8. Supplementary materials

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Appendix A – Growth in studies relating traits to extinction risk in relation with the growth of the conservation field in general

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Figure A.1: Cumulative number of publications included in the review (either including: all publications–Total; only publications whose response variable is based on redlist categories – Only Redlists; all publications except redlist-based ones– Excluding Redlists) per 1000 hits in the field of nature conservation up until each year. The number of publications published in biodiversity or nature conservation was obtained with a search in Web of Science with the keywords “Title = ‘biodiversity’ OR ‘nature conservation’ OR Topic =’biodiversity’ OR ‘nature conservation’”. The keywords used are the same as in Henle et al., 2012. Data from 2018 is not plotted here since at the time of our literature search the year 2018 was not yet complete.

References

Henle, K., Bell, S., Brotons, L., Clobert, J., Evans, D., Goerg, C., Grodzinska-Jurcak, M., Gruber, B., Haila, Y., Henry, P.-Y., Huth, A., Julliard, R., Keil, P., Kleyer, M., Kotze, D.J., et al. (2012) Nature Conservation – a new dimension in Open Access publishing bridging science and application. Nature Conservation 1, 1–10.

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Appendix B – List of all studies and traits included in the analyses

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Table B.1: List of all traits (unified traits, after joining together traits with different names but depicting a similar phenomenon), as well as the number of studies and measurements (the number of measurements corresponds to the total number of statistical coefficients of each trait, usually corresponding to the number of statistical tests for that trait) for each of the traits, and the reference in which they appear (see below). CSR: C – S – R Triangle theory (Competitive – Stress tolerant – Ruderal).

Trait Number of studies

Number of measurements

Reference Number

Accessibility 2 25 3, 16Active dispersion 1 8 120Age at dispersal 1 2 69Age at eye opening 3 21 25, 26, 69Air-breathing capability 1 2 59Altitude 16 102 3, 15, 16, 20, 54, 66, 85, 90, 98, 100, 104,

107, 150, 152, 159, 169Altitude range 7 37 54, 85, 98, 100, 106, 123, 155Altitudinal range shift 1 2 50Ambush predation 1 2 141Amount of floral reward 1 4 62Annual productivity range 1 1 38Body armour 1 6 20Body shape 2 10 66, 171Body size 141 700 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23,

24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173

Body size at weaning 2 3 39, 69Body size variability 1 22 64Brain size 6 53 1, 65, 134, 154, 162, 168Change in human population density

3 21 25, 26, 102

Chela shape 1 18 15Chela size 1 18 15Chemical defence 1 3 6Circadian period 17 63 25, 26, 27, 38, 40, 42, 69, 70, 96, 98, 100,

106, 120, 130, 140, 143, 164Circadian range 1 4 93Climate range 2 8 18, 169Clutch volume 1 2 90Colour detectability category

2 4 10, 86

Colour pattern variability 1 4 14Competitor richness 4 30 59, 82, 86, 120Compound metrics 6 66 9, 46, 87, 98, 148, 169Considered a pest 1 10 120

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Controlled by man 1 10 120Corolla segmentation 1 3 159Country responsible for management

1 4 131

CSR competitiveness 1 3 167CSR ruderality 2 6 52, 167CSR strategy 1 2 91CSR stress tolerance 1 3 167Depending on symbioses 1 23 120Development type 13 57 3, 7, 16, 55, 70, 72, 88, 98, 119, 120, 141,

163, 168Diaspore mass 1 3 92Diaspore type 2 6 62, 91Diet breadth 35 153 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 19, 25, 26, 39, 43, 52, 56,

63, 69, 71, 76, 86, 88, 93, 96, 98, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 120, 123, 125, 130, 139, 141, 148, 158, 170

Diet type 49 236 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 25, 26, 27, 29, 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 49, 59, 67, 69, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 90, 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 106, 112, 120, 121, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 140, 141, 142, 152, 157, 158, 163, 168, 173

Direct exploitation 13 65 3, 11, 21, 34, 48, 77, 83, 102, 106, 120, 131, 132, 173

Dispersal ability 21 95 9, 13, 20, 32, 45, 46, 56, 66, 77, 110, 118, 120, 125, 128, 129, 147, 162, 167, 168, 172, 173

Dispersal agent 8 36 94, 120, 147, 150, 156, 165, 166, 171Duration of flight period 8 22 9, 14, 22, 76, 110, 111, 137, 160Duration of reproductive season

10 34 8, 29, 66, 71, 83, 88, 91, 127, 159, 168

Economic value 1 2 61Egg adhesion 1 4 29Egg buoyancy 1 4 29Egg/neonatal size 21 81 3, 25, 26, 43, 45, 46, 64, 66, 69, 82, 87, 90,

101, 117, 119, 127, 131, 132, 134, 141, 168Egg/neonatal size variability

1 8 64

Egg-laying behaviour 1 3 86Endemism 4 25 44, 45, 94, 120Endotherm 1 10 120Evapotranspiration 6 41 25, 26, 33, 35, 98, 169Evolutionary plasticity 2 18 82, 120Fecundity 73 434 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 25, 26, 27,

29, 32, 33, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 90, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 106, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163, 168, 173

