavy buildings, load transfer from foundations(e.g. through stiff bedrock which will support load better).Types of deep foundations: end bearing piles and frictionpiles – rely on resistance of surrounding earth by driving

piles down or drilling to fill hole with concrete.

Retaining and foundation walls: used when sites areexcavated to create basements/change in site level.

Pressure load of earth (held by piers) behind wall needs tobe considered to prevent overturning.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 17). Footings And Foundations. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 17). Structural Elements. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be

Sketch 1 - Foundation + Footings(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 2 - Slab(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 3 - Panels and Shear Wall(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

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Mass Construction

Monolithic materials are used in mass construction e.g. stone(pyramids), earth (mud brick walls), clay (bricks), concrete

(associated with Roman Empire, today used in its reinforcedform, strong in compression, weak in tension,

hard, resist abrasion, good thermal mass; insulate well, very durable)

Mass construction is found in modularformats: clay brick, mud brick,concrete block, ashlar stone

Or non modular formats: concrete,rammed earth, monolithic stone

(columns and beams)

Geometry andEquilibrium

Centre of mass (gravity) is the point where theentire weight of the object is concentrated.

Depends on object's geometry.

Equilibrium: the state of balance from equalaction of opposing forces e.g. reaction forces

Equilibrium systems can be represented using free bodydiagrams (using lines with

symbols showing the types of structural joints, forces are shownusing arrows). Diagrams can be used to determine how load can

be distributed evenly.

EQUILIBRIUM = sum of applied and reaction forces = 0(vertical, horizontal and rotating forces all = 0)

Moment: the tendency to cause rotation.Will only occur if force is applied at a

distance from that point along a line ofaction.

Units are expressed in Newton-metres (Nm) or Kilonewton-metres (kNm). M = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance)


- Geometry and Equilibrium.pdf references: 1. Ching, Francis D.K., Building ConstrucGon Illustrated. Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2011 e-Book2. Vassigh, Shahin, InteracGve Structures Version 2.0, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008 DVD-ROM 3. Hunt, T., Tony Hunt’s Structures Notebook, Architectural Press, 2003

- ENVS10003 (2014, March 17). Mass Construction. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Moment Force (top left)Reference: Ching, F. D. (2008). Structural Forces. Build-ing construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.011). New Jersey: Wiley.

Photo 2 - Ashlar StoneReference: [Untitled photograph of Ash-lar Stone] (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2014, from http://images.kaneva.com/file-store9/4955793/6381763/Masonry.Stone.Ashlar.Random.BrokenUCoursed.jpg

Photo 3 - Mud BrickReference: [Untitled photograph of Mud Brick] (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2014, from http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/11435929.jpg

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Masonry

Masonry: "building with units of various natural ormanufactured products...usually with the use of mortar

(mixture of cement/lime, sand and water – what is used tohold the bricks together) as a bonding (arrangement of

units) agent." (reference: Ching 12.06)

Units act togetheras a monolithic whole

Masonry materials: Stone - slabs, ashlar blocks, rubble stone.Earth - mud bricks. Clay - bricks, honeycomb

blocks. Concrete: blocks, commons

masonry construction: vertical elementse.g. walls, columns, horizontal + curved e.g.beams/lintels, arches, spanning/enclosing

e.g. vaults, domes

Bricks

Wide variation in colour (more iron �redder). Made by shaping clay

and water, and firing at high temperature.

Uses: walls, arches and paving.

Mortar joints usually 10mm. Vertical joints:perpends and horizontal: bed joints.

Properties: medium-high hardness, medium fragility, lowductility, low flexibility and plasticity, medium-low porosity,

medium density, poor conductor, very durable, highreusability, locally produced but firing clay increases carbon

footprint, cost effective.

Not waterproof, absorb moisture overtimeand expand (expansion joints required), can also draw up

salts resulting in efflorescence (causes aestheticproblems)

Concrete Blocks

Australian concrete block = 390x90x190, has 2 hollows,3x heavier than bricks. Hollows reduce weight +

increase insulation. Made from cement, sand, graveland water. Manufacture process: mixing, moulding and

curing (hydration chemical process as cement sets).

Uses: walls for load bearing/non load bearing.Blocks are strengthened using steelreinforcing bars and filled with grout.

Properties: medium-high hardness, medium fragility,very low ductility, very low flexibility and plasticity,medium porosity, medium density, poor conductor,

very durable, medium recyclability, can besustainable, cost effective.

Variations of concrete blockdesign e.g. bespoke (egg

block) are available.

Clay vs concrete: concrete shrinks (cementhydrates + dehydrates, water lost into

atmosphere) while bricks expand.

Stone

Type of stone varies with location as well as constructiontechniques. Igneous formed when molten rock cools. Very

dense and dark coloured e.g. granite, basalt, bluestone.Used in footings of buildings, impervious to water, finishes

vary.

Sedimentary e.g. sandstone and limestoneprone to damage by wind and water, can be

carved easily, less dense, lighter in colour e.g.Melbourne university.

Metamorphic e.g. marble and slate whenigneous or sedimentary stone changes whensubjected to pressure, high temperatures or

chemical processes.

Uses: walls, paving,cladding, aggregates andfeature design elements.

Properties: large range of porosity (pumice is not),typically dense, poor conductivity, generally hard, lowductility, rigid, extremely durable, very high reusability,sustainability: transport energy is the main factor, cost

depends on labour and availability

References For Information: - Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 16). Bricks. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 16). Concrete Blocks. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 16). Introduction to Masonry. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 16). Stone. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be

Sketch 1 - Brick Faces + Dimensions(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 2 - Brick Course Layout (drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo 1 - Concrete Block Reference: [Untitled photograph of Concrete Block] (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2014, from http://www.dickinsonreadymix.com/images/ConcreteBlock.jpg

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Week 3 - Melbourne University Tour

Lot 6 CafeThe cafe (with a basement level) was built in the mid 1990s. An expressed frame/skeletal structural system used, consisting of concrete columns and horizontal beams.

The main materials used to to build the cafe are concrete, steel – also used to give the concrete frame more support, aluminium doors, rubber seal to fix glass windows to the doors.

All the structural connections would be fixed to produce a rigid frame struc-ture. The materials used are very strong e.g. concrete and steel.

Underground carpark & South LawnThe carpark was iconic during the 1980s – used in a film. A concealed solid structural system is used as compression is the main structural force and the structure consists of many rows of arches/vaults.

The columns supported by pad footings act as the foundation system which holds up South Lawn. We know that the carpark acts as a foundation system because it is enclosed by retaining walls.

The main material used in the carpark is concrete built in situ (we know that it is in situ from observing the joints in the concrete). Vegetation (South Lawn) is built above the columns – of which allows water to flow down (there is a drainage system underneath the floor of the carpark) from infiltration.

The carpark is a good example of tributary areas – the applied loads within a specific area transfer down to the column in that area.

Arts West Student CentreThe Arts West Student Centre has been constructed using an expressed hy-brid structural system.

There is a mixture of membrane (truss structural system – made out of steel), surface systems (roof – zinc roof cladding) and frame (thin steel columns with panels of glass in between make the walls of the building).

The steel truss is connected to the planar roof cladding, and is also supported by a large concrete strut.

The large truss system has decorative timber beams attached to it, held to-gether by steel joists.

Photo Left - Lot 6 Cafe Frame Structural System

Photo Right - Underground Carpark Solid Structural System

Sketch 1 - Carpark Tributary Areas + Load Paths(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo Below - Truss joins surface structural system (roof)

Sketch 3 - Beam + Applied Load/Reaction Forces,(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo Above - Truss system is supported by a concrete strut

Sketch 2 - Strut + Applied Load/Reaction Forces

(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

*All photos taken by myself, Tabitha Yeoh.

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Stairs on west end and North Court of Union House The staircase is made out of galvanised steel with a tread – pattern (can be determined by the texture of the stairs).

Horizontal ties (creates tension) are used to connect stair railings. Steel can-tilevers attached to the brick wall (by a fixed joint) also have vertical ties at-tached to the ends, of which help to hold the load of the stairs from the steel bearers (underneath the staircase, most likely held by pin joints to allow for slight leeway when there a wind load passes through).

The north court of Union House is an expressed giant membrane structure (a large patio) composed of struts (vertical poles for support, and transfer loads to the ground) and ties at the sides and many at the centre placed diagonally (also for support, produces tension forces).

There is a hole in the middle for the collected water from the membrane structure to drain downwards.

Beaurepaire CentreThe gym is an expressed hybrid structural system – solid because of the brick walls – stretcher face and iron mortar joint, and a frame structure made out of hot rolled steel columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal), joints are all fixed to give a rigid structure.

Other materials also include aluminium framed glass panels as windows. The base of the frame structure (each steel columns) sits on pad footings (a slab of concrete) which can be seen above the ground.

Oval Pavilion (north side of oval) The Oval Pavilion (currently under construction) is a hybrid structural sys-tem – note most modern buildings are now built as hybrid structures.

For example, the steel cladded roof is an expressed surface structural sys-tem, yet concealed inside the roof is a timber frame substructure system.

The roof itself is a large cantilever as only one side is supported by evenly spaced steel columns connected.

The concrete walls of this building are in situ. Stump footings are used for the foundation system of this building.

(photos of Oval Pavilion are on the next page)

Photo Left - Galvanised Steel Staircase, Union House

Photo Right - Ties holding the steel bearers (placed underneath the over-head platform connected to the stairs)

Sketch 1 - Tie + Applied Load/Reaction Forces(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo Top - Patio held by ties in the centre, Union House

Photo Bottom - Struts and ties hold-ing the membrane structure up

Photo Below - Frame and solid structure, gym

Sketch 2 - Gym frame structure supported by pad footings (drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch 3 - A mixture of ties and struts used to transfer loads from the mem-brane structure itself and water to the ground.

(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)


Tabitha Yeoh

21

New Melbourne School of Design under construction The new Melbourne School of Design building has a concealed frame struc-tural system. A major structural element in this design is the (cantilever) ‘flying’ 3-storey box held by a giant steel diagonal truss (connected by fixed joints) – expressed structural system.

Main materials of the building are steel columns and beams, and pre-cast panel concrete, along with panels of glass for windows.

Because this building is still under construction (predicted to be completed by the start of 2015), I got to see many areas – mechanical/service systems which are to be concealed later on by ceilings e.g. air vents, drainage pipes. I also got to see parts of the skeletal system of the building – before it is enclosed by the concrete walls or glass windows, as well as metal bracing (temporary) to hold up the walls; heavy load.

Comparison of the buildings at the University:In terms of structural systems, there are an increasing number of hybrid systems being employed, particularly with the modern buildings being constructed at the university. Having a hybrid structure allows one to have more freedom in terms building design, type of material and construction system.

Another trend that I noticed is that people were deviating away from solid construction systems e.g. brick walls, compressive, heavy structures. The reasons for this shift to ‘lighter’ structural systems is so the building has more flexibility and is likely to be less damaging during an earthquake for example, or in strong wind conditions. There are now also structural sys-tems which are less time consuming to construct, yet fulfil the same purpose – transferring (applied) loads to the ground.

The construction systems of buildings have increased in speed over time, particularly if materials such as concrete are pre-cast. Construction is now also considering factors such as the environment and economic efficiency. Modern designs are now more simple, and are using materials or connec-tions between elements to add interest visually.

A lot of the connections between structural elements are fixed because it limits all movements, making the structure of the building strong. When wanting some flexibility e.g. when using ties, pin joints would work better.

There has been an increasing popularity in using concrete as well as steel for modern buildings as opposed to masonry. Concrete is now widely available and an easy material to mould, strengthen and make waterproof, thus why it highly sought after. Steel is also ideal because it is less corrosive compared to other metals, and it is very strong – can take heavy loads. These materials are also widely used in the foundation systems of buildings.



Photo Left - Oval Pavilion, currently under construction. Can see the cantilever roof.

Photo Right - Can see the timber frame sub-structure system on the roof before it is con-cealed.

Photo Top - Closer View of building, new MSD building.

Photo Bottom - MSD 3 storey cantile-ver structure

Sketch 1 - MSD Cantilever(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)


Tabitha Yeoh

22



Floor Systems Slabs of various types are used tospan between structural supports.

