logbook final submission

Week 1 Introduction to Construction

Part 1 Knowledge Map

Materials:need to consider strength, stiffness, shape, material behaviours, economy and sustainabilityConstruction System

• Materials• Force• Load path• Beam

Force: any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body, which has both magnitude and directions.

Tension:When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart and undergo tension.

Compression:When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together.

Load path• Dead Load: static loads acting

vertically downward on a structure

• Live Load: including any moving or movable loads on a structure resulting from occupancy

• loads take the most direct routes to the ground

Beam:rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements

The cylinder shape was chosen as it did not have any sharp corners, which made the tower more stable and can, to some extent, bear dynamic loads such as wind loads. The MDFs were to be stacked one by one to achieve a higher stability.

When this tower was built, the MDFs (medium-density fibreboard) was stacked horizontally in order to increase the stability of tower because the base needed to be stable if it was very tall . During the building process, we found that stacking the MDFs this way was material consuming and not efficient, then we decided to stack them on the shorter side so as to increase the height by using the same amount of material. We also made a hole in the middle of the tower, which was just enough to put in the dinosaur. By the end of the studio session, the tower was not very high (as shown on the right). It could be due to the inefficient use of the material. In other words, the cylinder can be made smaller to be higher. During the deconstruction process, some of the MDFs can be pulled out without causing the entire tower to collapse due to the compression forces. The MDFs on the top put their loads towards those under them. Therefore, without some MDFs, the tower can still stand.

References

Ching, F 2008, Building construction illustrated, Wiley, New Jersey.

Newton, C 2014, Introduction to construction, University of Melbourne, viewed 14 March 2014, ! https://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_01_guide/2?e=8943534/6989973

https://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_01_guide/2?e=8943534/6989973




Week 2 Structural Loads and Forces

Part 1 Knowledge Map

Frame:•rigid frame

• shear wall• braced frame

Structural loads and forces• Structural joint• ESD• Bracing• Frame

Structural Joint:Structural elements can be joined to each other in 3 ways.

Pinned Joints:allow rotation but resist translation in any direction

Roller Joints:allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into or away from their faces. This joint is not frequently used.

ESD(environmentally sustainable design).Common strategies: • local materials• efficiency • thermal mass• solar energy• night air purging• wind energy• cross ventilation• smart sun design• insulation• water harvesting

Bracing: • diagonal bracing• sheet bracing

Fixed Joints:maintain the angular relationship between the joint elements, restrain rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance

My design is to build a column using the balsa wood strips. When balsa wood was cut into very think strips, it became very fragile. However, it can bear much bigger tension forces instead of compression. For the base, several balsa wood strips were used as bracings. As we learned that diagonal bracings can stop the frame from moving and these bracings bear tension force. The balsa tower was a column because in this case, a cylinder might be very difficult to build as these balsa stripes were fragile and can be broken very easily. Some stripes were used horizontally so as to connect the vertical ones and use tension force again to prevent this tower from collapse. As no joints were being used, this tower could not be very stable. It will undertake more pressure if fixed or pinned joints can be used.

References

Ching, F 2008, Building construction illustrated, Wiley, New Jersey.

Newton, C 2014, Structural loads and forces, University of Melbourne, viewed 19 March 2014, ! https://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_02_guide/2?e=8943534/7032196





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Week 3!Structural Concepts and Systems!

Membrane Structures!Membranes are thin, flexible surfaces that carry loads primarily through the development of tensile stresses. In this case, it is stretched between posts. Tent structures are membrane structures that are prestressed by externally applied forces and held completely tight under all expected load conditions.

• Membrane and steel cables transmit external loads to masts and ground.

• Reinforcing edge cables stiffen the free edges of a tent structure.

• The masts are designed to resist buckling under compressive loading

Cantilever!A cantilever is a projecting beam or other rigid structural member supported at only one fixed end.

Moment of Forces!Definition: the tendency to make an object or a point rotate. !Moment can generate reaction force. !In this case, Mo=F*d=x*m

Fixed joint

Construction Systems and Processes!!

Cavity Wall System!• Cavity walls are constructed of a

facing and a backing wythe of either solid or hollow masonry units, completely separated by a continuous air space and bonded with metal wall ties or horizontal joint reinforcement.!

• Advantages: It enhances the thermal insulation of the wall and allows the installation of additional thermal insulation material.!•It also uses ironed mortar joints.!•Both beams and columns are combined.!

Reinforced Concrete Frame!This is the LOT6 Cafe’s building, which is an in situ reinforced concrete frame system, which means the concrete was made and poured on site instead of pre-made.!This is also a fixed joint frame because there is no bracing.