Fecundity variability 2 22 64, 168Fertilization mode 8 43 62, 90, 118, 150, 156, 166, 171, 172Fledgling duration 4 13 71, 90, 128, 134Flight period to adult life span

1 2 22

Floral colour 2 7 150, 159

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Floral display 1 3 20Floral shape 1 10 159Floral size 1 6 159Forearm length 1 8 64Forearm length variability 1 8 64Fruit dehiscence 2 7 20, 62Functional reproductive unit 1 4 159Generation length 41 239 3, 4, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 55, 61, 63,

64, 66, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 88, 93, 95, 96, 101, 107, 108, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 139, 140, 142, 168

Generation length variability

1 17 64

Geographic origin 2 19 91, 120Geographical range size 81 377 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 26,

27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 117, 119, 120, 123, 130, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 164, 168, 171, 172, 173

Geographical range size change

3 4 56, 72, 123

Geographical range size of host

1 1 111

Gestation/incubation length 19 117 3, 25, 26, 27, 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 81, 87, 90, 96, 103, 134, 139, 140

Gestation/incubation length variability

1 8 64

Gonad size 5 20 102, 114, 115, 117, 119Gross domestic product 2 10 139, 163Habitat breadth 54 258 2, 4, 15, 16, 18, 25, 26, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49,

54, 56, 61, 63, 69, 71, 77, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104, 106, 110, 122, 123, 126, 130, 133, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 149, 150, 153, 154, 158, 160, 161, 164, 168, 172, 173

Habitat type 56 364 2, 4, 7, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 52, 54, 55, 59, 69, 70, 72, 77, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 100, 105, 106, 119, 120, 127, 129, 130, 134, 135, 142, 143, 150, 151, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 168

Historical geographical range size

4 10 45, 49, 69, 163

Home range size 17 81 13, 23, 25, 26, 27, 33, 38, 40, 64, 67, 69, 84, 96, 103, 130, 139, 140

Home range size variability 1 8 64Human footprint 7 34 16, 37, 39, 43, 98, 103, 164Human night-time lights 1 1 38Human population density 14 167 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 33, 37, 38, 84, 85, 139,

163, 164, 169Human resource intake 2 90 15, 85Humidity 1 1 72Incubating sex 1 1 128

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Insularity 13 83 16, 25, 26, 27, 37, 38, 40, 81, 82, 140, 155, 163, 167

Interbirth interval 11 63 25, 26, 27, 33, 55, 64, 69, 73, 130, 139, 140Interbirth interval variability 1 8 64Internal or external fertilization

1 1 72

Investment in reproduction 3 11 4, 73, 90Land-use change 4 16 37, 43, 102, 164Land-use proportion 11 102 15, 16, 38, 43, 98, 117, 119, 120, 143, 163,

169Larval body size 1 2 66Leaf length 1 3 20Leaf mass per unit area 1 1 113Leaf water content 1 1 113Length of corolla tube 1 4 159Location 39 156 3, 7, 8, 16, 25, 26, 38, 42, 44, 50, 61, 67,

70, 72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 100, 102, 104, 105, 116, 121, 127, 137, 142, 159, 162, 163, 166, 168, 170, 171

Location change 2 26 77, 120Longevity 24 61 3, 20, 22, 34, 50, 51, 55, 61, 66, 71, 88, 94,

101, 113, 118, 125, 127, 132, 138, 139, 147, 150, 151, 172

Male combat 1 2 141Male horn length 1 2 21Mass-specific metabolic rate

3 12 38, 40, 68

Microhabitat breadth 1 4 76Microhabitat type 36 302 4, 7, 8, 15, 17, 25, 26, 34, 46, 47, 54, 59,

69, 70, 72, 80, 82, 88, 91, 95, 96, 98, 108, 120, 127, 138, 142, 143, 147, 150, 152, 167, 169, 171, 172, 173

Migration distance 24 90 2, 4, 7, 36, 39, 50, 67, 71, 73, 77, 78, 86, 87, 90, 93, 102, 106, 127, 134, 153, 154, 162, 168, 173

Monogamy 7 12 2, 7, 11, 61, 103, 115, 139Mouth brooding 1 1 11Nest guarding 3 6 11, 88, 125Nest habitat 5 23 61, 67, 137, 143, 162Nest microhabitat 20 75 2, 4, 45, 56, 68, 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 88, 98,

108, 127, 128, 142, 143, 157, 162, 168Nest vulnerability 2 6 56, 173Niche uniqueness 1 2 154Number of reproductive years

1 17 120

Number of teats 1 8 64Number of teats variability 1 8 64Overwintering stage 11 34 9, 14, 46, 52, 76, 110, 111, 112, 120, 123,

137Parental care 10 25 7, 29, 66, 72, 73, 88, 125, 127, 143, 168Plant coverage 1 3 92Plant growth form 13 46 20, 94, 97, 118, 120, 150, 151, 156, 159,

165, 166, 167, 171Ploidy 1 2 151Ploidy variability 1 3 151Plumage polymorphism 1 2 90

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Pollen vector 9 27 62, 91, 94, 118, 120, 147, 150, 151, 156Pollution tolerance 1 2 120Population abundance 6 29 52, 93, 102, 119, 162, 168Population density 18 82 9, 25, 26, 27, 38, 40, 53, 64, 65, 67, 69, 90,