Can go 1 or 2 ways.

Steel: Heavy or light gauge structural steel members areused. Can have a combination of gauges depending onthe function. Girders are main beams. Can sometimes

combine with concrete slabs – particularly when buildinga shallow floor.

Timber: Composed of bearers (main beams)and joists (secondary beams – support the flooring itself

e.g. decking). Spacing of bearers = spacing of joists(tend to be closely spaced), spacing of bearers affects

spacing of stumps.

Joists – used for support between mainstructural frames. Spanning capabilities help to

determine spacing of supports.

Systems:concrete, steel, timber

Concrete

Artificial stone made from whenwater binds sand and gravel (fine

and coarse) aggregates.

Provenance: A chemical reaction takes place and heat isproduced from mixing – hydration. Crystals form and

interlock with sand. Too much water = weak, toolittle water = stiff concrete

Process: Formwork – the temporary support or mouldsused to hold liquid concrete till it hardens. Can be builtin situ (on site) or pre-cast (factory) out of timber, metal,

plastic, formply. During curing process, bracing canprovide extra support. Formwork is removed, but canbe reused or remain in place as 'sacrificial formwork'.

Finishes: sand-blasted, exposedaggregate, raked, bush hammered,board marked, board and batten.

Concrete very strong in compression butweak in tension. Steel reinforcement

bars/mesh are added to make material strongin tension.

Hardened concrete: very hard, low fragility,low ductility, low flexibility and plasticity,

medium porosity, high density, lowconductivity, hard to recycle, high embodied

energy but very durable, cost effective.

Air bubbles are removed by vibration soconcrete's performance is not affected.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 25). Concrete. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 25). Floor Systems. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Concrete Slab FormworkReference: [Untitled photograph of Concrete Slab Formwork] (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://formworkblog.com/wp-content/images/2012/02/concrete-slab-formwork-3.jpg

Photo 2 - Steel Floor SystemReference: [Untitled photograph of Steel Floor Sys-

tem] (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/steel_framing/types/tuffloor/images/

gallery/G%20Stratco%20Tuffloor%20flooring%20system.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

23


Concrete - In situ

Pouring or curing concrete on site, assembling formwork andadding reinforcement. A labour intensive process – workers mustensure concrete is placed correctly, no air bubbles and finish is

applied as there is limited time before it hardens.

Generally used for structural purposes e.g.footings, retaining walls, bespoke (non-standard)

elements. Shotcrete (spray): for landscaping,pools, basement walls, overhead surfaces.

Construction joints – divides construction into smallersections for ease, Control joints – absorbs thermalcontractions and expansions; prevents shrinking.

Joints are weak points for water intervention.

Concrete - Pre-cast

Concrete transported to site forinstallation. A more standardised

outcome, allows for work on site toprogress faster.

Uses: structure of a building, bridge or civil works(primary structure or self support panel), retaining

walls, walls + columns

Construction joints – necessary in constructionwhen one material meets another. Structural joints –how these 2 elements are connected to each other.Both these joints will depend largely on the desired

aesthetic outcome.

Reusable silicon formwork iscommonly used with pre-cast concrete. Concrete islimited in size due to transport and are difficult to

incorporate once the site changes.



- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 25). In Situ Concrete. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, March 25). Pre Cast Concrete. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be

Photo 2 - Pouring Concrete on SiteReference: [Untitled photograph of In Situ Concrete] (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://www.admixtures.com/

images/Ctrl_BoomImage/boom_uid5192009313442.jpg

Photo 1 - Placing Concrete on Site Using CraneReference: [Untitled photograph of Pre Cast Con-crete] (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/image-files/fixing-tilt-slabs.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

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The Pantheon

Roman Empire 118-128AD (temple symbolisedthe peak of Hadrian + his empire's power), an

atypical building dedicated to all gods.

Main elements: Portico (has a series ofniches where different gods are placed), drum

(giant cylinder) and dome (on top of drum).

Roman brick face concrete = 6.5m thick tocounteract vertical forces (dome) and lateral

forces (walls pushing out). Dome = 43.2mdiameter, largest concrete dome span.

Arches used to construct dome (compressive– loads transfer down from top to the sidepiers and to ground). Can build very largestructures using lateral + radial vaulting.

Roman concrete – large aggregate packed together with amortar base (slurry of cement), sided towards laying a wallas opposed to 'pouring' a wall. Facings can be deceivinge.g. a brick type of facing is actually a thick concrete wall.

As building increases in height, lighterforms of concrete were used reduce the

dead weight and load pushing down.

Oculus at top meant less concrete required, asit's the most susceptible failure point. To resist

dome walls from compressing the oculus, a ringof brickwork was created at the top.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, March 25). The Pantheon. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Then Pantheon, section viewReference: [Untitled photograph of the Pantheon] (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, fromhttp://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/abc-structures-2005/Lectures-2005/lecture-5/pantheon-section.

Photo 1 - Dome Forces and Load PathsReference: Ching, F. D. (2008). Domes. Building construction illustrated (4th ed., p. 2.26). New Jersey: Wiley.

Compressive meridional forces along vertical sections.

Hoop forces resist planes from moving.

Tension ring around dome to contain meridional forces, bending stresses of dome.

Tabitha Yeoh

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Ching Wk 4 Notes

Span & SpacingThe relationship between Span and Spacing of

structural elements: “The spanning capability ofhorizontal elements determines the spacing of

their vertical supports”.

Floor SystemsFloor systems are horizontal planes that supportslive (people, furniture) and dead loads (flooring).

Loads are transferred laterally to beams, columnsor load bearing walls.

Floor systems are composed of beams andjoists with a plane of decking or slab of

reinforced concrete over the top.

Concrete: Cast in place concrete slabs or pre castplanks supported by beams or load bearing walls.

Can span in 1 or 2 ways.

Steel: Beams (can be supported by girders,columns or load bearing walls) carry steeldecking or concrete planks. Steel decking

has a short span.

Wood: Beams (can be supported bygirders, posts or load bearing walls) carry

decking or structural planking. Woodplanking has a short span.

References For Images and Information:

- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.

Photo: Span and Spacing

Photo: Concrete and Steel Flooring System

Tabitha Yeoh

26


How does the information in your drawing set compare to what you observed at site last week? How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings? How do the architectural and structural drawings differ?

The information in the drawing set for the Oval Pavilion in comparison to what we observed on site is fairly accurate dimension wise and design wise – the construction looks like it is going according to plan. The scale presented on the drawing was 1:100, which meant that it was actually 100 times larger, which looked to be true. The architectural drawings focus mainly on the de-sign, visual appearance of the building (the proposed product), whereas the structural drawings focus on the construction systems e.g. frame, mechani-cal, foundation, connections, materials and method.

CASE STUDY BUILDING NAME: OVAL PAVILION – REDEVLOP-MENT (worksheet)

*All images taken from the architectural drawing set section of the Oval Pa-vilion Construction Drawings.

Reference: ENVS10003 Constructing Environments Oval Pavilion Construc-tion Drawings (pp. A01-A92). (2012). 01. Architectural Set. Melbourne: Cox Architecture Pty Ltd.

TITLE BLOCK

Information found in the title block on the floor plan page:- project name- drawing name- direction pointing north- building project members- scale

Why might this information be important?The title block gives specific information about a what is being drawn to show the construction project.

DRAWING CONTENT – PLANS (refer to A21-02)

What type of information is shown in this floor plan?- floor area- rooms + name- position of doors- position of windows- materials used- walls- height of walls

Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear of this floor plan. What units are used for the dimensions?Scale 1:100 → 1mm = 100mm, units for the dimensions are in mm.

Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?Yes there is a grid. Numbers are labeled along the x axis and the alphabet along the y axis. Dimensions/distances are used for determining where the vertical/horizontal lines are positioned on the grid.

What is the purpose of the legend (key)?The legend provides an explanation of the symbols used on the map.

Why are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the annota-tions are associated with the relevant part of the drawing.Annotations notify the reader of changes that have been made to the draw-ings/during the construction process. Annotations can also provide addi-tional information with reference to the legend.

Illustrate how references to other drawings are shown on the plan. What do these symbols mean?Top number of the circle refers to the numbered drawing on that page. The bottom number of the circle refers to the page of drawing(s).

How are windows and doors identified? Provide an example of each. Is there a rationale to their numbering? What do these numbers mean? Can you find the answer somewhere in the drawings?Windows and doors on plan drawings are depicted using (standard) sym-bolic representations of materials. Again a circle is used – W04 or D02 on top refers to the window/door number tag and 213 or 204 refers to the room number. This is explained in the legend.

Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan?Finished floor level – FFL followed by a number. Units are in metres.e.g. the Social Room has an FFL of 46.600m

Are some areas of the drawing clouded? Why?Some areas of the drawing are clouded to notify the reader that a change has been made or an order needs to be fulfilled. e.g. in the Social Room ‘remove exist parquetry. Repair and finish existing floor boards’ and ‘new timber deck – raised’.

Week 4 - Scale, Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions

Tabitha Yeoh

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Week 4 - Scale, Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions

DRAWING CONTENT – ELEVATIONS (refer to A30-01)

What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan?Elevations give more information on the heights of a building, also in rela-tion to the surroundings. Elevations present the reader with a more realistic view of the building project. The soil gives the building a ground to sit on.

Are the dimensions shown? If so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the plan? Provide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation.Only numbered widths are displayed in terms of dimensions – same as the plan view (A21-02)

What types of levels are shown on the elevations? Illustrate how levels are shown in relation to the elevation.FFL – finished floor levelRL – reduced level (spot level)FCL – finished ceiling level (spot level)

Is there are grid? If so, how/where is it shown?There is no grid shown on an elevation, only the horizontal dimensions are given (using the same numbered vertical lines as on the plan view).

What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words? Il-lustrate how this is done.Annotations – of changes; alterations, new additions. Caption with arrow pointing towards subject.

Illustrate how the doors and windows are identified on the elevations.Literal illustrations – drawn as how it is seen normally.

Find where this elevation is located on the plans.(A21-01) – need to refer back to basement plan at point A on the drawing.

DRAWING CONTENT – SECTIONS

What type of information is shown in this section? How does it difer from the information shown on the plan and elevation?The rooms are labeled – the ones that have been sectioned. There are no dimensions and drawing shows the basement level and foundations of the building.

Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements that are cut through and those that are shown in elevation (beyond).Details of the interior are provided e.g. basement levels that cannot be seen on an elevation drawing. Thicker lines are used to show the sectioned areas – to make them more prominent as opposed to the ones not sectioned and in the background.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the sections.

Find where this section is located on the plans.1 (A21-01)

DRAWING CONTENT – DETAILS

What sort of things are detailed?There are details of elements such as the stairs or more detailed drawings (zoomed in) of rooms. e.g. for stairs the detailed drawing includes the num-ber of steps on a staircase and its dimensions, and for the detailed drawings of rooms it includes more information about the type of frame, walls and insulation used.

Are the details compressed using break lines? Why?Some detailed drawings are compressed using break lines because if the drawing was drawn fully at that detailed scale, it would not be able to fit onto the page. This is done when there is usually nothing in between that requires the detail e.g. the middle section of a plain wall.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this scale.Hatching, standard symbolic representation of materials.

Find the locations of these details on the plans, elevations and sections.1(A30-01) → 1(A51-03)

Tabitha Yeoh

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Wk 3 & 4 Lectures

Wk 4 Oval Pavilion (Project Leaders)

Project leaders collaborate together to deal with 8disciplines (structural systems, ESD, thermal mass,

electrical, architecture, engineering, materials). A clientrepresentative connects client to the building world,

ensures requirements are fulfilled, matches budget. 50stakeholders were dealt with in this project.

Communication is key.

Project was a much more developed brief with drawings– leaders mainly worked on construction processes and

creating a desirable sporting atmosphere, seating.Pavilion is a hybrid building, basement is a concrete slab (blockwork). There is brick round the back of the building (acoustically

sound as a barrier, blends in with surrounding buildings e.g.Ormond. Vertical timber structure and horizontal steel framing(good spanning capability and economical). Cladding used to

express form rather than structure, geometry and patterns.

Time vs budget vs product – design period was rushed forthis project, building has a heritage background (1906

tower overlay), needed to submit plans to the council andemploy a heritage architect to sort problems out.

