8th grade science vocabulary review the actual brightness of a star
TRANSCRIPT
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8th Grade
Science Vocabulary Review
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The actual brightness of a star
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ABSOLUTEMAGNITUDE
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The transfer of energy carried by light waves to
particles of matter
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ABSORPTION
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A characteristic that helps an organism
survive and reproduce in its environment
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ADAPTATION
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A large body of air that has the same
temperature and moisture throughout
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AIR MASS
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Alternate forms of a gene that govern the same
characteristics
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ALLELES
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The maximum distance the particles of a wave’s
medium vibrate from their rest position
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AMPLITUDE
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How bright a light appears to an observer
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APPARENT MAGNITUDE
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A measure of how much surface an object has
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AREA
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The study of all physical objects beyond Earth
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ASTRONOMY
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The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance
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ATOM
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The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of an element
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ATOMIC MASS
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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The state in which the combined forces exerted
on an object add up to zero
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BALANCED
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The theory that states that the universe began
with a tremendous explosion
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BIG BANG THEORY
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An object with more than three solar masses
squeezed into a ball only 10 km across whose
gravity is so strong that not even light can escape
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BLACK HOLE
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The movement of carbon from the nonliving
environment into living things and back
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CARBON CYCLE
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The largest population that a given
environment can support over a long
period of time
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CARRYING CAPACITY
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The idea that all geologic change
happens suddenly
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CATASTROPHISM
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The process by which sediment is “glued”
together by minerals dissolved in water
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CEMENTATION
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The force of attraction that holds two atoms
together
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CHEMICAL BOND
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The joining of atoms to form new substances
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CHEMICAL BONDING
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A change that occurs when one or more
substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties
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CHEMICAL CHANGE
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A shorthand description that uses chemical
formulas to describe a chemical reaction
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CHEMICAL EQUATION
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A shorthand notation that uses chemical
symbols and numbers to represent a
substance
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CHEMICAL FORMULA
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The process by which one or more
substances change to produce one or more different substances
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CHEMICAL REACTION
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A number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula
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COEFFICIENT
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The process by which soft sediment is squeezed until it hardens into rock
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COMPACTION
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A pure substance composed of two or more elements that
are chemically combined
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COMPOUND
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The theory that continents can drift
apart from one another and have done
so in the past
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT
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The process by which cooler material sinks
while warmer material rises because of a change in density
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CONVECTION
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The boundary between two colliding tectonic
plates
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
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A bond that results from the attraction
between the nuclei of atoms where the
electrons are shared by the atoms
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COVALENT BOND
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Any pieces of information gathered
through experimentation
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DATA
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The process of clearing forests
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DEFORESTATION
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To change shape because of the action of geologic processes
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DEFORM
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The amount of matter in a given space or
volume
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DENSITY
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The boundary between two tectonic plates
that are moving away from each other; rift
zone
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DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
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The trait observed when at least one
dominant allele for a characteristic is
inherited
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DOMINANT TRAIT
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The apparent change in frequency of a sound caused by the motion
of either the listener or the source of the
sound
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DOPPLER EFFECT
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A community of organisms and their
nonliving environment
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ECOSYSTEM
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The entire range of electromagnetic
waves, all the wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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A wave that can travel through space and
matter and consists of vibrating electric and
magnetic fields
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
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A negatively charged subatomic particle that
is found in all atoms
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ELECTRONS
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A region inside an atom where electrons are likely to be found
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ELECTRON CLOUD
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A pure substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by physical or chemical
means
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ELEMENT
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A spherical or elongated galaxy with
a bright center and very little dust and
gas
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ELIPTICAL GALAXY
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A periodic change in the location of warm and cool surface waters in
the Pacific Ocean
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EL NINO
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The term used to describe a physical or
chemical change in which energy is
absorbed
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ENDOTHERMIC
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Regions around the nucleus of an atom
where electrons may be found
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ENERGY LEVELS
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The process by which wind, water, ice, and gravity remove and transport material from one place to
another
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EROSION
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The term used to describe a physical or
chemical change in which energy is given
off
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EXOTHERMIC
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The type of strain that occurs when rocks break because of
stress
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FAULTING
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A messaging system that the body uses to maintain equilibrium
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FEEDBACK MECHANISM
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The type of strain that occurs when rocks bend because of
stress
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FOLDING
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The number of waves made in a given amount of time
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FREQUENCY
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The area where two different air masses
meet
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FRONT
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A large grouping of stars in space
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GALAXY
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The inherited combination of alleles
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GENOTYPE
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The scientific study of the Earth’s history
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GEOLOGY