96, 135, 139, 140, 150, 153Population density variability

1 13 64

Population growth rate 6 21 55, 74, 75, 83, 131, 132Population juvenile ratio 1 2 141Population level sex ratio 1 2 141Precipitation 16 107 15, 16, 25, 26, 33, 35, 46, 49, 71, 80, 93,

95, 116, 153, 164, 169Precipitation range 6 27 15, 103, 141, 163, 164, 169Predator type 1 2 127Productivity within range 6 32 16, 38, 39, 43, 90, 169Proportion of range protected

2 10 37, 43

Protection status 1 2 93Rate of climatic niche evolution

1 4 93

Rate of diversification 2 10 41, 136Rate of habitat niche evolution

1 4 93

Rate of trophic niche evolution

1 4 93

Reproduction type (sexual or asexual)

11 46 34, 62, 91, 113, 120, 147, 159, 163, 167, 171, 172

Reproductive area 1 10 120Seasonality of reproduction 2 5 72, 143Seed bank longevity 3 9 120, 147, 172Seed size 5 17 20, 118, 147, 151, 171Sex change 1 1 11Sexual dimorphism 10 37 21, 82, 86, 90, 103, 114, 115, 128, 141, 157Shelter use 1 5 99Social group size 12 85 25, 26, 27, 38, 39, 40, 64, 69, 81, 103, 139,

140Social group size variability 1 8 64Sociality 10 33 2, 8, 27, 40, 67, 86, 120, 127, 168, 173Spawning aggregation 2 2 11, 104Specific leaf area 1 3 92Spire index 1 9 30Survivability 2 2 13, 71Tail length 1 2 90Taxon age 5 17 41, 57, 79, 91, 107Taxon richness 2 5 41, 79Taxonomic group 16 38 11, 16, 25, 37, 38, 39, 43, 48, 52, 72, 88,

89, 120, 121, 140, 143Temperature 27 165 15, 16, 17, 25, 26, 29, 33, 35, 46, 48, 50,

61, 66, 71, 77, 78, 87, 88, 89, 93, 138, 153, 162, 164, 167, 168, 169

Temperature for breeding 3 9 29, 88, 127Temperature range 12 53 15, 46, 77, 78, 98, 103, 131, 141, 145, 163,

164, 169Threat breadth 3 26 16, 102, 107Threat range 9 77 25, 26, 49, 85, 102, 106, 117, 119, 164Threat type 7 131 5, 15, 16, 34, 102, 106, 163

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Timing of migration 1 2 168Timing of reproductive season

9 40 83, 87, 88, 92, 120, 127, 143, 147, 168

Tongue length 1 1 5Torpor/hibernation 3 54 67, 68, 99Vegetative resprouting capacity

2 2 156, 165

Water balance within range 1 2 169Weaning age 10 76 25, 26, 43, 53, 63, 64, 65, 69, 135, 139Weaning age variability 1 13 64Wing shape 3 13 60, 81, 148Wing size 13 47 10, 14, 42, 46, 52, 60, 71, 81, 82, 89, 90,

148, 160Wingtip shape 1 2 148Wingtip size 1 4 148Winter leaf carrying 1 7 120

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Table B.2: List of all traits (unified traits) and their corresponding original traits.

Trait Original Trait

Accessibility Accessibility; road density

Active dispersion Active dispersion

Age at dispersal Age of dispersal

Age at eye opening Age at eye opening; age when eyes open

Air-breathing capability Air-breathing capability

Altitude Altitudinal range; breeding altitude; depth midpoint; elevation; elevational distribution; elevational distribution preference; max depth; maximum altitude; maximum elevation; mean elevation; minimum altitude; minimum elevation

Altitude range Altitudinal range; elevation range; elevational amplitude distribution; elevational range; potential elevation range

Altitudinal range shift Altitudinal range shift

Ambush predation Ambush predation

Amount of floral reward Amount of floral reward

Annual productivity range

Variation in annual productivity

Body armour Armament; indumentum (hairs)

Body shape Shape factor; spread

Body size Adult body length; adult body mass; adult body size; adult mass; adult size; adult snout-vent length; average body mass; average female body mass; average male body mass; body length; body mass; body size; body size/mass; body weight; body width; female body mass; female body size; female length; female length at maturation; female snout-vent length at maturation (%); head-body length; height; height class; length; length at maturity; male body mass; male snout-vent length at maturation (%); mass; mass of female; mass of male; max size; maximum adult body size; maximum body size; maximum diameter; maximum height; maximum length; maximum Length; maximum size; maximum total body length; maximum total length; mean body mass; mean body size; mean body weight; minimum diameter; minimum height; minimum total length at maturity; plant height; reproductive length; size at maturation; size at maturity; size class; size rank; snout-vent length; species-specific body mass; thorax length; weight

Body size at weaning Body mass at weaning

Body size variability Variation in Adult body length; variation in adult body mass

Brain size Adult brain mass; average brain size; relative brain size; relative brain stem size; relative cerebellum size; relative encephalization; relative optical lobe size; relative telencephalon size; residual brain mass

Change in human population density

Change in human population density; human population density rate of increase; human population density rate of increase