Construction was delayed.

Wk 3 Olympic Constructs (Alan Port)

London 2012 (Olympic Park) - an acceleratedprocess of urban transformation in East

London (previously industrial, contaminated, 'brownfield'area). 200 ha of land was cleaned – freed from

pylons, pipelines, infrastructure repaired.

It's expensive to remove soil. Instead, soils were cleaned by'remediation' (machine – oxygen breaks chemicals down).

Post Olympics, venues became community basedor disappeared altogether. London Legacy Team

redeveloped park into more landscape architecture – agood solution to overcrowded buildings during games.

Unique landscapes were linked by bridges.

Materials were important in building designs,particularly because some were temporary andneeded to be built quickly e.g. pools were sold

off to schools. London 2012 used x8 less carboncompared to Beijing 2008.

Main sports stadium hosted 80,000 for eventand then decreased to seat 25,000 afterwards.

Simple design layering was employed andbolting was used instead of welding to

connect elements for easier deconstruction.


- Newton, C. (Director) (2014, March 26). Oval Pavilion. Constructing Environments. Lecture conducted from Univeristy of Melbourne, Melbourne.- Porter, A. (Director) (2014, March 19). Olympic Constructs. Constructing Environments. Lecture conducted from University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Photo 2 - Stadium LayersReference: [Untitled photograph of Stadium] (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Olympic_Sta-dium_London_design.jpg

Photo 1 - Remediation ProcessReference: [Untitled photograph of Remediation] (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.aist.go.jp/Portals/0/resource_images/aist_e/latest_research/2006/20060627/fig1.png

Photo 3 - Oval Pavilion under construction(photo taken by myself, Tabitha Yeoh)

Tabitha Yeoh

29



Walls Gridsand Columns

Walls insulate from cold and heat, may be thestructural component of a building system –

carries loads down from roof.

Brick veneer construction – 1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1skin of structural frame wall (loads transferred through this frame).

Load Bearing Walls

Cavity masonry: formed from 2 skins ofmasonry: better insulation, waterproof, can run services within

cavity. Damp proof course (prevents water from coming up)and weep holes (at perpend) indicate a cavity wall.

Solid masonry: made from 1+ concrete masonryunits/clay bricks. Joint together usinga brick/metal wall ties in mortar bed.

Reinforced masonry: made from filled hollowconcrete blocks/grout filled cavity masonry. Bondbeams over openings, filled with concrete to bondunits together, becoming a rigid spanning lintel.

Once cured, temporary beam is removed.

Concrete (in situ/pre cast): panels can also provide support andlink to other structural elements e.g. floor slabs, roof structure.

Structural Wall Frames

Structural walls frames: concrete – city/larger scalebuildings, steel – industrial, low fire rating buildings,

timber – post + beam, sloping sites, load bearing walls(concrete, masonry), stud walls (light gauge steel, timber).

Concrete: a grid of columns withbeams interconnecting columns.

Steel: a grid of columns joint to girdersand beams. Can be stabalised through

bracing or by making joints fixed.

Timber: a grid of timber poles jointto beams. Bracing used between pole-beam

connection for stability.

Stud framing: smaller sections of timber or steel for repeatingunits at smaller intervals. Restrained with rows of noggings to

prevent buckling. Frames consist of top + bottom plates,vertical studs, noggings, cross bracing and ply bracing.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 1). Walls Grids Columns. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Timber Frame StructureReference: [Untitled photograph of Timber Frame Structure] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://www.carpentry-tips-and-tricks.com/images/Studwork.jpg

Photo 2 - Brick Veneer WallReference: [Untitled photograph of Brick Veneer

Wall] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://www.inspectionlibrary.com/images/vent1.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

30



From Wood to Timber

Early wood: rapid growth, lighter colour. Late wood:slower growth (usually from lack of water), darker

colour gives growth ring. Growth: generally 1 ring peryear, though climates causes number to differ.

Timber has a grain, grain directiondetermine's the strength + structural

performance. It's weak perpendicular tograin; won't carry load as effectively.

Seasoning (drying timber) adjusts moisturecontent by air drying, kiln or solar kiln. First

section of water to leave tree is the free waterfrom cell, before the bound water. Becomesseasoned timber when –15% of water is left.

Softwoods + hardwoods grouped againsttheir strength/density. Softwood includepines e.g. radiata, cypress, hardwoods

include spotted gum, tasmanian oak, balsa.

Sawing Timber

Quarter – growth rings parallel to short edg. Best grainshows on face, good wearing surface, but slower seasoning,

nailing on face can cause space between rings to split.

Back – rings parallel to long edge of piece. Seasonsrapidly, less vulnerable to splitting, but shrinksacross width when drying, easy to warp + cup.

Radial – face is a radial cut (sometimesused in weatherboard cladding). Stable,

hard to warp + cup, but has a wedgeshape cross section, difficult to stack.

Engineered Timber Products: can beengineered to be curved forms, large

spans, used more efficiently

LVL: laminated veneer lumber (laminatingthin sheets of timber), very strong, forstructural purposes e.g. beams, posts.

GLULAM: glue laminated timber (gluing dresssawn timber, making a deep member), for

structural purposes e.g. beams, posts.

CLT: cross laminated timber (gluing and pressing thinlaminates to make a sheet), strong in 2 directions,

mainly used for horizontal/vertical structural panels.Plywood – CLT, for structural bracing, flooring.

MDF – breaking down hard + softwood waste intowood fibres, adding wax/resin and add heat +

pressure. Denser than plywood, used in joinery.

Chipboard + strandboard – similar to MDFbut chips + strands of hard/softwood are laidin a certain orientation. In parts of structural

systems e.g. flooring, cladding finish.

Engineered timber e.g. I beams, boxbeams and timber flanged steel web

joists for floor joists or rafters.Timber Properties +

Considerations

Properties differ depending on type. Generally medium-low hardnessand fragility, low ductility, very flexible and moderate plasticity, highporosity, poor conductivity, can be very durable, can be reused, lowembodied energy, can be sustainable and normally cost effective.

Graded according to its strength, visually – todetermine the size of the timber for a load bearing

situation. Seasoned wood used in flooring for no change/variation.

Knots of timber are weak points, cause slope ofgrain (break). The top will be under compression –place knot there, as bottom will be under tension.

Typically sealed before usage, however itcan be damaged by water (major), insects,

sunlight, fire and chemical exposure.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 1). Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 1). From Wood to Timber. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 1). Timber Properties and Considerations. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - LVL TimberReference: [Untitled photograph of LVL Timber] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://www.ttjon-line.com/uploads/pictures/web/u/p/g/p22_steico.jpg

Photo 1 - Types of Sawn TimberReference: [Untitled photograph of Sawn Tim-

ber] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://images-2.domain.com.au/2012/03/30/3175354/

quarter-radial_sawn_729-420x0.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

31


From Wood to Timber

Early wood: rapid growth, lighter colour. Late wood:slower growth (usually from lack of water), darker

colour gives growth ring. Growth: generally 1 ring peryear, though climates causes number to differ.

Timber has a grain, grain directiondetermine's the strength + structural

performance. It's weak perpendicular tograin; won't carry load as effectively.

Seasoning (drying timber) adjusts moisturecontent by air drying, kiln or solar kiln. First

section of water to leave tree is the free waterfrom cell, before the bound water. Becomesseasoned timber when –15% of water is left.

Softwoods + hardwoods grouped againsttheir strength/density. Softwood includepines e.g. radiata, cypress, hardwoods

include spotted gum, tasmanian oak, balsa.

Sawing Timber

Quarter – growth rings parallel to short edg. Best grainshows on face, good wearing surface, but slower seasoning,

nailing on face can cause space between rings to split.

Back – rings parallel to long edge of piece. Seasonsrapidly, less vulnerable to splitting, but shrinksacross width when drying, easy to warp + cup.

Radial – face is a radial cut (sometimesused in weatherboard cladding). Stable,

hard to warp + cup, but has a wedgeshape cross section, difficult to stack.

Engineered Timber Products: can beengineered to be curved forms, large

spans, used more efficiently

LVL: laminated veneer lumber (laminatingthin sheets of timber), very strong, forstructural purposes e.g. beams, posts.

GLULAM: glue laminated timber (gluing dresssawn timber, making a deep member), for

structural purposes e.g. beams, posts.

CLT: cross laminated timber (gluing and pressing thinlaminates to make a sheet), strong in 2 directions,

mainly used for horizontal/vertical structural panels.Plywood – CLT, for structural bracing, flooring.

MDF – breaking down hard + softwood waste intowood fibres, adding wax/resin and add heat +

pressure. Denser than plywood, used in joinery.

Chipboard + strandboard – similar to MDFbut chips + strands of hard/softwood are laidin a certain orientation. In parts of structural

systems e.g. flooring, cladding finish.

Engineered timber e.g. I beams, boxbeams and timber flanged steel web

joists for floor joists or rafters.Timber Properties +

Considerations

Properties differ depending on type. Generally medium-low hardnessand fragility, low ductility, very flexible and moderate plasticity, highporosity, poor conductivity, can be very durable, can be reused, lowembodied energy, can be sustainable and normally cost effective.

Graded according to its strength, visually – todetermine the size of the timber for a load bearing

situation. Seasoned wood used in flooring for no change/variation.

Knots of timber are weak points, cause slope ofgrain (break). The top will be under compression –place knot there, as bottom will be under tension.

Typically sealed before usage, however itcan be damaged by water (major), insects,

sunlight, fire and chemical exposure.



Frank Gerhy'sOwn House

Gerhy was a famous contemporaryarchitect. His own house project was

described as 'cheapskate architecture'.

Everyday materials – Gerhy tried to work onprojects using local materials (inspired by the

streets of LA at the time where he built his ownhouse e.g. chain link for fencing, cardboard;

lightweight, found objects, discarded).

Wrapping – materials were used to 'package'things, wrapping in lightweight everyday materials– relatable to local construction methods e.g. stud

frames cladded with lightweight materials.Wrapping materials were like a camouflage; the

architecture itself was like a camouflage.

Collisions and fragments – the design concept of addingmaterials and forms rather than subtraction and using'rules'. Was popular in the 70s and 80s, particularly in

Gerhy's work. He explored the ideas of unexpectedgeometries, it is evident in his house e.g. the windows.

Under construction – his work to him was always'unfinished business', e.g. pulled bits apart of his

cladded roof to make it look unfinished. Disrupted theconventions of the house – destroyed people's

preconceived ideas of a house.


- ENVS10003 (2014, April 1). Frank Gerhy’s Own House. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Frank Gehry’s Own HouseReference: [Untitled photograph of Frank Gehry’s House] (n.d.).

Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1278335120-netropolitan1-528x340.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

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Ching Wk 5 Notes

Short & LongColumnsColumns are rigid, fairly slender structural

members which support axial loads(compressive) applied to the ends.

Short columns fail by crushing rather thanbuckling, when forces of axial load isgreater than material's compressive

strength in the cross section.

Long columns fail by buckling (bending/lateral deflection)rather than crushing. Aim to shorten a column's effectivelength (the length of the portion of a column which will

buckle, causing whole member to fail) to reduce buckling e.g.use fixed joints to reduce effective length and increase load

carrying capacity.

FramesA rigid frame consists of 2 columns connected to a

beam. Applied loads can result in axial, bending andsheer forces acting on the frame structure, vertical

forces result in horizontal thrusts.

Fixed frame: connected by fixed joints,susceptible to deflection, support settlements

and thermal expansion/contraction.

Hinged frame: connected by pin joints, moreflexible than a fixed frame as it allows for

more movement e.g. rotation if strained bysupport settlements.

3-Hinged frame: 2 rigid sections connected by pinjoints, the most susceptible to deflection, but least

affected by support settlements and thermalexpansion/contraction.



Photo: Forces acting on column

Photo: Buckling effective lengths vs types of joints

Photo: Types of rigid frames and connections

Tabitha Yeoh

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Task: Use the architectural and structural drawings to work out the structural system of a section of the Oval Pavilion for model making. Construct a 1:20 scale model of the Canopy Truss of the Oval Pavilion.

