7.07.0 Affection of the teeth Affection of the teeth and their treatmentand their treatment

Dental formulaDental formulaOf different speciesOf different speciesHorsesHorses:: 2(2(I I 3/3, 3/3, CC 1/1, 1/1, PP 3-4/3, 3-4/3,MM 3/3) 3/3)Cattle/sheep/goat:Cattle/sheep/goat: 2(2(I I 0/4, 0/4, CC 0/0, 0/0,PP 3/3, 3/3,MM 3/3) 3/3)Dog:Dog: 2( 2( II 3/3, 3/3, CC 1/1, 1/1, P P 4/4, 4/4, MM 2/3) 2/3)Cat:Cat: 2( 2( I I 3/3, 3/3, CC 1/1, 1/1, P P 3/2, 3/2, MM 1/1) 1/1)Pig:Pig: 2(2( I I 3/3, 3/3, CC 1/1, 1/1, P P 3-4/3-4, 3-4/3-4, MM 3/3 3/3))

Congenital affectionCongenital affectionssOligodontiaOligodontia:: Reduced number of teethReduced number of teeth

Retained deciduous teethRetained deciduous teeth::

Congenital affections of teeth canCongenital affections of teeth canresults following causes dueresults following causes dueto developmental disturbancesto developmental disturbances..

a)Gemination:a)Gemination: Division of single tooth budDivision of single tooth bud

CONTCONT.,.,

b)Fusionb)Fusion :: Joining of two tooth buds to form a single Joining of two tooth buds to form a single structure structure

c)Concrescencec)Concrescence

Abnormal numberAbnormal number

AnodontiaAnodontia:: complete congenital absence of teethcomplete congenital absence of teeth

Polydontia: Polydontia: supernumerary teethsupernumerary teeth

OligodontiaOligodontia:: congenital absence of one or more teeth.congenital absence of one or more teeth.

Abnormal eruption and Abnormal eruption and exfoliationexfoliation

Retained deciduous teethRetained deciduous teeth : :Seen in Seen in toy toy breeds breeds Delayed exfoliation (falling) of deciduous incisors Delayed exfoliation (falling) of deciduous incisors

and caninesand canines

Embedded or impacted teethEmbedded or impacted teeth:: Individual unerupted tooth because of lack of Individual unerupted tooth because of lack of

eruptive forceeruptive force May lead to dentigerous cyst. May lead to dentigerous cyst.

Abnormal structure:Abnormal structure:Enamel hypoplaciaEnamel hypoplacia : : Incomplete or defective formation of organic Incomplete or defective formation of organic

enamel matrix of teeth. enamel matrix of teeth.

Causes:Causes: Infectious or non infectious.Infectious or non infectious.SymptomsSymptoms:: Irregular enamel ,irregular pits.Irregular enamel ,irregular pits.

Odontogenesis imperfectaOdontogenesis imperfecta:: (odontodysplacia) (odontodysplacia) Is a condition where shape of the tooth is Is a condition where shape of the tooth is

markedly altered and irregular markedly altered and irregular

Tetracycline stainingTetracycline staining::

Tetracycline administered during tooth Tetracycline administered during tooth development becomes development becomes incorporated in enamel incorporated in enamel and dentin and cause permanent brown yellow and dentin and cause permanent brown yellow orange discolorationorange discoloration. .

Cont.,Cont.,

Tetracycline's shouldn’t be administered below Tetracycline's shouldn’t be administered below 5 months5 months of age. of age.

In In pregnant pregnant animals.animals.

Attrition:Attrition: wearing away of dental substance due to occlusal wearing away of dental substance due to occlusal

contact and mastication. contact and mastication.

It’s a normal and physiological condition, associated with It’s a normal and physiological condition, associated with ageing; due to malocclusionageing; due to malocclusion

Sharp teeth (molars)Sharp teeth (molars)

common condition seen in common condition seen in cattle, buffalo, cattle, buffalo, camels and horses. camels and horses.

