9am fri eng 102 otherpunctuation hyphens pronouns

7/28/2019 9AM Fri Eng 102 Otherpunctuation Hyphens Pronouns

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ENG 102Hacker Chapters 39 & 44

Dash, parenthesis, brackets, ellipsis mark, slash, hyphen


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Parenthesis

DO NOT OVERUSE!!!

Use to enclose supplemental material, minor

digressions, and afterthoughts

Nurses record patients vital signs (temperature, pulse, and

blood pressure) several times a day.

Use to enclose letters or umbers labeling items in a

series

Regulations stipulated that only the following equipmentcould be used on the survival mission: (1) knife, (2) thirty

feet of parachute line, (3) a book of matches, and (4) two

ponchos.


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Brackets

Use to enclose any words/phrases that have beeninserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation

Audubon reports that if there are not enough young to balancedeaths, the end of the species [California condor] is inevitable(4).

The Latin word sic in brackets indicates that an errorin a quoted sentence appears in the original source.

Do NOT overuse because calling attention to othersmistakes can appear snobbish.

According to the review, NellyFortados performance wasbrilliant, exceeding [sic] the expectations of even her most

loyal fans.


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Dash

Use to set off parenthetical material that deservesemphasis

Everything that went wrongfrom the peeping Tom at herwindow last night to my head-on collision todaywe blamedon our move.

Use to set off appositives that contain commas

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a

nearby noun. They are usually set off with commas, butwhen the appositive itself contains commas, a pair ofdashes helps readers see the importance of all pauses.

In my hometown, peoples basic needs food, clothing, andshelterare less costly than in a big city like LA.

type word, space, next word, andWord will do it automatically


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Dash

Use to introduce a list, a restatement, an amplification,

or a dramatic shift in tone or thought

(basically can replace a colon, but colons are more

formal and less dramatic than a dash)

Only use if there is a specific reason for its use (dont

want unnecessary chopiness)

In my hometown, peoples basic needs sesame seed oil, honey,safflower oil, and that half-liquid peanuts only peanut butter.


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Ellipsis Mark

Use to indicate that words have been deleted from anotherwise word-for-word quotation

Shute acknowledges that treatment for autism can beexpensive: Sensory integration therapycan cost up to $200an hour (82).

If a full sentence or more is deleted in the middle of aquoted passage, use a period before the three ellipsis

dots If we dont properly train, teach, or treat our growing prison

population, says long-time reform advocate Luis Rodriguez,somebody else will.This may well be the safety issue of thenew century (16).


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Ellipsis Mark

Use to indicate a hesitation or an interruption in

speech or to suggest unfinished thoughts

The apartment building next doorits going up in flames!

yelled Marcia.


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Slash

Use to separate two or three lines of poetry

Add a space before and after the slash

Roses are red / violets are blue / sugar is sweet

Use to separate paired terms

Do not use space before or after slash

Pass/fail, producer/director

Do not use and/or, he/she, is/or

Rewrite instead


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Ex. 39-1 pg. 340

1. The old Valentine verse we used to chant says it all:Sugar is sweet, / And so are you.

2. In studies in which mothers gazed down at their

infants in their cribs but remained faciallyunresponsive, for example, not smiling, laughing, orshowing any change of expression, the infantsresponded with intense weariness and eventual

withdrawal.3. There are three points of etiquette in poker: 1.always allow someone else to cut the cards, 2. dontforget to ante up, and 3. never stack your chips.


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Ex. 39-1 pg. 340

4. In Lifeboat, Alfred Hitchcock appears [some say without

his knowledge] in a newspaper advertisement for weight

loss.

5. The writer Chitra Divakaruni explained her work withother Indian American immigrants: Many women who

came to Maitri [a womens support group in San Francisco]

needed to know simple things like opening a bank account

or getting citizenship.Many women in Maitri spokeEnglish, but their English was functional rather than

emotional. They needed someone who understands their

problems and speaks their language.


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Hyphen

Use the dictionary to see if whether or not a word is

hyphenated or compound

Water-repellent, waterproof, water table

Use when two or more words are used together as anadjective before a noun

Richa Gupta is not yet a well-known candidate.

Do not use to connectly adverbs to words theymodify

WRONG: A slowly-moving truck tied up traffic


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Hyphen

Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when they

are spelled out

One-fourth

Use with the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-

Self-help

Use with the suffix -elect

President-elect


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Hyphen

Use in certain words to avoid ambiguity or to separate

awkward double or triple letters

Re-creation and recreation

Anti-intellectual (double i)

Cross-stitch (double s)


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ENG 102

Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun Reference


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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement

What is a pronoun? Substitutes a noun

He, she, it, her, him, they, we, us, them

What is an antecedent?

Noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to

Dr. Berto finishedherrounds.

The hospitalinterns finishedtheirrounds.