Photo top: Canopy Structure 3D ViewPhoto bottom: Pavilion Canopy Plan

Source: ENVS10003 Constructing Environments Oval Pavilion Construc-tion Drawings (pp. S04.01 [top] and S03.02 [bottom]). (2012). 02. Structural Set. Melbourne: Cox Architecture Pty Ltd.

For this week’s studio session, our group had the task of making a scaled 1:20 model of the right hand side of the steel canopy truss (section 5-7 as seen on Grid D Spine Truss Elevation on S04.01) of the Oval Pavilion. Despite the ‘splice’ section being in between section 4 and 5 in real life, it was more con-venient for the groups (including the one doing the left hand side of the truss) to split it by numbered sections.

We used balsa wood and super glue to construct this model – balsa because it is easier to cut into strips, representing the various steel members and super glue for convenience as opposed to using pins which would be more ‘realistic’ in terms of how the steel structure is connected together and fixed – by using bolts. We began making our model by working out the scale of the drawings which were 1:100 and transferring these measurements into our model which was 1:20, we used scale rulers for this conversion task.

Photo top and bottom: Truss Elevation Drawing with recorded measure-ments to be used for 1:20 scale model.

Source: ENVS10003 Constructing Environments Oval Pavilion Construc-tion Drawings (pp. S04.01). (2012). 02. Structural Set. Melbourne: Cox Ar-chitecture Pty Ltd.

According to the legend on structural drawings S03.02 and S04.01,- B8 is 150 PFC (parallel flange channel; sections of hot rolled steel mem-bers)- T4 is 150 UC 30 (universal column)- T2 is 80 UBT 22 (universal beam ‘T’ shape – loses one of its flanges, UBs tend to be ‘I’ shaped)- T6 is EA 65x5 (equal angles)

Sketch: Types of Steel(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

These indicate the type of steel being used for that particular member/ele-ment of the canopy truss.

Steel as a material for the canopy truss is ideal because it is very strong, rigid and a durable material considering that this canopy is placed outdoors.

The lengths of these steel members can be worked out from the scale con-version task.

For our model, we chose to use balsa wood for the different types of steel, just adjusted the thickness of the strips to differentiate the top and bottom chords by even doubling the thickness of the balsa for some (horizontal/ver-tical primary structures), from the bars (web/diagonal members of the truss – secondary structures).

Photo top: Balsa wood strips cut according to 1:20 scale.Photo bottom: starting to glue pieces of balsa wood strips together to make the canopy truss.(photo taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Week 5 - Oval Pavilion Canopy Truss Model Making Activity

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34


The canopy truss (steel column) is welded onto a steel base plate (on ground level) cast in bolts which then sits on a concrete slab footing filled with grout as shown by the grout tube on Section X, S04.10.

Photo: Base ConnectionSource: ENVS10003 Constructing Environments Oval Pavilion Construc-tion Drawings (pp. S04.01). (2012). 02. Structural Set. Melbourne: Cox Ar-chitecture Pty Ltd.

Instead, we used another piece of balsa wood as a base plate (on a thick card-board base) which we then super glued the canopy structure onto. The mod-el’s structural loads from the top of the truss (canopy sections) will transfer by the bars and (top and bottom) chords (elements will be in a mixture of compression and tension) towards the right hand side and down to this foot-ing system.

Our construction process of the model is different to that of what would have happened in real life. We began by measuring and cutting up scaled strips of the balsa wood and glued all the necessary pieces – according to the drawings we were given, before propping them upright and glueing it onto the base plate. We then made the canopy truss section (sections which stick out from the main frame) using a similar method before glueing them onto the already upright basic structure.

Photo: Creating the truss before propping it upright (unrealistic construc-tion process)(photo taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo: A rough 1:20 scale model of our group’s canopy truss (rough)(photo taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

As seen in the photographs of our model, our connections are not how the fixings would have been carried out. The steel members are supposed to be cut out to fit exactly (not overlap between elements) in between other mem-bers and they are bolted using a gusset plate connector to those members. Our model did not pay attention to this detail because we used super glue instead of pins.

Photo: Canopy truss connectionsSource: ENVS10003 Constructing Environments Oval Pavilion Construc-tion Drawings (pp. S04.01). (2012). 02. Structural Set. Melbourne: Cox Ar-chitecture Pty Ltd.

Sketch: Close up of bolted connections(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

When looking closer at the drawings of the canopy truss (A46-04), some of the structural steel members have timber cladding (the timber soffit – similar to an outdoor ceiling), of which sits on a ‘Z’ base angle steel plate which is fixed onto a concrete slab.

Sketch: Timber cladding, steel angle plate and steel canopy truss connec-tions/structure(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

At the end of our model making session, we placed our rough canopy truss model (right hand side) together with the other group’s model (the left hand side).

Our models looked similar in terms of size, although I believe the sizes of our canopy at the section at the top was narrower that what it should have been, of which might have been caused by our overlapping method of creating the truss instead of using the pins to ‘bolt’ them together.

The other group who did the other half of the canopy also used balsa wood and pins, their model overall was more successful because their construction process and joints was more ‘realistic’.

Photo top: the other group constructing the other half of the canopy truss, used pin connections (similar to bolting)Photo bottom: joining both of our group’s models together(photos taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Week 5 - Oval Pavilion Canopy Truss Model Making Activity

Tabitha Yeoh

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Roof SystemsPrimary shelter for internal spaces of building.Collects rainwater, carries it through gutters

into storm-water system. Has manyappearances, can influence the building design.

Roof Types

Common roofs have structural steel frames. Flat: hasprimary + secondary roof beams for heavy

metal/concrete finishes, or roof beams/purlins for lighterroofs. Sloping: has roof beams and purlins, and lightermetal sheet roofing. Portal frames: braced rigid frames

(beam and 2 columns) and purlins for roof, girts for walls.Different to steel/timber trusses – have a high strength to

material ratio, increasingly used for roofing systems.Space frames – 3D plate like roof truss systems (welded)

are also another form of roofing system, 2-way spans.

Gable roofs: a vertical, triangular part of wall atend(s) of roof. Includes common rafters, ridge

beams and ceiling joists, outriggers are used foroverhang at the gable end. Generally made out oftimber. Less popular now because of increasing

popularity of lightweight truss roofing.

Hip roofs: a vertical, triangular part of wallend(s) of roof. Includes common, hip,

valley, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceilingjoists. Generally made out of timber, coldformed steel and tile/sheet metal finish.

Systems

Flat roofs (pitches of 3- degrees, can't becompletely flat otherwise ponding occurs -

increases load on building, results in leakage)– concrete slabs, flat trusses, large beams or

decking (steel,timber), roof sheeting.

Pitched + sloping roofs(pitches of 3+ degrees):include rafters, beams +

purlins, trusses.

Materials determine roofingsystem e.g. tile roofs need to be

pitched 15+ degrees, metal sheetsbetter for flatter roofs, flatter roofs

need waterproof membrane.

Spanning SpacesArchitecture is mainlyabout enclosing space.

The main problem inbuilding is spanning space.

E.g. spanning space using an arch (first used bricksrather than not stone). Needed a timber framestructure in the centre to support (pitch) arch

construction process. To solve this problem? Builda leaning arch was a good architectural solution.

When + where was major interior space invented? 13th centuryBC in modern Turkey (Hittite culture) e.g. columnar hall, a timber,

stone column space where meetings could be held, the world's firstenclosed space. This concept evolved over time into buildings such

as the hall of the hundred columns (Archaemenid culture), 1000years later.

Spanning geographical space (one country affects anothercountry) and architecture as material culture (of the people).

Romans were very good at creating interior spaces e.g.vaults, domes, had concrete.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 9). Roof Systems. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 9). Spanning Spaces. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-uSaO8&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Gable RoofReference: [Untitled photograph of Ga-

ble Roof] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://www.renovation-headquarters.

com/images20/gable-roof-drawing.jpg

Photo 2 - Hip RoofReference: [Untitled photograph of Hip

Roof] (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://cdn-0.carpentry-pro-fram-

er.com/images/parts-of-a-hip-roof.gif

Tabitha Yeoh

36



Introduction To Metals

Commonly found within the constructionindustry, particularly steel. Linked to

technological eras, pure metals (only 1metal) can be found in nature as part of

minerals. Today we commonly work withalloys (a mixture of metals).

Metal atoms can slide past eachother, electrons are mobile – metals

are malleable and ductile.

Properties: varies depending on type of metal, low fragility,high ductility, medium flexibility and high plasticity.

Impermeable to light and water, high density, good conductorof heat and electricity, can be very durable, high reusability,very high embodied energy but is recyclable, cost effective.

Metals react with other metals via taking on/giving upions (Galvanic series – anodic e.g. magnesium corrodes easily to

cathodic end e.g. stainless steel doesn't corrode easily) e.g. in water,electrical environments.

To solve issue – reduce the corrosiveness of metal bygalvanising (chemically coat with another metal which corrodesless easily), don't have metals sitting in moisture e.g. crevices,

horizontal flat surfaces, or by sealing enamel/paint finishes.

Ferrous Metals

Properties of iron: magnetic, veryreactive (corrodes easily as seen byrusting), good compressive strength.

Wrought iron �cast iron � steel

Wrought: heated and hammeredinto shape, used in bars,

windows, doors, quite expensiveto use today (labour intensive).

Cast: used since the 19th century, iron ismelted, molten, and poured into moulds. Todaynot often used because it's heavy and brittle,tends to be used in columns/older buildings.

Steel: an alloy of Fe + C (mainly), otherelements include Mn, Cr, Ti etc.,

proportions of elements in the steeldepends on the desired property for the

material e.g. resistance to corrosion. Verystrong, transfers heat and electricity, can

be formed into many shapes, very durable.

Steel

Structural steel: framing – columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. Hotrolled steel (shaped while hot) used in primary structural elements

due to its strength, connections are bolted/welded, protected bypaint coats. Cold form steel (folded pre-produced sheets) used insecondary structural elements. Connections are bolted/screwed,

protected by galvanising. Reinforcing bars – good tensile resistance,so good when working with concrete (reinforcement).

Steel sheeting: cladding androofing – e.g. corrugated iron,

must be protected from weather bypainting/ enamel/galvanising.

Stainless steel alloys: Cr is the main alloyingelement, milled into many forms e.g. coils,sheets. Used in harsh environments/inert

finishes e.g. kitchens, operating rooms, wallties in cavity walls to make it anti corrosive,rarely used as a primary structure due to $$.

Non-ferrous Metals

Aluminium: very light, non magnetic, easily formedand cast, pure form is soft but if used as an alloye.g. with copper it can have useful properties e.g.structural capabilities. High in (financial) cost and

embodied energy.

Uses: extruded sections for window frames,cast door handles, cladding panels, mattefinish powder coating, anodisation (adding

another metal over the top, can give adifferent colour finish).

Copper: reddish metal which turns green when exposed tothe weather, malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat andelectricity. Was traditionally a roofing material (for a green

colour roof), hot and cold domestic water and heating,pipework, electric cables.

Zinc: zinc + copper = brass, currently used forgalvanising particularly in roofing e.g. cold form

purlins, a cladding material for roofs and walls, brittleat colder temperatures, malleable at hotter

temperatures, can conduct electricity.

Brass: tough, used where friction is needed e.g.locks, gears, screws, knobs, lamps. Is malleable, has

a low melting point, easy to cast.

Lead: was previously used for roofs, tank linings,flashing strips for waterproofing. Now lesscommonly used because it is toxic towards

humans. A soft, malleable, ductile, poor conductorof electricity, resists corrosion.

Tin: very rarely used today (only for decoration), wasalso used in pipes before it was found to be toxic or

protective coats. Is malleable, ductile, high crystallinestructure, resists water but is susceptible to strong

acids and bases.

Bronze: in bearings, clips, electricalconnectors and springs. An alloy of copper

and tin, hard and resists corrosion.

Titanium: used in strong, lightweight alloys,a durable cladding material, resists

corrosion, strength : weight is high, thin andpillowy effect expensive.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 9). Introduction to Metals. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 9). Ferrous Metals. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 9). Non-ferrous Metals. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be

Tabitha Yeoh

37


Ching Wk 6 Notes

Plates & Grids

“Plate structures are rigid, planar, usually monolithicstructures that disperse applied loads in a

multidirectional pattern, with the loads generallyfollowing the shortest and stiffest routes to the

supports” e.g. a reinforced slab of concrete.