Sharpness is seen in outer border of Sharpness is seen in outer border of upper upper molars and inner border of lower molars.molars and inner border of lower molars.

This is due to This is due to improper wearingimproper wearing of teeth of teeth Sharp border may cause Sharp border may cause injuryinjury to cheek and tongue to cheek and tongue

Cont.,Cont.,

Symptoms:Symptoms:

• Pain Pain • Improper grindingImproper grinding of food.of food.• Quidding of partially chewed fodder.Quidding of partially chewed fodder.• Foaming of saliva at commissure.Foaming of saliva at commissure.• Food accumulation between cheek and molarsFood accumulation between cheek and molars• Wounds and ulcers in buccal mucosa Wounds and ulcers in buccal mucosa

TreatmentTreatment:: Using Using mouth gagmouth gag ,rasping is performed by ,rasping is performed by Dental Dental floatfloat Use of Use of tooth cuttertooth cutter, application of , application of emollients-glycerinemollients-glycerin

Shears mouth (overlapping molars)Shears mouth (overlapping molars)

The outer border of the tables of upper cheek teeth and The outer border of the tables of upper cheek teeth and inner border of lower cheek teeth becomes very inner border of lower cheek teeth becomes very prominent like blades of shears.prominent like blades of shears.

TreatmentTreatment:: Periodic Rasping.Periodic Rasping.

Smooth mouthSmooth mouth

Caused by excessive wearing of teeth. Caused by excessive wearing of teeth. Interferes with mastication and animal looses Interferes with mastication and animal looses

general condition.general condition.

Treatment:Treatment: soft diet soft diet

Step formed mouthStep formed mouth

Abrupt variations in the height of adjacent Abrupt variations in the height of adjacent teeth due to defective growth or extraction teeth due to defective growth or extraction of a tooth or consequent overgrowth of of a tooth or consequent overgrowth of opposite teeth. opposite teeth.

Condition compromises chewingCondition compromises chewing..

TreatmentTreatment:: Cutting and raspingCutting and rasping

Wave formed mouthWave formed mouth

Abnormal wearing of teeth; where cheek teeth Abnormal wearing of teeth; where cheek teeth form an uneven or undulating arcadeform an uneven or undulating arcade

TreatmentTreatment:: cutting and rasping cutting and rasping

PrognosisPrognosis:: guardedguarded

Dental tartar (Dental calculus)Dental tartar (Dental calculus)

It is a mixture of It is a mixture of calcium phosphatecalcium phosphate and and carbonatecarbonate with other with other organic materials.organic materials.

Cont.,Cont.,

o It is It is grayish browngrayish brown or or grayish yellowgrayish yellow deposit seen deposit seen accumulated on the teeth.accumulated on the teeth.

o It composes of It composes of bacteria bacteria and and organic matterorganic matter . .

o Common in dogs and cats, but rare in herbivores.Common in dogs and cats, but rare in herbivores.

o Dental tartar predisposes teeth to Dental tartar predisposes teeth to caries, alveolar caries, alveolar perisotitis and then gingivitis.perisotitis and then gingivitis.

CONTCONT.,.,SymptomsSymptoms:: Deposit on tooth and halitosisDeposit on tooth and halitosis TreatmentTreatment:: Dental scalingDental scaling

Dental cariesDental caries Progressive disintegration of the enamel and Progressive disintegration of the enamel and

dentine seen between 3 to 7 years of age. dentine seen between 3 to 7 years of age.

Caries is a microbial disease of calcified tissues Caries is a microbial disease of calcified tissues of the toothof the tooth

CONT.,CONT.,

Characterized by:Characterized by: Demineralization of the inorganic portion Demineralization of the inorganic portion Destruction of the organic substance of the tooth Destruction of the organic substance of the tooth

SymptomsSymptoms:: Difficulty in eating and chewing food, Difficulty in eating and chewing food, Halitosis.Halitosis. presence of tartar and grunting presence of tartar and grunting

TreatmentTreatment:: Dental extractionDental extraction

OdontomaOdontoma

It is a tumor in which both the It is a tumor in which both the epithelial and epithelial and mesenchymal cells are well differentiated mesenchymal cells are well differentiated resulting in formation of all types of dental resulting in formation of all types of dental tissue.tissue.