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Each vertical column of elements (from top
to bottom) on the periodic table
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GROUP
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The transfer of energy between objects that
are at different temperatures
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HEAT
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Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the
relationship between a star’s surface
temperature and absolute magnitude
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H-R DIAGRAM
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A large, spinning tropical weather system with wind
speeds of at least 119 km/h
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HURRICANE
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A possible explanation or answer to a
question
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HYPOTHESIS
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Rock that forms when hot, liquid rock cools
and hardens
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IGNEOUS ROCK
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The force of attraction between oppositely
charged ions
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IONIC BOND
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A galaxy that does not fit into any other
category
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IRREGULAR GALAXY
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The energy of motion
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KINETIC ENERGY
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Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface
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LAVA
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The law that states that mass is neither
created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
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A UNIT OF LENGTH EQUAL TO THE
DISTANCE THAT LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH
SPACE IN 1 YEAR
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LIGHT-YEAR
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Literally, the “rock sphere” – the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the
Earth that is divided into enormouse pieces called
tectonic plates
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LITHOSPHERE
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The orbit of the moon around the Earth,
during which all of the lunar phases occur
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LUNAR CYCLE
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The different appearances of the
moon throughout the month
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LUNAR PHASES
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The diagonal pattern of stars on the H-R
diagram; where stars spend most of their
time
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MAIN SEQUENCE
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The solid layer of the Earth between the crust and the core; made of dense iron
rich minerals
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MANTLE
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The amount of matter that something is made
of
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MASS
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The total number of protons and neutrons
in an atom
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MASS NUMBER
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Anything that has volume and mass
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MATTER
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A substance through which a wave can
travel
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MEDIUM
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Rock that forms when existing rock is heated
and squeezed deep inside the Earth
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METAMORPHIC ROCK
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EM waves that are between radio waves and infrared waves in the electromagnetic
spectrum
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MICROWAVES
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Underwater mountain chain that forms on the
ocean floor where tectonic plates pull
apart
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MID-OCEAN RANGE
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A naturally formed inorganic rock solid that has a repeating three-dimensional
structure
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MINERAL
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A representation of an object or system
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MODEL
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A neutral group of atoms held together
by covalent bands
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MOLECULE
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The process by which organisms with certain
traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate then organisms without these traits
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NATURAL SELECTION
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Tides with the smallest daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of
the moon
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NEAP TIDES
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A star in which nearly all the particles have become neutrons
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NEBULA
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A subatomic particle of the nucleus of an
atom that has no charge
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NEUTRON
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A large cloud of dust and gas in interstellar
space
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NEBULA
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The movement of nitrogen from the
nonliving environment into
living things and back
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NITROGEN CYCLE
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The tiny, very dense, positively charged
region in the center of an atom
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NUCLEUS
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A streamlike movement of water
in the ocean
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OCEAN CURRENT
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A symbiotic association in which one organism
benefits while the other is harmed
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Parasitism
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Each horizontal row of elements (from left to right) on the periodic
table
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PERIOD
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An arrangement of the elements according to their atomic numbers
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PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
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An organism’s appearance
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PHENOTYPE
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The theory that the lithosphere is divided
into tectonic plates that move around on top of
the asthenosphere
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PLATE TECTONICS
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Water, in a solid or liquid form, that falls from the air to Earth
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PRECIPITATION
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A substance formed from a chemical
reaction
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PRODUCT
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A positively charged subatomic particle of
the nucleus of an atom
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PROTON
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EM waves with long wavelengths and low
frequencies
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RADIO WAVES
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A starting material in a chemical reaction
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REACTANT
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A trait that is apparent only when two
recessive alleles for the same characteristic are
inherited
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RECESSIVE TRAIT
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The process of breaking down trash
and using the materials again
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RECYCLING
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The bouncing back of a wave after the wave
hits a barrier
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REFLECTION
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A natural resource that can be used over and over or that has an unlimited supply
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RENEWABLE RESOURCE
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The continual process by which new rock is formed from old rock
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ROCK CYCLE
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The ways in which scientists answer
questions and solve problems
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SCIENTIFIC METHODS
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The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms at mid-ocean
ridges as tectonic plates are pulled away from
each other
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SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
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Rock that forms when pieces of rocks or
minerals are “glued” together
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SEDIMENTARY ROCK
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The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg or
a substance by 1ºC
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SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
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The rainbow of colors produced when white light passes through a prism or spectrograph
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SPECTRUM
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A galaxy with a bulge in the center and very
distinctive spiral arms
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SPIRAL GALAXY
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Tides that have the largest daily tidal range and occur
during the new and full moons
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SPRING TIDE
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The amount of force per unit area that is put on
a rock
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STRESS
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The region where oceanic lithosphere sinks down into the asthenosphere at a
