7 nanosensors
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NANOBIOSENSORSbiosensors on the nano-scale size
![Page 2: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BIOSENSORS• A device incorporating a biological sensing
element either intimately connected to or integrated within a transducer.
• Recognition based on affinity between complementary structures like:
enzyme-substrate, antibody-antigen , receptor-hormone complex.
• Selectivity and specificity depend on biological recognition systems connected to a suitable transducer.
![Page 3: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Biosensor Development• 1916 First report on the immobilization of proteins: adsorption of
invertase on activated charcoal.• 1956 Invention of the first oxygen electrode [Leland Clark]• 1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme electrode
for glucose. [Leland Clark, New York Academy of Sciences Symposium]• 1969 First potentiometric biosensor: urease immobilized on an ammonia
electrode to detect urea. [Guilbault and Montalvo]• 1970 Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET).• 1972/5 First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose
biosensor.• 1976 First bedside artificial pancreas [Clemens et al.] • 1980 First fiber optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases.• 1982 First fiber optic-based biosensor for glucose• 1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor.• 1987 Launch of the blood glucose biosensor[ MediSense]
![Page 7: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Theory
![Page 8: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Biosensors
Bio-receptor Transducer
Molecular
Cell
Bio-mimetic
Optical
Electrical
Mechanical
DNA
Protein
Glucose
Etc….. Electronic
Electrochemical
Bio-luminescence
Photoluminescence
Resonance
Bending
![Page 9: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Bio-receptor/ analyte complexes
• Antibody/antigen interactions,• Nucleic acid interactions • Enzymatic interactions• Cellular interactions • Interactions using bio-mimetic materials(e.g. synthetic bio-receptors).
![Page 10: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Signal transduction methods
1. Optical measurements - luminescence, absorption, surface plasmon resonance
2. Electrochemical - potentiometric, amperometric, etc.
3. Electrical – transistors, nano-wires, conductive gels etc.
4. Mass-sensitive measurements- surface acoustic wave, microcantilever, microbalance, etc.).
![Page 11: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Electrical sensing Nano-bio interfacing how to translate the biological information onto electrical signal ?
• Electrochemical– Redox reactions
• Electrical– FET(Nano wires; Conducting Electro-active Polymers)
![Page 12: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Electrical sensorsFET based methods – FET – Field Effect Transistors
ISFET – Ion Sensitive FET
CHEMFET – Chemically Sensitive FET
SAM-FET – Self Assembly Monolayer Based FET
K Corrente elettrica+ + + + ++ + + + ++ + + + +
![Page 13: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Nanowires BiosensorsField Effect
Nanobiosensors (FET)
• Functionalize the nano-wires
• Binding to bio-molecules will affect the nano-wires conductivity.
![Page 14: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nanowire Field Effect Nanobiosensors (FET)
Sensing Element Semiconductor channel (nanowire) of the transistor.
• The semiconductor channel is fabricated using nanomaterials such carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanowires or Si nanowires.
• Very high surface to volume radio and very large portion of the atoms are located on the surface. Extremely sensitive to environment
![Page 15: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NANOWIRE
![Page 16: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NANOTUBE
![Page 17: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NW grow across gap between electrodesGrowing NW connect to the second electrode
![Page 21: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Form trench in Si andDeposit catalyst
NW grows perpendicular
NW connects to opposite sidewall
![Page 22: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Schematic shows two nanowire devices, 1 and 2, where the nanowires are modified with different antibody receptors. Specific binding of a single virus to the receptors on nanowire 2 produces a conductance change (Right) characteristic of the surface charge of the virus only in nanowire 2. When the virus unbinds from the surface the conductance returns to the baseline value.
![Page 25: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Other optical methods
• Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
![Page 34: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
![Page 35: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Mechanical sensing
Cantilever-based sensing
![Page 36: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Detection of biomolecules bysimple mechanical transduction:
- cantilever surface is coveredby receptor layer(functionalization)
- biomolecular interactionbetween receptor andtarget molecules(molecular recognition)
- interaction between adsorbed molecules induces surface stress change
bending of cantilever
target molecule
receptor molecule
gold
SiNx cantilever
deflection dtarget binding
Bio-molecule sensing
![Page 38: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
f
A
A
f
eff1 m
k
2
1f
mm
k
2
1f
eff2 m
f2
A mass sensitive resonator transforms an additional mass loading into a resonance frequency shift mass sensor
f1
f1
f2
B. Kim et al, Institut für Angewandte Physik - Universität Tübingen
resonance frequency mass-sensitive detector
![Page 40: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Magnetic sensing
• magnetic fields to sense magnetic nano-particles that have been attached to biological molecules.
![Page 41: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Stabilization of Magnetic Particles with various Streptavidin Conc.
10 min reaction
1 ng/ml 100 ng/ml 100 mg/mlNone
Anti-analyte Antibody
5 min deposition
Cleaning
Magnetic nano -particle
Analyte
T. Osaka, 2006
Ligand-functionalized
![Page 42: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Magnetic sensing
Magnetic head
Magnetic field sensor
Sensing plate
Magnetic sensing
Activated pixel
Idle pixel
![Page 43: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Magnetic-optic sensing
Sensing plate
Activated pixel
Idle pixel
Light source
Polarizer
Polarization DetectorOptics
![Page 44: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Applications of NanobiosensorsBiological Applications• DNA Sensors; Genetic monitoring, disease• Immunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas, drug testing,
environmental monitoring…• Cell-based Sensors; functional sensors, drug testing…• Point-of-care sensors; blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids,
drugs, hormones, proteins, other…• Bacteria Sensors; (E-coli, streptococcus, other): food industry,
medicine, environmental, other.• Enzyme sensors; diabetics, drug testing, other.Environmental Applications• Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity• Agricultural monitoring• Ground water screening • Ocean monitoring
![Page 45: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
laser
sensitive layer 2
positionsensitivedetector
I/U-converter
+
-
FFT:
sensitivelayer 1
signal analyser
measurementcell
cylindrical lens
Optical detection of analyte binding
![Page 46: 7 nanosensors](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051314/54b7ee524a79593d748b45d2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Fluorescence sensors
• Biological materials – using photo-biochemical reaction – – Photo induced luminescence – photoluminescence –
example: Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP)– Chemically induced florescence – Bioluminescence -
Example: Lux
• Physical effects – Luminescence from nano-structured materials– Semiconductor nano-particles,