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Chela shape Chela shape

Chela size Chela size

Chemical defence Chemical defense

Circadian period Activity; activity cycle; activity period; activity phase; activity timing; adult activity; diurnal; diurnality

Circadian range Foraging period

Climate range Climate stability; climate tolerance

Clutch volume Clutch volume

Colour detectability category

Adult conspicuousness; color category

Colour pattern variability

Variable or non-variable colour pattern

Competitor richness Congenor density; number of congeners; number of species in genus; number of species in genus in Europe; overlap

Compound metrics cluster containing the traits: mass, wing-loading, aspect ratio, wing-tip length; cluster containing the traits: wingtip area and wingtip length; latent variable containing the traits: body mass, diet type and forage height class; latent variable containing the traits: seasonality and actual evapotranspiration; latent variable containing the traits: body mass and development mode; principal component analysis axis containing mostly annual temperature range, annual temperature precipitation and species temperature index; principal component analysis (PCA) axis containing mostly species temperature index, soil water content, annual precipitation; PCA axis containing mostly vagrancy, voltinism, overwintering stage; PCA axis containing mostly wingspan and egg volume; PCA axis containing mostly food plant specialization; PCA axis containing mostly body mass, length of incubation and egg mass; PCA axis containing climatic niche position and energy allocation to breeding attempts; PCA axis containing environmental variables; PCA axis containing 16 continuous measurements of climate and topography across species ranges

Considered a pest Considered a pest

Controlled by man Controlled by man

Corolla segmentation Corolla segmentation

Country responsible for management

Management

CSR competitiveness Competitiveness

CSR ruderality Ruderal status; ruderality

CSR strategy Strategy

CSR stress tolerance Stress tolerance

Depending on symbioses

Depending on symbioses

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Development type Altricial or precocial; chick development; development mode; larval mode; live young or eggs; Non-adult stages morphologically different; offspring development; reproductive mode

Diaspore mass Diaspore mass

Diaspore type Diaspore type

Diet breadth diet; diet breadth; diet diversity index; diet specialization; dietary niche breadth; dietary specialization; foraging strategy; Herbivores depending on; host plant niche breadth; host specificity; larval-host-plant specificity; larval diet breadth; larval host-plant specificity; larval host plants; larval specificity; number of food types consumed; number of native host genera; parasites depending on; PCA axis: generalist-specialist continuum; Predators depending on; trophic niche

Diet type Algivory; average trophic group; birds in diet (%); detritivory; diet; diet category; diet class; diet type; feeding guild; feeding mode; feeding type; flower visitor; food; adults; non-adults; foraging habitat and diet; frogs in diet (%); fruit; seeds; nectar; vegetation; animals; functional group; herbivore diet; herbivory; host growth form; host plant form; host plant type; host tree; hunting method; invertivory; main diet of adults during the breeding season; mammal and bird prey; mammals in diet (%); mean trophic level; parasitism; percent fruit/seeds in diet; percent leaves in diet; percent mature leaves in diet; percentage of frugivory; piscivory; prey size; primary diet type; reptiles in diet (%); trophic category; trophic group; trophic guild; trophic habits; trophic level

Direct exploitation Accidental mortality; artisanal fishing; bycatch; commercial fisheries interest; dangerous; direct & indirect harvesting; duration of overfishing; fishery initiation; fishing intensity density; game fish; game fishing; harvested/hunted by man; hunting or trapping; hunting status; hunting vulnerability; maximum fishing pressure; ornamental trade; recreational fishing; relative fishing mortality; relative fishing mortality rate; threatened by overexploitation; trophy species; trophy value

Dispersal ability Ability to fly; average dispersal distance; breeding dispersal capacity; dispersal; dispersal ability; dispersal distance; dispersal potential; dispersal ratio; dispersion capacity; flight distance; flightlessness; flying; mobility; motility level; natal dispersal capacity; natal dispersal distances; presence of hooks on the fruit; swimming factor; terminal velocity; vagrancy

Dispersal agent Dispersal agent; dispersal mechanism; dispersal mode; dispersion of seeds; fleshy fruits; fruit type; fruit/seed dispersal mechanism; passive dispersion

Duration of flight period Adult activity period; duration of adult flight activity period; flight duration; flight period; flight period duration; flight period length; length of flight period

Duration of reproductive season

Duration of breeding; duration of flowering; flowering duration; flowering season; length of territorial activity; length of the breeding season; phenological breadth; spawn time; spawning duration; spawning season duration

Economic value Economic Value

Egg adhesion Egg adhesion

Egg buoyancy Egg buoyancy

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Egg/neonatal size Average egg mass; body mass - neonatal; egg diameter; egg length; egg mass; egg ratio; egg size; egg volume; neonatal mass; neonate body mass; neonate size; ova size; size of eggs or offspring

Egg/neonatal size variability

Variation in neonate body mass

Egg-laying behaviour Egg-laying behaviour

Endemism Endemic; endemism; endemism class; level of endemism

Endotherm Endotherm

Evapotranspiration Actual evapotranspiration; annual evapotranspiration; evapotranspiration; mean potential evapotranspiration rate