Sporadically observed in Sporadically observed in cattle, buffalo, sheep, cattle, buffalo, sheep, dog and cat dog and cat

• Tumuor may seen in Tumuor may seen in maxilla / mandible and commonly maxilla / mandible and commonly lower jaw. lower jaw.

• In advanced cases In advanced cases loose incisorsloose incisors are often embedded are often embedded tumor mass.tumor mass.

TreatmentTreatment::

Curetting and chiseling the mass under Local Curetting and chiseling the mass under Local Analgesia/General AnesthesiaAnalgesia/General Anesthesia

Cont.,Cont.,

Adamantinoma (Ameloblastoma)Adamantinoma (Ameloblastoma)

Tumour doesn’t arise from ameloblasts, but from Tumour doesn’t arise from ameloblasts, but from odontogenic epithelial remnants.odontogenic epithelial remnants.

Seen in Seen in cattle, buffalo, sheep, dog and catcattle, buffalo, sheep, dog and cat. .

Rostral maxillaRostral maxilla is the common site. is the common site.

Difficulty in Difficulty in mastication.mastication. If mandibular symphysis is involved prognosis is If mandibular symphysis is involved prognosis is gravegrave..

Radiography reveals Radiography reveals lytic changes of the bone.lytic changes of the bone.

CONT.,CONT.,

TreatmentTreatment:: ExcisionExcision

Dentigenous cystDentigenous cyst

Special form of dental Special form of dental teratomateratoma characterized bycharacterized by : :• Presence of dental tissue at the base of draining tract.Presence of dental tissue at the base of draining tract.• Lesions appear as a fluctuating swelling often associated Lesions appear as a fluctuating swelling often associated

with a fistula.with a fistula.

TreatmentTreatment:: ExcisionExcision

Periodontal diseasePeriodontal disease

It is an oral infection resulting from the chronic It is an oral infection resulting from the chronic retention of bacteria at the junction of tooth and retention of bacteria at the junction of tooth and gingiva leading to gingivitis and peridontitis may gingiva leading to gingivitis and peridontitis may develop around the teeth.develop around the teeth.

PeridontitisPeridontitis

Loss of supporting alveolar bone and destruction Loss of supporting alveolar bone and destruction of fibrous connective tissue at neck of fibrous connective tissue at neck

It is a slow progressive asymptomatic infection It is a slow progressive asymptomatic infection that causes that causes destruction of tooth supportingdestruction of tooth supporting tissuetissue rather than the tooth itself. rather than the tooth itself.

SymptomsSymptoms:: • Gingivitis.Gingivitis.• Difficulty in chewing etc.Difficulty in chewing etc.

CONT.,CONT.,

Treatment:Treatment:Preventive therapy:Preventive therapy: Oral hygiene like brushing, Oral hygiene like brushing, Antiseptic mouth rinse etcAntiseptic mouth rinse etc

Surgery:Surgery: Root debridementRoot debridement GingivectomyGingivectomy GingivoplastyGingivoplasty Periodontal prosthesisPeriodontal prosthesis

BishopingBishoping

It is a malpractice inIt is a malpractice in horse horse trade. trade.

where infundibular marks are artificially made in where infundibular marks are artificially made in an aged horse so as to make it look younger.an aged horse so as to make it look younger.

Marks are made with Marks are made with silver nitratesilver nitrate..

This can be easily This can be easily detected by noting detected by noting the shape of the tablethe shape of the table surface of the tooth. surface of the tooth.

In young animalIn young animal -oval sideways -oval sideways In aged animalsIn aged animals - triangular - triangular In very old animalIn very old animal - oval anterior-posterior - oval anterior-posterior or circular in shape.or circular in shape.