Plates should aim to be square inshape to allow 2 way action, 1 way

plate strips are stiffer.

Folded plates are rigid elements joined alongtheir boundaries – forming sharp angles where

it folds (a rigid support).

Space frames have spatial/repeating units whichare tetrahedrons (simplest form), are subject to

axial tension/compression.



Photo: Folded plates and space frames

Photo: Plate structures (2 way vs 1 way)

Tabitha Yeoh

38


Week 6 - A02 Interim Submission Class Presentations

Wk 6 Studio - A02 Knowledge Map

Option 2: Built Detail

Task: 5 workshop sessions to construct a 1:1 scale section ofa building – the bathroom (an addition to the pre existingbuilding, built out of local materials) of the Murcutt Guest

Studio by Australian architect, Glenn Murcutt, fromarchitectural drawings and photos.

Week 1Introduction to workshop area on 757

Swanston St., safety precautions and usingcommon construction tools.

Initial construction carried out.Built main structural members –

the superstructure.

Timber posts are presumably sitting on pad footings,hardwood bearers are bolted (fixed connection), or floor joists

sitting above the bearers are screwed on using a drill (fixedconnection). Roof battens are used to create the roof – which

cantilevers off one side.

During construction, needed consider wind loads. Toimprove structure's stability, screwed on structure plyboard supports (temporary for safety precautions) to

bottom beams (hardwood bearers).

Week 2

Interpretation of the drawing plans andpaying attention to detail for the section that

is currently being constructed.

Discovered flaws withdrawing plans, ineffective

construction methods.

Had to identify structural features e.g. posts,bearers, battens, enclosure systems e.g. roofs,walls, scale e.g. when drawing up plan views,

analyse materials used.

Roofing system (to go over the timber roof battens):corrugated roofing (panels spanning between roof

beams), insulated sheeting/vapour retarders (reflectivesurface used to trap heat), thermal insulation (prevents

heat loss), batt insulation.

Option 1: In Situ (construction sitelocated in East Brunswick)

Task: to observe the development (over severalweeks) for multiple residential dwellings on that

site. (Note: this group only managed tocomplete 1 site visit so far)

Week 1

A rectangular construction site (in the process ofbuilding multiple residential housing), foundation and

footing work has been completed. Flooring andframework also essentially completed.

Service/mechanical systems have startedto be installed e.g. electric cables, no

windows or roofs placed yet.

A timber frame structural system has been used, afew steel beams have been used to transfer loads tofoundation system as well as to act as cantilevers

(2nd floor cantilevers).

Timber frames are composed of top andbottom plates, studs and noggings. Frameis diagonally braced using steel members

and plywood sheets.

Foundation system: timber frame structure sits on largeconcrete slabs poured in situ. Although pre cast concrete ismore cost effective and less time consuming, in this case itwas easier to use in situ concrete because of its large scaleas a foundation system (no need to transport big concrete

slabs).

Beside the foundation system, gravel (creates animpervious surface which will protect the ground

underneath) is placed around the construction site todivert the water e.g. rain, so construction site/materials

are not affected/damage.

Tabitha Yeoh

39


Wk 5 & 6 Lectures

Wk 5 Construction Process of new APB Building (Melbourne Uni)

Work layer by layer, pre cast concrete slabs laid withsteel reinforcing mesh to reduce cracking. Structural

steel used to hold facade of existing building.Cantilever built with temporary steel supports.

Retaining wall system needed when excavation occurs, addreinforcements before pouring out the concrete (capping

beam), drainage goes behind before sealing with shotcrete(waterproof). Internal walls/columns/staircase going up are all

made out of pre cast concrete. Pad footing – poured outconcrete in situ onto reinforcement bars (sitting vertically).

Pre cast structural walls had a steel bed has formwork and internalbeams as connections. Bars make the connection between wallsand other slabs, plates are welded together. The walls need to be

braced, they are a quick method of construction. Pre cast concrete(pale aggregate to produce an off white smooth surface) facade

(panels) are made using a steel bad, reinforcement is added beforeit is filled with concrete.

Elevated walkways connect from N to S, there is an exposedgarden roof, cantilever extends 12m out. Massive steel

framing system. Truss (diagonal beam) takes the load 150t,travels up to the top storey, load transfers down the panels.

Hanging studio spans for 21m, timber joistsfor flooring, timber stud frame. There are 8

roof beams (LVL plywood), steel tubetrusses, some beams are LVL cladded (fake

timber). Jay heads to help place glasspanels (for roof) in place via crane.

Wk 6 Property Presentation(Batesmart Architects)

Differentiate between projectsfunded by client:

government/private/commercialsector.

Property development – space creation, profitsmade/lost, capitalising an opportunity, achieving set

outcomes, market + marketing.

Developers must be good risk analysts, mustassess the feasibility of land finances, market (workout the 'what ifs', remember building time also costs

$$) and ultimately trying to make a profit and howwill that happen?

Case Study 1: BHP Billiton (largest resource company)building, 171 Collins St. Had to put forward to the city

council that the building would be a good backdrop to theCathedral (an opportunity for the market which will fit intothe context architecturally). Construction involved large

scale demolition and excavation, construction process took5 years.

Case Study 2: 35 Spring St consists of carparks, apartments anda pool. There is a sense of solidity and rhythm in the design

response, blends in with Flinders Lane and Collins St. Clientstend to look at efficiency of space and quality of work when

considering buying property.

Case Study 3: new Royal Children's Hospital, a hospitalsituated in Royal Park, Parville. A party was

responsible for construction and taking care of thebuilding before handing it over to the state. Buildings

are a property transaction.

The main goal for property development: achieve value formoney – comes down to the risk profile and agenda, risk

margin, profit margin, the lowest price wins. Government canbe very controlling over the project – builders have to deliverto a fixed budget approved by the government, buildings have

to be durable.


- Newton, C. (Director) (2014, April 2). Construction Process of the new APB Building. Constructing Environ-ments. Lecture conducted from Univeristy of Melbourne, Melbourne.- Newton, C. (Director) (2014, April 9). Property. Constructing Environments. Lecture conducted from University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Photo 1 - New APB Building, University of MelbourneReference: [Untitled photograph of new APB Building] (n.d.). Retrieved April

23, 2014, from http://abp.unimelb.edu.au/files/miabp/NE-viewSLider.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

40


E-Learning Wk 7 Notes (1) Detailing forHeat & Moisture

Construction experts need to ensure that waterdoesn't penetrate buildings and heat flow is

controlled according to the climate.

Dealing with waterand moisture

Basements in wet areas need to be fully tanked (placinga waterproof membrane e.g. rubber around the

construction) so interior is kept dry. Agricultural areas(dry ground) can be filled with aggregate instead oftanks which will allow water to infiltrate down into a

storm-water pipe.

Walls e.g. impervious surface on wall (not very successfulstrategy), double skin wall e.g. brick cavity wall) or a rain

screen system – use pressure to equalise forces andprevent water from entering.

Roofs e.g. eaves, gutters into down pipes leading tostorm-water drainage, or internally draining roof which in

this case will use parapet wall and box gutters whichcarries water to outside of building.

Consider where materials join each othere.g. windows – high chance of waterpenetrating, or where damage is e.g.

chimney may require flashing.

Water penetration occurs when there is an opening, wateris present at opening and when there is a force to pushwater into the opening. Best to remove openings, keep

water away from openings and neutralise/remove forceswhich push water in.

Openings can be planned e.g. window, door, or unplannede.g. poor workmanship, degradation of materials over

time. Solve issue of water penetration? 'Remove'openings by using sealants (between window/door framesand brick wall), gaskets – need constant replacement and

maintenance.

Pitching roofs (prevents ponding) and using guttersand down pipes to storm-water drainage keeps wateraway from openings. Using overlapping techniquese.g. weatherboards and roof tiles, and window/door

sills and flashing.

Need to neutralise forces e.g. gravity, surfacetension, capillary action, momentum from wind

and air pressure differential.

Use slopes and overlapping techniques e.g. flashing tomove water away quickley e.g. valley flashing on roofs,double cavity walls, capping (using concrete/brick) over

the top of the substructure.

Use drip/break between surfaces e.g. windowsill/parapet capping – surface tension is broken at the

gaps and capillary action stops. Weep holes in the brickwall perpend – cavity flashing.

Capping/drips generally influences water to fallinto building (where there is box gutters) rather

than damage the outside walls.

Gaps are used to preventwind momentum.

Air pressure differential – water pumped from highpressure (outside) to low pressure (inside). Solution?

Rain screen assemblies: add an air barrier on the insideend of the wall to act as a pressure equalisation chamber

(PEC) to stop water from pumping in. Typical for highrise buildings.

Controlling heat

Heat is conducted through building envelope (subject tosources of radiant heat), thermal mass used to regulateheat. Managing heat gain and loss saves energy, money,

and adds comfort to building.

Controlling conduction of heat: 1) thermal insulation(reduces heat conduction). 2) thermal breaks (reduce heattransfer from outdoors to indoors) using low conductive

materials e.g. plastics, or vice versa (indoors to outdoors)using high conductive materials e.g. metals. 3) double

glazing (creates air spaces between glass which reducesflow of heat).

Controlling radiation: 1) reflective surfaces (materials,colour). 2) shading systems e.g. verandahs, eaves,vegetation to prevent building envelope radiation

(better to shade on the outside).

Controlling thermal mass: can be used to absorb and storeheat over time, can release stored heat when temperature

drops. Thermal mass works well in diurnal temperatures (sonot suitable for tropical areas). Materials include masonry,

concrete and water bodies.

Controlling air leakage: similar to dealing with waterpenetration (via openings). Prevent air leakage by wrappingbuilding in polyethylene, reflective foil (sarking) to create an

air barrier, weather stripping around openings(windows/doors), sealants and gaskets.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 15). Detailing for Heat and Moisture. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from https://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be

Photo 1 - Water Prevention (Walls)Reference: [Untitled photograph of wa-ter prevention for walls] (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.build-ingscience.com/documents/digests/con-tent/bsd-013-rain-control-in-buildings/images/figure_06_drained_screen.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

41



Rubber

Natural rubber: used for many years,sourced from rubber tree sap.

Synthetic rubber: used since 20th century,petrochemical origin, synthesised in a lab,

classified as a plastic.

Properties: hard rubbers resist abrasion, soft rubbers are bettersealants, low fragility, ductile in hot environments, very flexible,elastic, high plasticity, waterproof, x1.5 density of water, poor

conductor of heat and electricity, a good insulator, durable, easilyrecycled, embodied energy varies upon type of rubber,

cost effective.

Rubber can lose properties toweather, so best to avoid

exposure to the sun.

Natural rubber uses: seals, gaskets –prevents moisture entering between 2

objects, control joints, flooring, insulationaround wiring, piping/hoses.

Synthetic rubber types: EPDM(gaskets + control joints), Neoprene

(control joints), Silicone (seals)

Plastics

Plastics used today are made from elements e.g.carbon, silicon, hydrogen, chloride, combined by

chemical reactions to produce monomers(repeating units on a chain) which are joined

together to form polymers.

Main groupsof plastics

thermoplastics – mould when heated, solidifies whencooled down, recyclable e.g. polyethylene, PVC, acrylic,

perspex (a replacement for glass, doesn't shatter),polycarbonate (used in roofing)

thermosetting plastics – can only be moulded1 time, e.g. laminex (finishing surfaces),

polystyrene (insulation panels)

elastomers (synthetic rubbers) e.g. EPDM(waterproofing flat roofs), Neoprene, Silicone

(waterproofing, seal, separate metals in a gasket)

Properties: medium-low hardness, low-medium fragility, veryductile, high plasticity and flexibility, waterproof, low density,

poor conductivity, durable, varied embodied energy upon typeof plastic, generally cost effective. Very sensitive to weather,so avoid exposure to sunlight as plastics easily expand and

contract. Paints

Are liquid until applied onto a surface, willthen form a solid film which will be in contact

with air. Purpose is to protect elementbeneath and provide colour.

Clear paints e.g.lacquers and varnishes.