Evolutionary plasticity Number of sub-species; number of subspecies in Europe

Fecundity Absolute batch fecundity; annual fecundity; annual productivity; annual productivity; average brood size; average clutch size; average number of broods per year; breeds; brood number; clutch; clutch size; egg number; fecundity; fertility; litter; litter size; litters per year; maximum clutch size; mean clutch size; minimum clutch size; multibrooded; no. of broods per year; number of births per year; number of broods per year; number of clutches; number of eggs or litter size; number of generations per year; number of offspring per reproductive bout; number of offspring per year; number of offspring per year; ovarian clutch size; productivity; relative batch fecundity; relative reproductive potential; reproductive output; reproductive rate; residual log-clutch size vs log snout-vent length; seeds per shoot; total seed mass per shoot; typical number of broods; voltinism

Fecundity variability Clutch size flexibility; variability in litter size; variability in litters per year

Fertilization mode Breeding system; dichogamy; dicliny; dimorphism; dioecy; fertilization; mating system; self-compatibility; sexual system

Fledgling duration Fledging period; fledging time; nesting period; number of fledging days

Flight period to adult life span

Temporal fragmentation index

Floral colour Floral color; flower color

Floral display Floral display

Floral shape Floral complexity index; Floral shape; Floral symmetry

Floral size Floral size

Forearm length Adult forearm length

Forearm length variability

Variation in adult forearm length

Fruit dehiscence Fruit dehiscence; fruit type

Functional reproductive unit

Functional reproductive unit

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Generation length Age at first birth; age at first breeding; age at first reproduction; age at maturation; age at maturity; age at sexual maturity; age of maturity; female age at maturation; female maturity; generation length; generation time; life-history strategy; maturation age; mean age at maturity; minimum age at maturity; reproductive age; residual generation time; sexual maturity age; years before reproduction

Generation length variability

Variation in Sexual maturity age

Geographic origin Floristic element; origin

Geographical range size

Area; area of occupancy; area of occupancy in sweden; border of range through the Netherlands; breeding distribution; breeding range size; country; commonness 1950-90; distribution area; distribution breadth; distribution status; english range; english range size; extent of occurrence; geographic dispersion; geographic distribution; geographic range; Geographic range area; geographic range size; geographical distribution; geographical range; geographical range area; geographical range size; geographical range size - present; global extent of occurrence; island range; latitudinal distribution range; local geographical range; local range; maximal distance; native geographical range; number of regions; number of islands occupied; number of native drainages occupied; number of native physiographic provinces occupied; number of zoogeographical regions; range; range-restricted status; range size; rarity in europe; rarity in The Netherlands; regional area of occupancy; regional geographic range; restricted range/endemism; total extent of latitudinal range

Geographical range size change

Distributional change; future threat; percent range lost

Geographical range size of host

Larval host plant distribution

Gestation/incubation length

Gestation length; gestation time; incubation period; incubation time; length of gestation; length of incubation; number of incubation days

Gestation/incubation length variability

Variation in gestation length

Gonad size Relative testes size; residual testes size; testes mass; testes size; testis mass

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product; gross national income

Habitat breadth Adult habitat breadth; breeding habitat diversity; degree of habitat specialization; habitat breadth; habitat diversity; habitat generalism; habitat niche; habitat range; habitat specialist; habitat specialization; habitat specificity; habitat tolerance; habitat types used; habitat use; habitats; multihabitat use; number of habitats; niche-breadth latent variable; niche breadth; number of habitat types; number of habitats; number of habitats tipically occupied; number of IUCN minor habitats; number of roosts used; number of water sizes occupied; prey specialization; specialism index; specialization; subhabitats

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Habitat type Adult habitat; adult habitat specialization; bioclimatic zone; biotope preference; breeding habitat islake; breeding habitat is pond; breeding habitat is river; broad habitat; broad habitat type; breeding habitat is sea; breeding habitat is stream; breeding habitat is wetland and marshes; coral reef; dependence on natural habitats; ecological group; edge; estuaries; farmland; farmland specialization; feeding habitat is depth waters; Feeding habitat is lake; flow; foraging location; foraging location; forest habitat dependence; forest specialization; found in forest or non-forest habitats; feeding habitat is pond; feeding habitat is river; feeding habitat is sea; feeding habitat is stream; feeding habitat is wetlands and marshes; general habitat requiremets; grassland-farmland specialization; habitat; habitat association; habitat density; habitat mode; habitat non-adult; habitat openness; habitat preference; habitat size; habitat type; habitat use; habitat zone; hemeroby; Land use category; larval habitat; lifetime "aquatic index"; macroalgal habitats; main habitat; main habitat type; maximum habitat complexity; mode of life; multiple land uses; preference for urban or agricultural habitats; preference habitat stability; proportion in forest; riverine; rock & rocky reefs; rock dependence; structural complexity index of habitat; type of habitat; urbanity; water dependence; water size; vegetation type; woodland

Historical geographical range size

Former geographical range size; geographical range size - historic; native geographical range size; prehuman geographical range size

Home range size Home range; home range size; home range size - group; home range size - individual; mean home range; residuals home-range size to body size

Home range size variability

Variation in home range size

Human footprint Human influence index of geographic range; human footprint index; human influence index; mean human footprint; mean human impact index