Materials!

Brick!Brick is a masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic an hardend by firing in a kiln or drying in the sun.!It can be extruded and wire-cut, machine moulded/pressed, or handmade

Properties!• medium-high hardness!• medium fragility!• very low ductility!• very low flexibility!• medium-low permeability!• medium density!• poor conductors of heat

and electricity!• very durable!• high reusability!• tend to be produced

locally which is relatively eco friendly because less transportation is needed therefore less carbon emission.!

•normally is cost effective however, labour cost can be high sometimes. So labour cost also needs to be taken into account

• Mainly used for walls, arches, and paving!• Perpends (vertical)!• Bed joints (horizontal)

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Week 4!Structural Concepts and Systems!

In comparison, the one on the left is more efficient and can take more load than the one on the right

In this drawing, the load path can be seen when a load is imposed on this floor system. There is a direct relationship between span and spacing and the load

• Joists may be supported by wood stud framing, wood or steel beams, or a bearing wall

Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supported

Span!• is the distance measured between two structural supports. • can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal

member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member).

• is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

Spacing!• is the repeating distance between a series

of like or similar elements. • is often associated with supporting

elements (such as beams, columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically.

• is generally measured centre-line to centre-line.

Construction Systems and Processes!

Floor systems are the horizontal planes that must support both live loads such as people�movable equipments and furnitures and dead

loads such as the weight of the floor construction itself.!

Floor systems must transfer their loads horizontally across space to either beams

and columns or load bearing walls.

Concrete Systems!• slabs of various types are used to span

between structural supports.!• can be one-way or two-way spans

Steel Systems!• take various forms, with some utilising of

heavy gauge structural steel members and other using light gauge steel framing!

• girders(main beams), joists!• sometimes combine with concrete slab

systems

Timber Systems!• These systems are very common in

Australia.!• Traditional timber floor framing systems

use a combination of bearers and joists.!• Spacing of the bearers equals the span

of the joists.!• Support structural planking or decking

Materials!

Concrete!• made by mixing cement and various

mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass.!

• very strong in compression!• the amount of water added can determine

its weakness or stiffness

Reinforced Concrete!Because concrete is weak in tension, steel reinforcement can be used to tie vertical and horizontal elements and reinforce edges and openings.

IN SITU Concrete!• is any concrete element that has

been poured into formwork and cured on the building site.!

• widely used in footings, retaining walls.!

• labour intensive process, may resulting in congestion of the construction site.

Precast Concrete!• is any concrete element that has

been fabricated in a controlled environment and then transported to the site for installation.!

• common in retaining walls and columns!

• finishes can be in very high quality!• much more standardised and

enable faster work!• can be limited in size due to

transport!• on site changes are very difficult

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Week 5!Structural Concepts and Systems!!

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Short columns!• area > 1/12 length • may fail by compression • timber, steel, concrete can be used for this

type of column

Long columns!• area < 1/12 length • may fail by bending or buckling • steel can be used to make this type of

columns

Compressive strength!• =load/area • in order to decrease this strength: - increase section of the column - reduce load - increase the number of colums or change

materials - choice of structure, e.g.. fixed or pin joint

and bracing choices

Brick Veneer Wall!• for brick veneer wall, the structural

element of the wall is the timber stud frame in it

Timber Frame!• Timber frames require diagonal bracing or

shear planes for lateral stability and may qualify as heavy timber construction

Rafter Framing Roof System!

beam

reinforced brick wall

stud wall

Scale!We made this model by working out its scale first. If we want a 1:20 model and we have a 1:50 drawing, we can divide the actual length on the 1:50 by 50 and then times 20. After we made our model, we were quite satisfied with it and during this process we had a better understanding towards the structure, material, and constructing systems of the Oval Pavilion Building.

Construction Systems and Processes

Wall Systems!• walls are the vertical constructions of a building that

enclose, separate, and protect its interior spaces. The pattern of these load bearing walls and columns should be coordinated with the layout of the interior spaces of a

structural frames system!

• concrete frames!• noncombustible

steel frames!• timber frames!• steel and concrete

frames!• can support and

accept a variety of nonbearing or curtain wall systems

concrete and masonry bearing walls!• strong in

compression!• wall surfaces might

be left exposed

metal and wood stud walls!

• studs carry vertical loads while sheathing or diagonal bracing stiffens the plane of the wall!

• can accept a variety of wall finishes!

• stud wall frames may be assembled on site or off site!

• stud walls are flexible in form due to the workability of relatively small pieces and the various means of fastening available.

Materials!

Wood and Timber!Wood is a strong, durable, light in weight, and easy to work as a construction material.!It offers natural beauty and warmth to sight and touch. !There are two main types of wood: hardwood and softwood.