Components: Binder – film forming component of paint e.g.polyurethanes, polyesters, resins, epoxy. Diluent – dissolves

paint + adjusts viscosity e.g. alcohol, ketones, esters. Pigment –colour and opacity of paint e.g. natural clays, calcium carbonate,

silicas or synthetic.

Oil based paints: used prior toplastic paints, high gloss finish,

not water soluble.

Water based paints: most commontoday, durable, flexible, tools can be

cleaned with water.

Properties: colours should resist fading when exposed toweather (reds are more vulnerable to sunlight), need to be

durable e.g. resist weathering – chipping, cracking andpeeling, matte through to gloss finish, water base paint more

flexible than oil base.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 15). Paints. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from April 15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 15). Plastics. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, April 15). Rubber. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be

Photo 2 - GasketReference: [Untitled photograph of a Gasket] (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://

www.chicagoconnection.us/images/tti/ex-haustpipe_gasket.jpg

Photo 1 - Control JointsReference: [Untitled photograph of con-

trol joints] (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.h-b.com/images/

large/1productimg/RS_LRG.jpg

Tabitha Yeoh

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Doors

Have a head (top frame) and a jamb (side frame, whenjamb is inserted there is usually a gap in between, called

an architrave), doors have a doorstop (hinges) on oneside to prevent wind from detaching door, a door leaf (topof door), latch, lock and handles (side of door), door sill at

the base.

Door leaf components include top, mid (notalways the case) and bottom rail, stile (side

frame), and feature panel e.g. glass.

Timber: can be internally hinged, door head,jamb and architrave out of timber, can be bi folding

type/sliding door on a track.

Aluminium: common in office andcommercial buildings, tend to work with

manufacturing lists for metal framing e.g.external frame door.

Steel: used with other types of materials, good forimpact protection e.g. steel head and jamb would hold

up better in a timber frame and brick veneer wall.Good for security purposes.

Windows

Have a head, sill (at the base), jamb, lintel (thick beam) tocarry the loads from above and to the sides of the

window, sash (window frame), architrave to cover gaponce window has been inserted.

Can have timber, aluminium (sometimes used domesticallybut mainly for commercial use, can be used with a brick

veneer) and steel (finer and flatter than commercialaluminium windows, frames are welded together, thermalbreaks inserted to reduce heat loss, less common due to

$$) windows.

Windows can be double glazedfor better insulation.

Curtain walls (a hybrid window + wall system): city buildingsare often cladded using this system, usually placed over

concrete, is its own structural system – ensure thatwindows carry their loads around the openings rather than

through the window, sometimes transferring loads back intothe concrete.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 30). Openings: Doors & Windows. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be

Photo 2 - Window DiagramReference: [Untitled photograph of Window Diagram] (n.d.).

Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.hometips.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/window-frame-diagram-parts.

gif

Photo 1 - Door DiagramReference: [Untitled photograph of Door Diagram] (n.d.).

Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.allweatherkc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/door-parts.jpg

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GlassComponents

Formers – main ingredient to produce glass,any chemical substance that can be melted and

cooled into glass e.g. silica.

Fluxes – used to help formersmelt at lower temperatures e.g.

soda ash, potash.

Stabalizers – mixed with formers and fluxes toensure that finished glass doesn't crumble to

dissolve e.g. limestone, alumina.

History of glass relates to the history of the built environment– from blown glass to float glass (most common way of

manufacturing, molten glass poured over a bath of moltentin, produces an even finish).

Properties: non porous, medium-high density (more dense than waterand concrete), transmits heat and light but doesn't conduct electricity,very hard, very fragile (but depends on type), brittle, very low ductility,very high elasticity and plasticity when molten, very low when cooled,very durable, chemical, rust and rot resistance, high recyclability, high

embodied energy, generally expensive to produce and transport.

Types and manufacture

Float: clear float glass (annealed) – simplest andcheapest, no extra treatment needed, best used in low cost,

small scale projects and low risk due to dangerousshattering. Generally not allowed to use float glass in

commercial buildings any more.

Laminated: tough plastic interlayer (PVB)bonded between 2 glass panes, improving

security and safety of material.

Tempered: made by heating annealed glass when itstarts to soften, surfaces are then cooled and quenched

rapidly (compression and tension occurs), results inincreased bending strength, ideal to use in highly exposedsituations, less dangerous compared to float glass when it

shatters.

Tinted: reducesvisible light transfer

Wired: similar to laminated glass, steelwire mesh used instead of plastic film

(low cost fire glass)

Patterned: made with rolledglass process, used when

privacy and light are needed.

Photovoltaic: withintegrated solar cells

Glass channels: used infacade systems

Slumped and formed glass:used as design features

Glass fibres: hair like strands,telecommunications

Curved: produced in moulds to meetdesign requirements, $$

double glazing (good during winter, better at reducing ambientheat loss during summer) and triple glazing (moderatesclimate over seasons – glazing reduces heat loss): solarheat transfer, low-e (emmissity) double glazing – absorbs

radiated energy.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, April 30). Glass. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be

Photo 2 - Float GlassReference: [Untitled photograph of Float Glass]

(n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.cndgmglass.com/blog/wp-content/blogs.dir/197/

files/2014/01/indian-float-glass.jpg

Photo 1 - Glass FibresReference: [Untitled photograph of Glass

Fibres] (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1mHB37PFwp0/

Tj0zfxV5PtI/AAAAAAAAANk/UGWDHOd-HUz4/s1600/product5.jpg

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Ching Wk 8 Notes

Geometry and momentof inertia (2.14)

The shape of a structuralmember is important in

determining how it will perform.

Moment of inertia – "the sum of products of eachelement of area and squared distance startingfrom a coplanar axis of rotation. A geometric

property showing how the cross sectional area of amember is distributed." (Ching)

A beam is made more efficient by arranging the cross section togive the moment of inertia with the smallest area possible. Thismeans that ideally, the timber's section should be deeper, andthe majority of the material and the ends where much of the

bending occurs.

Deformation (2.14)Deformation occurs when loads(noncurrent pattern forces) areapplied to structural elements.

"Deflection is the perpendicular distance a spanning memberdeviates from a true course under transverse loading,increasing with load and span, and decreasing with anincrease in the moment of inertia of the section or the

modulus of elasticity of the material." (Ching)

"Bending moment is an external moment tending to causepart of a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the algebraicsum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section

under consideration." (Ching)

"Resisting moment is an internal moment equaland opposite to a bending moment generated by

a force couple to maintain equilibrium of thesection being considered." (Ching)



Photo 1 - Moment of inertia

Photo 2 - Deflection

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Week 8 + Wk 10 - Oval Pavilion ‘In Detail’ Section Drawing Activity

Task: Complete a 1:1 scale drawing of a detail from the Oval Pavilion con-struction documentation set.

My Detail: Drawing 6: Section – Service Area on page A60-02. On page A46-03: North Function Wall Detail, shows a zoomed out version of the detail (placed into context of the building).

My detailed section of a wall and floor (above is the Plant Room and below is the Wet Areas – Basement), is round the back of the Oval Pavilion (fac-ing Ormond College). On page A46-03, my detail is located on Level G (Ground Level), of which has a Finished Floor Level (FFL) of 47.000m.

Detail:

Wall: There are 2 parts of a wall present in the detailed section.

Exterior:- Both the floor above and below have a face brick (BRK-01) veneer wall (exterior wall) and a cavity between the exterior and interior walls. - Inside the cavity, flashings have been placed as a way for the water to be directed out of the cavity, and eventually outside (follow direction of ‘fall’ as depicted on diagram), passing through the brick wall. The flashings have a drip edge to prevent capillary action of moisture. - There are weep holes cut into the brick itself (aesthetic reasons for offset-ting brick exterior wall?), as well as wall ties have also been placed in the cavity, to connect the exterior to interior wall, and to help move the water out of the wall system to prevent damage from occurring.

Interior:- For the basement level, the interior wall is made out of pre cast concrete blocks which have been mortared on to produce a brick finish.For the ground level, the wall system is a timber frame system. - In the detailed section, the bottom plate member of the frame system can be seen (but not the vertical timber studs). What can also be seen is the acoustic insulation (INS-01) in between the studs (in section) and the im-pact and fire resistant plaster board (x2 sheets of IL-03), of which will act as the facade for the interior wall of the building. - On the surface of the interior wall (in the cavity), vapour barriers (sisala-tion – a waterproof membrane) (as represented by the dashed lines) have been added to make the wall waterproof, and so moisture will just run-off and not damage the wall.

Floor:

- The floor of the plant room is a thick concrete slab. On the same level, a Parallel Flange Channel (PFC) steel member is added to form an external lighting strip – where lights would be added on. - There is a polycarbonate wall lining (EL-02) which is visible when looking at the building itself, to allow light to shine through.

Scale 1:1 Drawing Annotations

Basement Level Wall:Concrete interior wall

Cavity

Flashing

Weep Hole

Brick exterior wall

Wall Tie

Ground Level Wall:Fire resistant plaster board

Insulation

Timber bottom plate

Vapour barrier/sisalation

Ground Level Floor:Concrete Slab

Vapour barrier/sisalation

PFC steel member

Drip edge on flashing

Polycarbonate wall lining

Joint sealant

Photographs of Detailed Section on site(all photos taken by myself, Tabitha Yeoh)

Detailed Section

Brick Veneer Wall

Lighting Strip

Flashing (drip)

Weep Hole

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Composite Materials

Increasingly being used inthe built environment

Composite materials (opposite to monolithic = a single material)= when 2+ materials are combined to produce an effect whereeach material is still distinguishable. The materials combineddiffer in form (fibrous, laminate, particulate – gravel, hybrid),

remain bonded together, retain their own identities/properties,work together to produced an improved, synergistic

characteristic.

Fibre reinforced cement (FRC): Made from glass fibres,portland cement, sand and water. Generally made into FC

sheet products or shaped products such as pipes, roof tiles.Generally used for cladding (exterior and interior 'wet' walls),

floor panels. This fairly cheap material is good because itwon't burn, resistant to water and termite damage, rotting and

warping.

Fibreglass: made from a combination of glass fibres and epoxyresins. Also produces sheet and shaped products. Used for

translucent roofs, wall cladding, shaped forms e.g. water tanks,baths. This material is fire resistant, weatherproof, fairly

lightweight and strong.

Aluminium sheet composites: made from aluminium/plastic.Form is a plastic honeycomb sheet with 2 sheets ofaluminium on the top and bottom. Used for cladding

(interior/exterior) – currently used in a lot of city buildings.Aluminium sheets can be produced cheaply, and are lighter,weather resistant, unbreakable, shock resistant. Provides a

'seamless' finish.

Timber composites: mixture of solid + engineered (sheet)timber and galvanised pressed steel. Used in

roofing/flooring/truss systems which have timber top/bottomchords and steel/plywood webs. Generally cost effective, easy

to install, can run services easily.

Fibre reinforced polymers: made from polymers(plastics), timber + carbon + glass fibres. Forms aremoulded/heated. Used for decking, beams, columns,public pedestrian bridges. Very strong (stronger than

steel) and corrosion resistant.



- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, May 7). Composite Materials. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be

Photo - Fibre reinforced cementReference: [Untitled photograph of FRC] (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://civildigital.com/wp-content/up-

loads/2013/05/Steel-Fiber-Reinforced-Concrete.jpg

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Joints &Connections

(2.30)How forces are transferred between structural members aredetermined by what types of joints and connections are

used, of which would also have an effect on how thestructure performs as a whole.

Butt joints: allows for 1 element to becontinuous while a 3rd interveningelement makes the connections.

Overlapping joints: Allow for allconnecting elements to intersect each

other across joining point.

Linear and surface connectorsresist rotation forces.

Point connectors don't resistrotation unless put in a series

distributed across a large area.

MovementJoints

(7.48-7.50)

Building materials tend to expand, contract, swell or shrink, as aresult of changes in climate and water content, or deflect from

applied loads. Movement joints are placed to allow thesematerials to change so they don't break, and ensuring that

construction is still strong.

Types ofMovement

Joints:

Expansion Joints: continuous slots between 2parts of a building which allows for

thermal/moisture expansion to occur.

Control Joints: continuous groves/separations inconcrete slabs/masonry walls. Forms a plate of

weakness to regulate movements.