Human night-time lights Night-time lights

Human population density

human population density 5th percentile; human population density mean; proportion of species' range in which human population density exceeded 2/km^2; proportion of species' range in which human population density exceeded 5/km^2; proportion of species' range in which human population density exceeded 10/km^2; proportion of species' range in which human population density exceeded 50/km^2; proportion of species' range in which human population density exceeded 100/km^2; human population density 5th percentile; human population density mean; mean human population density; Minimum human population density value

Human resource intake Proportion of fish in diet; proportion of meat in diet; total caloric intake; water consumption

Humidity Humidity

Incubating sex Incubating sex

Insularity Continentality; distance from mainland; distribution; insularity; island; island endemic status; Island endemism; island status; isolation; landmass type; type of landmass

Interbirth interval inter-birth interval; interval between spawning events

Interbirth interval Variation in interbirth interval

16

variability

Internal or external fertilization

Fertilization mode

Investment in reproduction

Display behaviour; major accessory activity; nesting investment; sexual plumage

Land-use change Change in area of agricultural land; extent of habitat loss; global forest loss; normalized difference vegetation index loss; net change in proportion of suitable habitat; net change in tree cover percentage; water consumption/capita

Land-use proportion % of crops; % of natural vegetation; % of pastures; % of range area in Cerrado; cropland coverage; encroachment; extent of range overlap with extreme landscape stress distribution; habitat degradation; habitat loss; human appropriation of net primary productivity; land cover type; more than 50% of distribution in agricultural area after 1960; more than 50% of distribution in agricultural area before 1960; proportion of occurrences in converted habitats; proportion of suitable habitat within range

Larval body size Larval length

Leaf length Leaf length

Leaf mass per unit area Leaf mass per unit area

Leaf water content Leaf water content

Length of corolla tube Floral depth

Location Biogeographic affinity; biogeographic domain; boreal; breeding latitude; breeding status; climatic zone; distance from equator; distance to the equator; distribution range; distribution region; edge distribution; eastern limit category; geographic area; geographical realm; latitude; latitude midpoint; latitude of the geographic centroid; latitudinal breeding distribution; latitudinal distribution maximum; latitudinal distribution minimum; latitudinal midpoint of the european breeding distribution; longitude of the geographic centroid; main wintering area; marginality of the Belgian distribution; maximum latitude; maximum longitude; major biome category; mean breeding latitude; mean latitude of the modelled climate envelope of the French populations over Europe; median absolute latitude; median latitudinal position; median longitudinal position; mid-latitudinal range; minimum latitude; minimum longitude; native or alien; phytogeographical region; range position; region; river basin; Site; southernness; tropical distribution; winters in Africa

Location change Latitudinal lag of climate envelope; latitudinal lag in europe; shift of border of range 1900-1990; shift of border range since 1990

Longevity Adult life span; life-history strategy; Life cycle type; life history; life span; life strategy; longevity; maximum age; maximum lifespan; maximum longevity; perenniality

Male combat Male combat

Male horn length Relative male horn length

Mass-specific metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate; mass-specific production; mass-specific production rate

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Microhabitat breadth Substrate utilization breadth

Microhabitat type Adult microhabitat; Aquatic habitats; benthic lifestyle; water flow; breeding habitat is gravel or pebbles; breeding habitat is grass; biotope occupancy; water column level; breeding habitat is mud or silt; breeding habitat is rock; breeding habitat is sand; canopy niche; decay niche; Ellenberg value for moisture; Ellenberg value for light preference; Ellenberg value for nitrogen preference; Ellenberg value for pH; Ellenberg for salt tolerance; soil moisture preference; speed of current over feeding area; feeding substrate is gravel or pebbles; feeding substrate is grass; feeding level; flow preferences; feeding substrate is mud or silt; foraging guilds; foraging height; foraging breadth; fossorial behaviour; feeding substrate is rock; feeding substrate is sand; ground-living; ground water preferences; growing habitat; guild; habit; habitat breadth; hollow dependence; light preference; larval site; lentic-lotic environment; loose rock pebble substratum; lower depth; Marine substrate; mean depth; microhabitat; moisture; muddy substratum; nest substrate; niche; nitrogen requirement; Nutrient indication; pH indication; Physical-geographical region; pH difference from neutrality; resources; sandy substratum; seagrass habitats; sediment loading; soil moisture; soil nitrogen; soil pH; soil preferences; soil water content; substrate size; sunlight preferences; surface roughness index; terrestrial humidity; terrestriality; turbid waters; upper depth; water flow of typical habitat; vertical position; wood diameter niche

Migration distance Diadromy; spawning migration; long distance migration; migrancy; migrant status; migrants; migrating; migration; migration distance; migration pattern; migration strategy; migratory behaviour; migratory index; migratory pattern; migratory status; migratory strategy

Monogamy Balon Guild; extent of female polygamy; extent of male polygamy; mating strategy; mating system; monogamy; social and mating system; social mating system

Mouth brooding Mouth brooding

Nest guarding Nest guarding; reproductive guild

Nest habitat Breeding habitat; breeding site; roosting habitat; Stream Spawning

Nest microhabitat Breeding strategy; cavity nesting; egg site; ground foraging; ground nesting; inclusion of vegetation as a spawning substrate; nest-cover type; nest height; nest location; nest site; nest type and site; nest types; nesting behaviour; nesting habitat; nesting level; spawning substrate; typical spawning substrate size