Grain Direction and Its Uses!Tensile and compressive forces are best handled by wood in a direction parallel to the grain.!Tensile forces perpendicular to the grain will cause the wood to split.!So it is more susceptible to horizontal shear than to vertical shear.

Quarter Sawn!• best grains shown on face!• good wearing surface for floors!• lower width shrinkage on drying!• can be successfully reconditiond!• slower seasoning!• nailing on face more prone to split

Radical Sawn!• dimensional stability!• less prone to warping and cuppin!• less waste in milling!• wedge shaped cross section!• more difficult to detail!• more difficult to stack

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Week 6!!Structural Concepts and Systems!!

Sloping Roofs!These three roofs shown on the left are sloping roofs, The roof slop affects the choice of roofing material, the requirements for underpayment and eave flashing, and design wind loads. Sloping roofs may have structures of wood or steel rafters and sheathing, timber or steel beams, purlins, and decking, and timber or steel trusses.

!It can be seen from the drawings, the tie is going through tension and it stopes the roof from splitting up thereby making this roof system more

stable. If there is no tie, the roof will slide onto the ground.

Construction Systems and Processes!

Roof Systems

flat roofs!• pitch 1-3 degree!• concrete slabs!• roof sheet

Concrete Roofs!• flat plates of reinforced

concrete. !• top surface is sloped

towards drainage points and water proof

Trussed Roofs!• are framed roofs

constructed from a series of open web type of steel or timber elements!

• bracing is required

Light Framed Roofs!• cable roofs: vertical,

triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof!

• Hip roof: vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof

Material - Metal! !

Properties!• hardness may vary!• low fragility!• high ductility!• medium to high flexibility!• generally impermeable!• high density!• very good conductors of heat and electricity!• durability may very!• high reusability!• very high embodied energy!• generally cost effective!

Ferrous metals!They actually refer to iron, which is one of the most commonly found metal on earth. They are normally cheap!

Non-ferrous metals!Refer to all other metals except for iron. They are normally more expensive and are less likely to oxidise therefor have superior quality.!

Alloy!refers to the combination of two or more metals . It is called a ferrous alloy if it contains iron and if it does not, then non-ferrous alloy is the name !

Consideration!• may react with other metals!• may need to be galvanised!• to decrease the risk of corrosion, metals

can be separated by using insulators such as rubber!

• may react with water or acid, which will lead to erosion!

• in order to prevent erosion, we need to avoid long exposure to moisture, seal against moisture and use chemical treatment.!

Iron!• wrought iron!• cast iron!• iron alloy - steel: very strong to fracture!

Steel!• structural steel!• steel sheeting: cladding and roofing!• stainless steel alloys!

Non-ferrous metals!• aluminium: light, non-magnetic, easily

formed, its alloy can be much stronger than its pure substance. It is often used for window frames!

• copper: very malleable and ductile. It is widely used for pipe work and electrical cabling.!

• zinc: use as cladding for both roofs and walls!

• lead: because it is toxic, it is not used commonly today!

• bronze: copper and tin, normally used for bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs!

• brass: copper+zinc, it is very tough, so it is normally used for locks, gears, screws etc..!

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Week 7!E-learnig!

conditions for water to go in!• an opening • water present at an opening • a force to move water to enter from the

opening

to prevent this Keep water from the openings!• gutters • wall flashing • overlapping roof tiles • sloping the ground surface away from the

wall at the base of the buildings

Neutralising the forces!• gravity • surface tension and capillary action • momentum • air pressure differential

Heat Control!Heat gain and loss occur when: • heat is conducted through the building

envelope • the building envelope and building

elements are subject to radiant heat sources

• thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope

• thermal insulation • thermal breaks • double glazing • reflective surface • shading systems • controlling air

leakage

Material - Rubber!

Types of Rubbers!• Natural: naturally obtained!• Synthetic: made in laboratory or factory

generating a variety of kinds

Properties!• hardness may very!• low fragility!• high ductility in high temperature. varies in

cold environment!• high flexibility, plasticity and elasticity!• all rubbers are waterproof!• approx. 1.5 times the density of water!• very poor conductors of heat and electricity!• can be very durable!• high reusability!• embodied energy varies!• normally cost effective!!

Natural Rubber Uses!• seals!• gaskets and control joints!• flooring!• insulation!• housing and piping!!

Synthetic Rubber Types!• EPDM!• NEOPRENE!• SILICONE! Considerations!

• weather related damage!• avoid over-exposure!

Week 8!Doors!

Doors and doorways can provide access from the outside into the internal part of a building as well as passage between internal spaces.