Isolation Joints: divide larger/more complex shapedstructures into sections so that particular movement

occurs in that section. Is also helpful in protectingnonstructural elements from deflection or movement from

an adjacent structural member.Joint Sealants: provides a seal against water and air.Classified by degree of extension and compression

before failing point. Exterior – joint sealant, interior –joint filler (rod/tubing which controls sealant contact

depth with joining parts.

Low range sealants (caulking): for smalljoints with little movement, materials:

oil-based/acrylic compounds.

Medium range sealants: for nonworking,mechanically fastened joints, materials: acrylic,

neoprene compounds, butyl rubber.

High range sealants: for working joints with alot more movement, materials: polyurethanes,

silicones, polysulfides.



Joints & Connections (1)

Joints & Connections (2)

Expansion JointsControl Joints

Joint Sealants

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Finish Work (10.02)

Finishes (external) are what coversthe interior walls, ceilings and floor

surfaces of the building.

Interior walls need to beresistant to wear, moisture,

and able to be cleaned.

Floors need to be durable,pleasant and safe to walk on.

Ceilings should befree-low maintenance.

Rigid (can be placed in a gird of linearmembers as they can span) vs flexible finish

materials (need more solid backing)

When choosing what type of finish,consider acoustic qualities, resistance

to fire, thermal insulation.

Surface finishes – need to consider aestheticse.g. colour, texture, pattern, joints &

connections with other elements.

Finish materials include: plaster (most common is gypsum plaster –mixing calcined gypsum with water, fire sand/lightweight aggregate,

additives), plasterboard, ceramic tiles, terrazzo flooring, woodflooring, stone flooring, resilient (non-absorbent) flooring, carpeting,wood joints + mouldings + trim + panelling, plywood veneer, plastic

laminate.



Photo - PlasterboardReference: [Untitled photograph of Plasterboard] (n.d.).

Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/502044/9854008/0/1248515385/Plasterboard.jpg

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Week 9 - Off Campus Construction Site Visit

Task: Each studio will go off campus for a guided site visit with their studio leader and project manager or representative from the construction site.

Our Site: Brookfield Multiplex

Entire Project Overview:- 4 Tower Buildings- Tower 1 – already complete and has residents. Has 45 levels. Cost approxi-mately $160 million to build.- Tower 2 & 3 – finishing, will be handed over to client soon. #2 has 49 and #3 has 60 levels.- Tower 4 – under construction (up to level 5 structure phase), planned to be finished in June. #4 will have 31 levels.- 2600 apartments altogether, each unit is around 268 square metres.

We Visited – Tower 4

Substructure: - Drilling and digging to put in piles (21m deep) – much of the site has been excavated, reaching the water table. - The deep foundations are made out of reinforcement steel bars before they were filled with concrete (poured in situ). - To block the water from the water table entering the concrete foundations, steel cylinder sleeves were used.- Basement levels are composed of retaining walls.

Superstructure:1) Working up level by level (constructing floors):- Levels are all the uniform in terms of construction process, therefore can reuse formwork/props for walls and floors. - This is called a ‘pan’ system.

2) Concrete Flooring System:- PT Pockets show a post tension system (runs from East to West) put in place (steel strands stretched within a concrete slab, now reinforced and able to resist deflection from applied loads).- PT takes away steel reinforcement mesh, thus speeds up the program (con-struction project time frame) and saves more money.

3) Temporary Supports/Formwork:- Protection screens (bolted to the ground) hold temporary steel beams which hold the pre-cast concrete panels (lifted in by crane) upright. - Temporary steel columns placed as support for protection screens- Vertical props (peri/push + pull props), acro-props- Scaffolding (steel)- Timber sheet formwork

4) Formwork:- Conventional formwork system (steel)- LVL timber system (on the ceiling)

Photo: Completed Tower(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch: Deep Foundations(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch: Formwork Systems(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo: Excavated Site For Basement + Substructure

(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo: ProtectiveScreen + ConcretePanel (showing howit has been propped)(taken by TabithaYeoh)

Photo: Different types of Formwork + Showing the Core of

the Building(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

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Week 9 - Off Campus Construction Site Visit

Superstructure (continued):5) Concrete Wall System:- Walls are required to be a minimum of 250mm thick. - Walls (interior) are generally reinforced concrete block walls (basement/lower levels).- Cranes are currently lifting pre-cast concrete panels (for walls) and putting them into place (for floors higher up (residential units).

6) The Core (Upper West Side on images): - Is where all the lift shafts will be located. Each floor will cantilever off the core. - The 4 towers have yet to be connected to each other, and can only happen once all concrete has been poured. - Unfinished levels of the core currently have sheets of plywood to cover the cut out sections in the concrete walls – for lift doors which will lead out to the apartments cantilevering off the core. - Key boxes are placed below the the lift doors and are used to connect the floors of the apartments to the core.

7) Core Area Services: - Ceiling has a plasterboard system (sprinklers, smoke detector). - Plasterboard is commonly used because it has good fire and water ratings.- Pipes are made out of PVC, large aluminium vents to carry cables, there are separate ones for carrying high voltage cables (240+ volts).- Pipes are colour coded to represent different trades e.g. red = fire, yellow = security, blue = communications, orange = temporary cabling, white = permanent cabling.

8) Core Area Finishing: - The exteriors of the walls (what can be seen; the end product) are covered with glossy, black laminex MDF and raw iron metal panels on the other side.- The lifts are set back, the frames are all powder-coated aluminium- Flooring is in lift area has bluestone tiles as a finish.- In another part of the core (leading to retail), floors are bricks and walls are glazed tiles – all ceramic materials have been laid one at a time to get the desired finish (patterned). - Retail shops are made out of glazed glass (panes are sitting in black alu-minium frames).

The 1st 6 levels for all towers are allocated for a podium – consisting of plant rooms, carparks, swimming pool, gyms and retail (non-residential).Level 6 – will be made a common area (for entertainment) and is where all 4 towers will be connected to each other. Some buildings has a ‘green roof ’ (garden area) on this level – of which is a totally new concept (never been done before) for developments in Melbourne. It took the construction company several years work out the waterproofing issues (from rain and caring for the vegetation), and to pour and join the concrete slabs which would support the green roof.

Sketch: Concrete Wall(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Sketch: Core’s lift doors and key boxes(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photos: Ceramic materials for floor + wall finishings(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo: CeilingServices

in the Core - pipes,aluminium vent

(taken by TabithaYeoh)

Photo: Finished interior of the Core building - MDF, iron panelwall finishes, plasterboard ceiling,bluestone tile floor(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Photo: Retail shop in the Core building,Glazed glass windows

(taken by Tabitha Yeoh)

Tabitha Yeoh

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E-Learning Wk10 Notes (1)

Lateral Supports

Important in building design to accommodate lateralloads: wind and earthquake loads (have different effects

on buildings). Although forces are different, usuallysimilar resisting systems (increasing stability) are applied

to accommodate both.

Wind forces (function of exposed surface area towind) act on surface of structures – has maximum

effect further away from foundation.

Earthquake forces (function of building massabove substructure) act at base of structures –

can suddenly reverse direction.

Design considerations for wind loads: structures whichare tall, skinny 'slab on end', have overhanging awning

roofs, or have flat roofs (uplift) are considered morevulnerable to wind loads.

Design considerations for seismic loads: asymmetrywithin buildings e.g. buildings on a hill (solve by placing

vertical columns and bracing), irregular stiffness(increase symmetry of building - bracing), split height

(physically separate and then link structure according tochange in height).

Areas of weakness –subject to lateral loads:

Soft storey at the ground (common in high rise buildings):1+ levels which are made more flexible (usually have higherceilings, open floor plans and glass facades). Solution: add

bracing to strengthen.

Re-entrant corners: (internal corners) occur inirregular shaped buildings. Solution: add

reinforcement/strength in this area so it is lesssubject to lateral loads.

Discontinuous Structural members: e.g. windows +doors in shear walls which disrupt direct transfer of

loads. Solution: insert columns to complete loadtransfer down to the ground.

Seismic torsion: twisting. Solution: increase thesymmetry of the building by e.g. placing 2 shear

walls parallel to each other.

Resisting Systems:

Diaphragms and lateral bracing: diaphragms resist + collectlateral forces in the horizontal planes before transferring

them to vertical elements. Example of diaphragms:reinforced concrete slabs/steel frame for roofs/floors with

bracing (crossed) below.

Shear walls: tall sheer walls work like a cantilever beamout from ground (compression and tension forces

occurring), short shear walls resist overturning(moment) and try to pivot wall at the foundation (lift offground), but wall's mass resists this by rotation in the

opposite direction.

Seismic base isolators: connections put in betweenfoundation and substructure, so building can move

freely from foundation in an earthquake. Made oflayers of steel, rubber, with central lead core, nylon

sliders or rollers.

Moment resisting frames: made out of rigid joints, sohorizontal and vertical elements are made to act as a

monolithic unit when faced with lateral loads – preventsrotation and bending movements.


- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.- ENVS10003 (2014, May 13). Lateral Forces. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA

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E-Learning Wk10 Notes (2)

Collapses and Failures– Peter Ashford

Materials selectionand critical issues:

Look at suitability of the material for theapplication (exposure, compatibility,

strength and deflection)

Long termperformance

Maintenance

Constructionand detailing One solution

does not fit all!

Heroes and culprits –Dr Dominique Hes

When selecting materials to usefor the built environment

Material impacts: building materials (globally) accountfor: 30% of raw materials used, 42% of total energy,

25% of solid waste, 40% of emissions to atmosphere.Only 1% of materials are still in use 6 months later

(not sustainable)

Issues to considerwhen selecting:

Health and IEQ: to reduce impacts – aim to reduce VOCs(volatile organic compounds) e.g. water based instead of oil

based paints, reduce particles and dust e.g. minimisehorizontal shelves, and green cleaning practices e.g. designbuildings with minimal cleaning and fibre clothes instead of

chemical cleaning.

Waste/recyclability: to reduce impacts – aim to userenewable/abundant resources e.g. bamboo floors over

hardwood floors (takes significantly longer to grow),recycled/plantation timber is better, use large tiles to tile

large areas instead of small tiles.

Embodied energy: to reduce impacts – aim to choose materialswith lower embodied energy, high star ratings e.g. choose timber

(Australian; locally made is better) instead of choosingaluminium, use diodes instead of regular lights, more energy

efficient and last for longer.

Pollution: to reduce impacts – aim to choose materialswhich don't have toxins (PVC has a lot of toxins and is

hard to recycle), so choose natural and organicmaterials (linoleum flooring instead of PVC flooring,

tiles, wool for carpets).

Life cycle: to reduce impacts – to reduce impacts – aimto choose materials which will last long (timeless), not

just one with the lowest embodied energy, choose oneswhich are recyclable (easy to deconstruct), durable,

easy to clean.

A Tale of Corrosion

The Statue of Liberty

Statue is made out of a copper skin (turns green colour fromoxidization, green can be easily removed by using acid)

supported by an iron skeleton. Iron 'ribs' were used to attachthe copper to the iron frame.

Issue: galvanic corrosionbetween copper and iron

(dissimilar materials).

Solution 1: materials separated at junctions by wrapping a shellacasbestos cloth (fibrous fabric with a stiff varnish) around it. Over

time, cloth became porous (held moisture) and iron began tocorrode (rusting – produces a ferrous oxide, increased in size and

pushed rivets away from copper, caused connection betweenmetals to weaken).

Solution 2: original iron frame replaced with Tefloncoated stainless steel. Kept copper skin and copper

rivets. Both metals are still dissimilar, however Tefloncoat helps to prevent moisture from being trapped and

causing galvanic corrosion.


- ENVS10003 (2014, May 13). A Tale of Corrosion. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be - ENVS10003 (2014, May 13). Collapses and Failures. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be- ENVS10003 (2014, May 13). Heroes and culprits. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be

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53

KEY TERMS WK 1-10


Tabitha Yeoh

54

WEEK 3

Moment: A force that produces rotation upon a point or line.

Retaining Wall: Walls that hold back the soil.Pad Footing: Isolated footings that have a wider base supporting columns.

Strip Footing: Continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

Slab On Ground: Foundation slab laid on ground with-out a basement.