Nest vulnerability Vulnerability of nest type and behaviour to loss of nest; nest behaviour; nest type

Niche uniqueness Niche position

Number of reproductive years

Reproductive years

Number of teats Number of teats

Number of teats variability

Variation in number of teats

Overwintering stage First winter as; hibernation stage; overwintering; overwintering life-history stage;

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overwintering mode; overwintering stage

Parental care egg parental care; parental care; young parental care

Plant coverage Plant coverage

Plant growth form Functional group; growth form; growth habit; habit; life-form; woodiness; woody growth form

Ploidy Highest count of chromosomes; lowest count of chromosomes

Ploidy variability Cytology; ratio maximum/minimum number of chromosomes; ratio minimum/minimum number of chromosomes reported for species/genus

Plumage polymorphism Plumage polymorphism

Pollen vector Flower class; main pollen vector; pollen vector; pollination; Pollination; pollination mode; pollination system; presumed pollinator

Pollution tolerance Sensitivity to eutrophication

Population abundance Abundance; breeding population size; population size; rarity in The Netherlands; relative normal abundance

Population density Historical density; maximum ecological density in Iberian Peninsula; population density

Population density variability

Variation in population density

Population growth rate Growth completion rate; growth rate; potential rate of population increase

Population juvenile ratio

Juvenile ratio

Population level sex ratio

Adult sex ratio

Precipitation Annual precipitation; annual rainfall; low rainfall area; mean annual precipitation; mean annual rainfall; mean rainfall; precipitation; precipitation niche maximum; precipitation niche median; precipitation niche minimum; precipitation of the driest month; precipitation of the wettest month; Precipitation sum; spring precipitation in occupied squares

Precipitation range Annual precipitation range; precipitation niche breadth; precipitation seasonality

Predator type Predator

Productivity within range

Annual productivity; habitat productivity; mean aboveground net primary production; minimum annual productivity; normalized difference vegetation index; normalized difference vegetation index of 2010; net primary productivity

Proportion of range protected

% area protected; protection areas within range; proportion of species range covered by protection areas with an IUCN category I to IV; proportion of suitable habitat overlapping with protected areas

Protection status European Union protection status

Rate of climatic niche Rate of climatic niche evolution

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evolution

Rate of diversification Ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates; taxon diversification age

Rate of habitat niche evolution

Rate of habitat niche evolution

Rate of trophic niche evolution

Rate of trophic niche evolution

Reproduction type (sexual or asexual)

Assexual reproduction; lateral spread; mode of reproduction; parthenogenesis; propagation; reproduction; type of reproduction; vegetative reproduction

Reproductive area Reproductive area

Seasonality of reproduction

Breeding pattern; reproductive cycle

Seed bank longevity Seed bank longevity; seed bank persistence; Seed longevity

Seed size Seed mass; seed size; seed weight

Sex change Sex change

Sexual dimorphism Dimorphism; sexual body size dimorphism; sexual dichromatism; sexual dimorphism; sexual size dimorphism

Shelter use Is cave dweller; uses burrows; uses chambers; uses tree holes; uses tunnels

Social group size Average group size; group size; population group size; social group size

Social group size variability

Variation in group size

Sociality Breeding behaviour; coloniality; colonial breeding; feeding behaviour; flocking tendency; larval behaviour; social animals; sociality; sociality during breeding season; sociality during non-breeding season

Spawning aggregation Spawning aggregation; spawning behaviour

Specific leaf area specific leaf area

Spire index Spire index

Survivability Adult survival rates; survival

Tail length Tail length

Taxon age Age; evolutionary distinctiveness; genus age; phylogenetic distinctiveness; taxon age; time since origin; time since radiation

Taxon richness Genus size; taxon richness

Taxonomic group Group; order; Order; phylogeny; plant family; taxonomic family; taxonomic group; taxonomic order; taxonomic tribe; taxonomy

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Temperature Annual temperature; climatic niche; environmental temperature class; environmental tolerance; European climatic niche; heat tolerance; June temperature in occupied squares; lower thermal tolerance; maximum annual mean temperature; maximum temperature; Maximum temperature of the warmest month; mean annual temperature; mean temperature of the warmest quarter of the year; median annual mean temperature; minimum annual mean temperature; minimum temperature of the coldest month; species temperature index; temperature; temperature class; temperature index; temperature niche maximum; temperature niche median; temperature niche minimum; thermal average; thermal maximum; thermal minimum; thermal optimum; thermal preferences; thermal tolerance

Temperature for breeding

Minimum temperature at spawning; spawning temperature

Temperature range Annual temperature range; climatic niche width; color of noise; decadal variability; seasonal variability; seasonality of temperature; temperature niche breadth; temperature range; temperature seasonality; thermal range

Threat breadth Diversity of threats; number of different threat processes; number of threats

Threat range Environmental suitability for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Environmental suitability for cane toad; Environmental suitability for Gambusia; external threat index; extent of range overlap with cane toad distribution; extent of range overlap with feral pig distribution; external threat index; invasive species; mammals available for hunting; range overlap with rabbit; range overlap with ref fox; range overlap with sheep; representation on at least one predator-free offshore island