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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementDo not use plural pronouns to refer to singular

antecedents

3 Ways to correct

When someone travels outside the US for the first time,they need to apply for a passport.

Replace plural pronoun with he or she (his or her)

When someone travels outside the US for the first time, he or sheneeds to apply for a passport.

Make antecedent plural

When people travel outside the US for the first time, they need toapply for a passport.

Rewrite sentence to correct problem

Anyone who travels outside the US for the first time needs to applyfor a passport.


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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementDo not use plural pronouns to refer to singular

antecedents

These indefinite pronouns are all singular

Anybody anyone anything each

Everybody either everyone everything

Nobody no one neither nothing

Somebody someone something


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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementTreat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is

clearly plural

Collective nouns are treated as a group and functions

as a unit

Jury committee audience couple

Crowd class troop family team

The committee granted its permission to build.

Sometimes they act as individuals though

The committee put their signatures on the document.

Simplify by adding a clearly plural antecedent

The members of the committee put their signatures on the

document.


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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementTreat most compound antecedents joined with andas

plural

In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev held a summit where they

signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

With compound antecedents joined with oror nor(or

with eitheroror neithernor), make the pronounagree with the closer antecedent

Either Bruce or Tom should receive first prize for his poem.

Neither the mouse nor the rats could find their waythrough the maze.


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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement With compound antecedents joined with oror nor(or

with eitheroror neithernor), make the pronoun

agree with the closer antecedent

*if one antecedent is singular and the other plural, put

plural one last to avoid awkwardness

*If one antecedent is male and the other female, donot follow the traditional rule

Either Bruce or Elizabeth should receive first prize for her

short story.

The prize for best short story should go to either Bruce or

Elizabeth.


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Pronoun References Avoid ambiguous or remote pronoun reference

Occurs when pronoun could refer to 2 possibleantecedents

When Gloria set the pitcher on the glass-topped table, it

broke.

Which object broke the pitcher or the table?

The pitcher broke when Gloria set it on the glass-topped

table.

Tom told Sam that he had won the lottery. Who won the lottery Tom or Sam?

Tom told Sam, You have won the lottery.


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Pronoun References Generally, avoid broad reference of this, that, which, it

By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies gainexposure for their prescription drugs. Patients respond to

this by requesting drugs they might not need.

What are patients responding to ads, companies,

prescription drugs?

By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies gain

exposure for their prescription drugs. Patients respond to

the ads by requesting drugs they might not need.


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Pronoun References Do not use a pronoun to refer to an implied

antecedent

A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to

a word that isnt actually in the sentence

After braiding Anns hair, Sue decoratedthem with ribbons.

What is the antecedent for the pronoun them?

After braiding Anns hair, Sue decoratedthe braids with

ribbons.


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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you

A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to a

word that isnt actually in the sentence

In June, they announced that parents would have to pay a

fee.

In June, the board announced that parents would have to pay

a fee.

In the encyclopedia it states that male moths can smell female

moths from several miles away. The encyclopedia states that male moths can smell female

moths from several miles away.


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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you

A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to a

word that isnt actually in the sentence

Ms.Pickersgills book stipulates that you should not arrive at a

party too early or leave too late.

Ms.Pickersgills book stipulates that a guest should not arriveat a party too early or leave too late.


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Pronoun References To refer to persons, use who, whom, whose NOT which,

that

Use which, that to refer to animals or things

All thirty-two women in the study, half of which wereunemployed for more than six months, reported higher self-esteem after job training.

All thirty-two women in the study, half of whom wereunemployed for more than six months, reported higher self-esteem after job training.

During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos, Mexicanfamilies celebrate loved ones that have died.

During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos, Mexicanfamilies celebrate loved ones who have died.


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Mad Lib exercise

___noun____has made many advances in the past fewdecades, but___pronoun____still cannot answer a

number of questions about tornadoes. Every___noun____has___pronoun____own uniquecharacteristics. The science of___noun____watching has___pronoun____own system, the Fujita scale, for

measuring storms from weakest (F0) to strongest (F5).An___noun____or an___noun____can destroyeverything in___pronoun____path. Scientists cannot yetpredict how strong any___noun____will be before___pronoun____happen. One mystery about

___noun____involves the last step when___pronoun____forms. Specialists do not know if a___noun____forms ina cloud and travels to the ground or if___pronoun____begin on earth and spiral upward.


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Grammar Tasks

Create a menu for a restaurant

On the menu, include one correct example of the

dash, parentheses, brackets, ellipsis mark, slash, and

hyphen.

Create a mad lib in which players have to apply

each rule for Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement

& Pronoun Reference.


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For Monday...

Ethical essay rough draft

Chapter 14 questions

1. What is a proposal argument?

2. What types of proposals exist?

3. How are proposals structured?

4. Name and explain the strategies for generating

ideas for proposal essays.

9am fri eng 102 otherpunctuation hyphens pronouns

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