convergent boundary
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SUBDUCTION ZONE
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A close, long-term association between two or more species
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SYMBIOSIS
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A number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol
in a formula
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SUBSCRIPT
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Huge pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the
asthenosphere
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TECTONIC PLATES
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A measure of how hot (or cold) something is
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TEMPERATURE
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A unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and
observations that have been supported by
testing
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THEORY
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Daily changes in the level of ocean water
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TIDES
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The boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past
each other
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TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
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The lowest point of a wave
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TROUGH
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EM waves that are between visible light
and X rays in the electromagnetic
spectrum
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ULTRAVIOLET WAVES
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The state in which the combined forces
exerted on an object do not add up to zero
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UNBALANCED
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All space and the matter space contains
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UNIVERSE
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The rising of regions of Earth’s crust to higher
elevations
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UPLIFT
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The electrons in the outermost energy level
of an atom
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
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A process in which cold, nutrient-rich
water from the deep ocean rises to the
surface and replaces warm surface water
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UPWELLING
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The movement of water through the
atmosphere, the ground, bodies of
water, and living things
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WATER CYCLE
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A disturbance that transmits energy
through matter or space
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WAVE
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The distance between any two corresponding
points that are adjacent on a wave
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WAVELENGTH
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The condition of the atmosphere at a
certain time and place
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WEATHER
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The time required for the Earth to revolve once around the sun
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YEAR
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The tendency of all objects to resist any
change in motion
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INERTIA
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The bending of a wave as the wave passes at
an angle
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REFRACTION
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A wave that travels only through matter
by creating vibrations in a medium
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MECHANICAL WAVES
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Properties that DO NOT change the chemical
nature of matter
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Elements that are grouped together
based on their chemical properties
and reactivity
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FAMILIES / GROUPS
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The passing of light through matter
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TRANSMITTED
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Push or Pull – measured in (N)
Newtons
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FORCE
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The highest point on a wave
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CREST
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An abbreviation of a chemical element using one or two
letters
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CHEMICAL SYMBOL
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The force of attraction between two objects
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GRAVITY
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Causes a change in the speed or direction of an object’s motion
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UNBALANCED FORCES
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The very narrow range of wavelengths and
frequencies in the electromagnetic
spectrum that humans can see
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VISIBLE LIGHT
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Properties that DO change the chemical
nature of matter
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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The transfer of energy through matter or space
as electromagnetic waves, such as visible
light and infrared waves
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RADIATION
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A star in which nearly all of the particles
have become neutrons
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NEUTRON STAR
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The transfer of energy from one substance to another through direct
contact
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CONDUCTION
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The gel-like fluid mixture inside a cell
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CYTOPLASM
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Usually found in plant cells where
photosynthesis takes place
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CHLOROPLASTS
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The part of the microscope that holds
the slide in place on the stage
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STAGE CLIPS
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The part of the microscope that
supports the slide and allows light to come
through
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STAGE
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The part of the microscope that you put your eye on to
look at an organism
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EYEPIECE
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The part of the microscope that
supports the eyepiece and maintains the
correct distance from the eyepiece and the
objectives
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BODY TUBE
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The part of the cell that destroys worn
out or damaged organelles and gets
rid of waste material
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LYSOSOME
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The part of the cell that burns food molecules
to release energy
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MITOCHONDRIA
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A group of organisms that lack a cell
nucleus. Single-celled organisms like
bacteria
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PROKARYOTES
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The organelle that packages and
transports material out of the cells
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GOLGI BODIES
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The outermost structure of a plant cell that provides
strength and support
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CELL WALL
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Large vesicles found in plant cells that store
water and other liquids
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VACUOLES
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The outer membrane of a cell that controls movement in and out
of the cell
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CELL MEMBRANE
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A fault in which the hanging wall moves
down because of tension
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NORMAL FAULT
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Hot, liquid rock material
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MAGMA
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A fault in which the hanging wall moves up
because of compression
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REVERSE FAULT
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The presence of harmful or unwanted levels of substances in
the environment
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POLLUTION
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A fault in which the plates move
horizontally past each other because of
shearing
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STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
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A force that causes rocks to be pulled
apart
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TENSION
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The circular motion of liquids or gases caused by density differences
that result from temperature differences
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CONVECTION CURRENTS
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A force that causes rocks to slide
horizontally past each other
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SHEARING
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The process by which sediments are
deposited / dropped in a new location
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DEPOSITION
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The type of stress in which an object is squeezed, as when two plates collide
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COMPRESSION
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The process by which water, ice, wind, and
heat act to break down rocks
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WEATHERING
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The organelle that makes proteins
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RIBOSOME