Threat type Animals traded; presence of Crithidia bombi parasite; climate change; climate change events - drought; climate change events - habitat shifts; climate change events - severe weather; climate change events - temperature extremes; commercial and subsistence importance; diseases; habitat conversion; habitat degradation - agricultural & forestry effluents; habitat degradation - industrial & military effluents; habitat degradation - solid waste; habitat loss/destruction; habitat modification - industry; habitat modification - waste water pollution; habitat modification - water abstraction; Habitat Modification & degradation - ecosystem alterations; habitat modification & degradation - recreational activities; habitat modification & degradation - tourism; human disturbance; presence of Locustacarus buchneri parasite; livestock density; mercury deposition; presence of Nosema spp parasite; pesticide loading; pollution; presence of parasites; river fragmentation; threat type

Timing of migration Timing of arrival of migrant species

Timing of reproductive season

Breeding season; end of territorial activity; laying date; length of flowering period; peak of flowering; reproductive period; season; spawning interval; spawning season; start of territorial activity; timing of breeding

Tongue length Tongue length

Torpor/hibernation Can be dormant; can go into aestivation mode; goes into torpor; hibernation; hibernator; sleep-or-hide behaviour; torpor

Water balance within range

Annual water balance

Weaning age Wean; weaning age21

Weaning age variability Variation in weaning age

Vegetative resprouting capacity

Capacity for vegetative re-sprouting; post-fire regeneration strategy

Wing shape wing aspect ratio

Wing size Female wing length; male wing length; wing form; wing length; wing loading; wing size; wing width; wingspan

Wingtip shape Wingtip index

Wingtip size Wingtip area; wingtip length

Winter leaf carrying Winter leaf carrying

22

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Appendix C – Tables with all information on studies and traits collected.

The information is stored in an excel file (“SuppInfo_S3.xls”). Three tables are available in separate sheets (studies; tests; variables) as well as a legend.

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Appendix D – Proportion of significant measurements by trait and taxon

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Figure D.1: Proportion of significant measurements per trait (part 2; traits are ordered alphabetically); per taxon. The number of studies is given on top of each bar. Mm: Mammals; B: Birds; R: Reptiles; A: Amphibians; Fs: Fishes; I: Insects; Ml: Molluscs; O: Other Invertebrates; P: Plants; Fn: Fungi.

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Figure D.2: Proportion of significant measurements per trait (part 2; traits are ordered alphabetically); per taxon. The number of studies is given on top of each bar. Mm: Mammals; B: Birds; R: Reptiles; A: Amphibians; Fs: Fishes; I: Insects; Ml: Molluscs; O: Other Invertebrates; P: Plants; Fn: Fungi.

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Figure D.3: Proportion of significant measurements per trait (part 3; traits are ordered alphabetically); per taxon. The number of studies is given on top of each bar. Mm: Mammals; B: Birds; R: Reptiles; A: Amphibians; Fs: Fishes; I: Insects; Ml: Molluscs; O: Other Invertebrates; P: Plants; Fn: Fungi.

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Figure D.4: Proportion of significant measurements per trait (part 4; traits are ordered alphabetically); per taxon. The number of studies is given on top of each bar. Mm: Mammals; B: Birds; R: Reptiles; A: Amphibians; Fs: Fishes; I: Insects; Ml: Molluscs; O: Other Invertebrates; P: Plants; Fn: Fungi.

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Appendix E – Forest plots of the meta-analyses

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Figure E.1: Forest plot of a random-effects model of the effect of geographical range size on extinction risk. Higher values of Fisher’s Z correlation coefficients indicate higher extinction risk associated with higher values of geographical range size. In the left-hand labels, the identity of each effect size is shown in the format ‘<Study Identifier from Appendix B>.<measurement identifier>’. To the right are the biogeographical realms included in each of the tests, where Afr: Afrotropics, Ant: Antarctic, Ast: Australasian, InM: Indo-Malaya, Nrc: Nearctic, Ntr: Neotropics, Ocn: Oceania, Plr: Palaearctic.

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Figure E.2: Forest plot of a random-effects model of the effect of body size on extinction risk. Higher values of Fisher’s Z correlation coefficients indicate higher extinction risk associated with higher values of body size. In the left-hand labels, the identity of each effect size is shown in the format ‘<Study Identifier from Appendix B>.<measurement identifier>’. To the right are the biogeographical realms included in each of the tests, where Afr: Afrotropics, Ant: Antarctic, Ast: Australasian, InM: Indo-Malaya, Nrc: Nearctic, Ntr: Neotropics, Ocn: Oceania, Plr: Palaearctic.

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Figure E.3: Forest plot of a random-effects model of the effect of habitat breadth on extinction risk. Higher values of Fisher’s Z correlation coefficients indicate higher extinction risk associated with higher values of habitat breadth. In the left-hand labels, the identity of each effect size is shown in the format ‘<Study Identifier from Appendix B>.<measurement identifier>’. To the right are the biogeographical realms included in each of the tests, where Afr: Afrotropics, Ant: Antarctic, Ast: Australasian, InM: Indo-Malaya, Nrc: Nearctic, Ntr: Neotropics, Ocn: Oceania, Plr: Palaearctic.

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