Substructure: The foundation, lowest section of a build-ing. Role is to support the structure above and transfer its loads to the ground.

Slurry: A concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as sheet-ing and often as a permanent foundation wall.

Moment(Ching)

Retaining Wall(http://homebuilding.thefuntimesguide.com/images/blogs/stucco-coated_retaining_wall.JPG)

Strip Footing(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

WEEK 4

Joist: Timber or steel supporting a building’s structure (usually laid in a parallel arrangement for ceilings or floors).

Steel Decking: Corrugated metal to increase stiffness and spanning capability.

Span: Entire distance between structural supports.Girder: A large metal beam used to construct a skeleton frame for structures.

Concrete Plank: Hollow centre or solid flat pre-cast con-crete beam used for floor or roof decking.

Spacing: Distance between bearers, stumps and joists.

Steel Decking(http://cr4.globalspec.com/PostImages/200902/Steel_Deck_4732C4D3-FE76-4FA7-B60549DA6C50D201.jpg)

Span and Spacing(Ching)

KEY TERMSPOH YEN TABITHA YEOH


Direct References To:- Ching, F. D. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.

- http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com

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KEY TERMSWEEK 1

Load Path: The action of loads (vertical or horizontal) to reflect the dynamics of a moving load.

Masonry: Stonework.

Compression: Produces the opposite of a tension force. When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together.

Reaction Force: At the ground, the applied loads have a reaction force (equal + opposite to the applied load) to make load stable.

Point Load: A load specific to a location on a structure.

Beam: Rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting ele-ments.

Masonry(http://www.homeguide411.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/798px-RusticSandstoneMasonry4895.jpg)

Compression/Tension(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Point Load(http://simscience.org/cracks/glossary/point_ex.gif)

WEEK 2

Structural Joint: The joining of structural elements by a point, line or surface.

Stability: Stable structures must be designed to carry vertical gravity loads, but also be able to withstand lat-eral forces e.g. wind.

Tension: When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart, stretching and elongating the material.

Frame: When joints connecting columns and beams can resist forces and movements, making a rigid frame.

Bracing: A timber or steel frame held up with diagonal members.

Column: Rigid, slender structures designed to support compressive loads applied at the ends.

Structural Joint(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Compression/Tension(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

Bracing(http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/dotAsset/daec925f-0220-4749-b4e9-e8fbd0ac69a7.jpg)



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KEY TERMSWEEK 5

Stud: A framing member (timber or steel), usually cut to a precise length, designed to be used in framing build-ing walls.

Nogging: A horizontal timber fitted between vertical studs or beams to give lateral support. Can also be the process of filling the space between timber framing members with bricks.

Lintel: A horizontal supporting member, installed above an opening such as a window or a door, that serves to carry the weight of the wall above it.

Axial Load: Load applied along the line of an axis.Buckling: bending/lateral deflection, occurs in long columns.

Seasoned Timber: Dried timber, becomes seasoned tim-ber when less than 15% of water is left in the tree.

Stud and Noggings(http://www.anewhouse.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Timber-Frame-Basic-e1375567808265.jpg)

Lintel(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lintel_(PSF).png)

WEEK 6

Rafter: Extends from wall plate to ridge beam, supports sheathing/covering of roof.

Purlin: One of several horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams.

Cantilever: A structural element anchored at one end only, overhangs.

Portal Frame: 2D rigid frames (rigid connections be-tween beam and columns).

Eave: Overhanging lower edge of the roof.

Alloy: a mixture of 2+ metals or elements, usually com-bined to produced a desired property.

Soffit: Underside of overhanging roof eave.

Top Chord: The top member of a truss (typically hori-zontal), as distinguished from the web members.

Rafter(http://www.renovation-headquarters.com/images20/gable-roof-drawing.jpg)

Purlins(http://alpeng.com/robohelp/ADH%20System/Figure_03-Purlin-SettingExamples.jpg)

Portal Frame(http://shedblog.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/portal-frame-main-components.jpg)



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WEEK 7

Drip: Forms a wide enough break between 2 surfaces to prevent capillary action of moisture through area.

Vapour Barrier: Material used to prevent the passage of vapour or moisture into a structure or another material, thus preventing condensation within them.

Gutter: Rainwater shed by sloping roofs are caught by gutters (roof drains) along the eave.

Parapet: That part of a wall that extends above the roof level.

Down Pipe: Gutters empty into down pipes (vertical drain pipes) before discharging into a large water system e.g. storm-water.

Flashing: Thin continuous pieces of sheet metal/imper-vious material placed to prevent water flowing into a structure from an angle/joint. Can be exposed or con-cealed.

Insulation: Additional materials used in wall, floor, roof assemblies to provide resistance to heat flow.

Sealant: Provides effective seal against the passage of moisture and air – must be durable and adhesively strong.

Flashing(http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/how-to-repair-a-leaky-roof-9.jpg)

Parapet(http://www.kingspanpanels.ae/getattachment/fdb179f7-015c-4fb2-b3e4-6375d60c17f2/Parapet-Detail---Roof-to-Brickwork---Stand-ard-Deta.aspx)

Sealant(http://www.garlandco.com/images-garland/products/sealants-accessories/sealants/sealant-section.jpg)

WEEK 8

Window Sash: A framework which holds the panes in the window frame.

Deflection: To bend or turn from a straight line.

Moment of Inertia: Essentially, an area based property which a section has, with its resistance to deflection/bending (moment)

Door Furniture: Handles, lock, other fixtures on a door.

Stress: Pressure exerted on an object/structural member.

Shear Force: A force acting on a body which tends to slide one portion of the body against the other side of the body. (Sliding action).

Window Sash(http://www.amalfiwindows.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Window-Sashes.jpg)

Deflection(http://blog.cencophysics.com/wp-content/uploads/deflection-fig2.jpg)

Shear Force(http://www.roymech.co.uk/images/beam_23.gif)

KEY TERMSPOH YEN TABITHA YEOH




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- http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.comKEY TERMSWEEK 9

Sandwich Panel: Formed by bonding 2 facings to a thicker core. Facing materials: plywood, plastics, lami-nates, aluminium, stainless steel. Core materials: plastic foam sheets and formed paper, metal. An example is pre-cast concrete panels – 2 layers of concrete separated by an insulating core.

Bending: The deflection (bending) of a member, occurs when a force is applied.

Skirting: A block where a base and vertical frame meet (e.g. baseboards which finish joints where floor meets sidewalls).

Composite Beam: A beam combining different materials to work as a single unit, such as steel with concrete, in situ and pre-cast concrete.

Shadow Line Joint: A detail where you have a small gap (but still connected by a joint) between 2 members/sur-faces, which creates a harsh edge/shadow line.

Cornice: A moulded projection (ornament) that crowns a wall/horizontally divides it for compositional reasons.

Sandwich Panel(http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/297867.jpeg)

Skirting(http://www.clearlyinteriors.com/store/images/paintableSkirtingO-volo.jpg)

Cornice(http://www.jond.co.za/images/cornice%20shapes%20008.jpg)

WEEK 10

Shear Wall: A wall which resists lateral forces acting on the direction of the plane of the wall.

Soft Storey: Levels which are made more flexible (usu-ally have higher ceilings, open floor plans and glass facades), and are thus susceptible to lateral loads.

Braced Frame: A structural frame made resistant (more stable) to lateral loads, by adding diagonal bracing or K-bracing for support.

Lifecycle: the length of time a building is expected to serve its function.

Defect: A condition/characteristic that detracts from ap-pearance, strength, or durability of element.Fascia: Board used on the outside face of a cornice.

Corrosion: Oxidation of a metal/material by exposure to chemical action e.g. rust.

IEQ: Indoor environment quality, a criterion for ‘green’ building design and comfort e.g. humidity, ventilation, acoustics, lighting. A framework which holds the panes in the window frame.

Shear Wall(http://www.ideers.bris.ac.uk/resistant/img/shearwallbend.gif)

Soft Storey(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_viWbhRtuOio/TT2Vh3X6ICI/AAAAAAAACWA/FwgTB0SzJow/s1600/softstor.jpeg)

Braced Frame(http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/images-1/lfbr_diagram_charleson_2/image_preview)

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CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP LOGBOOK REPORT - WK 3

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The Task: Design and build a structure that spans 1000mm.

The materials our group was given:

x2 pieces of plywood (measuring 1200 x 100mm) x2 pieces of pine wood (measuring 1400 x 45 x 25mm)

The workshop equipment we were able to use:

- rulers- set squares- measuring tapes- saws- various sized nails- hammers

Materiality:

General Behaviour of Timber:

When a load is applied, the top of the timber beam will be in compression, and the bottom will be in tension. Timber is strong in compression, weak in tension.

Timber has a grain, the grain direction determine’s the timber’s strength and structural performance. Timber is weak perpendicular to its grain, won’t carry load as effectively. The knots found on the timber are considered weak points, as they cause slope of grain (break).

Since the top of the timber will be under compression – it is best to place the knot there, as the bottom will be under tension.

Plywood vs Pine:

Plywood is generally used for flooring or bracing (panels) a timber frame sys-tem. Pine is a stronger wood compared to plywood, thus on the other hand it makes up the members of a timber frame system e.g. studs, top + bottom plates, noggins.

It is able to transfer loads down to the ground, whereas plywood acts as more of a support or ‘top layer’ (non-structural).

Constructing Our Beam Structure:

We wanted to keep our beam structure design very simplistic. The beam structure we constructed generally spans in 1 direction, due to maintaining a rectangular shape.

Photo: Completed Beam Structure

We decided to place the 2 pieces of pine wood parallel to each other (along the grain, and the knots at the top, to ensure maximum strength), and then place the other 2 pieces of plywood flat (planar) on top of the pine wood.

Photo: Close up of plywood and pine wood

We used the saw to cut the pine wood to exactly 1000mm long, which we then centralised according to the plywood (we allowed for a 50mm overhang on each side of where the pine was placed for the plywood).

With the excess pieces of pine wood, we used that to (horizontally) secure the 2 pieces of pine wood attached to the plywood at evenly spaced intervals across the 1000mm span.

Photo: Using nails to fix the excess pine wood for extra security

We hammered nails to join structural elements together (all were fixed con-nections, to resist all types of movement and increase strength).

Sketch: Components of our beam structure(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

WEEK 3CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

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WEEK 3CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOPTesting our Beam Structure:

To test how ‘strong’ our beam structure was, we used a machine which ap-plied a compressive load (measured in kg, as shown on the display screen) – which increased as we continued to turn the wheel on top.

Photo: Used a machine to apply a load to the beam structure

We also used a ruler to measure the deflection of the structure as a greater load is applied, before the beam structure finally breaks.

Photo: Used a ruler to measure the deflection

Our beam structure failed at 262 kg (the maximum applied load) and in the end, we had a total deflection of 35mm (according to the ruler on the compressive machine).

We came to the conclusion that if we had put the plywood at the bottom instead of the top, the beam structure would have been stronger.

The point of failure for our structure was at the nail (connecting the pine to the pine. Also, having more nails at the bottom of the beam structure is best for compression.

Photo: Point of failure were where the nails were used

Sketch: Close up of where the beam structure broke(drawn by Tabitha Yeoh)

In comparison to other groups:

The other 2 groups had maximum applied loads of 450kg and 430kg, and respective total deflections of 47mm and 40mm.

Both groups had failing points also at the fixtures – where there were nails used for connecting elements.

A reason why both groups had higher applied loads than our group’s was because they were given stronger timber (and thicker, so able to withstand compression and tension forces better), and when plywood was used, it was used more as a connecting plate. Both groups also had wider rectangular structures, and placed them at a different orientation to how we placed ours on the machine, of which was clearly capable to holding a heavier applied load.

Photo: The other groups’ beam structures, using different types of wood

Photo: The beam structure which held the heaviest load

* All photos taken at the construction workshop by myself, Tabitha Yeoh were taken on 19 March 2014 at 757 Swanston St.

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WK 8 AND 10 ‘IN DETAIL STUDIO’

DRAWINGS


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661143 - a01 logbook final submission

Documents

types of loads

live loads

dynamic loads

occupancy loads

forces tension forces

wind earthquake loads

structural forces

buildingsdead permanent