There are many types of doors, which include swinging, bypass sliding, surface sliding, pocket sliding, and folding doors. Each kind of them has its own pros and cons

Windows!

Overview!There are many types and sizes of windows, the choice of which affects not only the physical appearance of a building, but also the natural lighting ventilation, view potential, and spatial quality of the building’s interior spaces. Window frames should have low thermal conductivity or to be constructed to interrupt the flow of heat. Window glazing should retard the transmission of heat and control solar radiation and glare.

Types!• fixed • casement • awning & hopper • sliding • double - hung • jalousie • pivoting

Different Framing Systems!• aluminium windows and frames • steel windows and frames • timber windows and frames • curtain walls

In this week’s studio session, we were asked to draw a 1:1 drawing of a part of the Oval Pavilion Building. Firstly, we work out what structure and materials are used and get the right scale and then, we actually went to that building and to see what it actually looks like. My part of the drawing is a timber framed roof system with a window.

Material - glass!!

Properties!• waterproof!• medium-high density!• transmits heat and light but not electricity!• high hardness!• high fragility!• very low ductility!• very high flexibility and plasticity!• typically very durable!• very high reusability!• typically has high embodied energy and

carbon footprint !• generally expensive to produce and

transport.

Glass is a brittle, hard, chemically inert substance produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabiliser into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallisation. It is used in building construction in various forms such as windows. Float glass is now the most common glass producing method.

Flat Glass!• typically sheets of clear or tinted float,

laminated, tempered, wired.

Shaped Glass!• curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres.

Glazing!• decrease heat and sound

transfer

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Week 9!In this week’s studio session, we went to vist two sites under constructing process. !

site 1!

• metal suspension system• old timber truss

• plasters • different colour represents different

functions • blue for bracing • pink for fire • green for water or wet • white is the normal one

• load bearing brick wall

• This site id built during1880s, which was a Primary School.

• In these pictures, it can be seen that heritage overlays have been kept and minimal changes are made in order to protect this heritage.

Site 2!

• The second site is 2 new apartment buildings

• has 6 and 5 stories for each building!• maximum 120 workers are working

on site

• in situ concrete floor• walls are pre cast

concrete slab

• drilled and filled with concrete

• one side stud wall, the other stops noise vibration go into the wall

• fire rating plasters used along the hall way

• this shows how to connect and reinforce two pre cast concrete walls

• this kind of coving is usually used in kitchen, bathrooms or nursing homes because they are easier to clean

Material - Composite Material!

composite materials are created when two or more materials are combined in a such way that the individual materials remaining easily distinguishable, such as aluminium sandwich panel.

Fibre reinforced cement!• common forms: sheet &board products!• common uses: cladding for exterior or

interior walls, floor panels!• benefits: will not burn, are resistant to

permanent water damage and resistant to rotting and warping.!

• relatively inexpensive

Fibreglass!• common forms: flat and profiled sheet

products!• common uses:transparent roof, wall

cladding, and for performed shaped products !

• benefits: fire resistant, weatherproof, relatively light and strong

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Week 10!Lateral forces!

• Lateral forces can be wind or earthquake forces which act as live loads on the building

• wind forces act on the surface of an object • earthquake forces act on the bases of a

structure • therefore wind has more significant effect

on those buildings which has a larger touching area with the wind and earthquakes have a more considerable impact on those buildings such as towers.

• Solutions - bracing of the building - using shear walls - using moment of resisting frames

Factors to consider when selecting materials!

• health and IEQ(indoor environment quality)!

• water/recycling/recycled!• energy use and embodied energy!• pollution!• life cycle!• material impacts

In this week’s studio session, our 1:1 drawing was presented by using a pin up, which has give us a better understanding about the details of the building and the materials used

Appendix - Workshop!

In the construction workshop, we were asked to design a structure that spans 1000mm and we were allocated by one 1200x3.2x90mm plywood and three 1200x35x35mm pine.

we used the plywood in the middle, which acts as a bracing for the two pines underneath and we cut the other pine to put it on the top.

The maximum load our structure took was 468kg, which was the highest among all of our groups. It eventually failed by splitting up along the grains of the pines underneath. As it is known that the grain of a timber is its weak point, if it is not reinforced, it is very likely to split up along its grain.

If this can be done again, we might use the plywood to reinforce the grains of the pines and pay more attention to where their weak points are.

Group 1 broke in the middle.!

Max. load=280kg


Max. load=84kg, but has the most deflection


Max. load=330kg

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logbook final submission

Documents

structural loads

wind loads

occupancy loads

static loads

movable loads

dynamic loads

stability of tower

structural elements