a japanese grammar - hoffmann
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japanese grammarTRANSCRIPT
A
JAPANESE GRAMMAR,
JAPANESE GRAMMAR.BY
J. J.
HOFFMANN,SCIENCES, ETC. ETC.
MEMBER OF THE BOYAL ACADEMY OF
SECOND
EDITION.
LEIDEN,
E. J. BRILL.
1876.
533
The work
is
published in Dutch also under the
title of
JAPANSCHE SPRAAKLEERDOORJ.
J.
HOFFMANN.LEIDEN 1868.
And
in
German under the
title
of
JAPANISCHE SPRACHLEHRE.LEIDKN 1876
JAAI 2 8
B66
^C 7/
?
HOMAGE TO THE LATE
J.
J.
ROCHUSSENL. L.
D.INDIA,
GOVERNOR OP DUTCH
EAST
MINISTER
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OP THE COLONIES, MINISTER OP STATE
FOR THE LIBERAL AND ENLIGHTENED MANNER
IN
WHICH HE
HAS PATRONIZED THE STUDY OF THE CHINESE AND JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
E F
.A.
O
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
The Grammar of the Japanese language which accompanied with,
this Preface ,is
is
simultaneously published in the English and in the Dutch languages,
an
original
work, not a remodelling or an imitation of any other works of thatexisting.
stamp at presentliterature,itsit
As
the result of aor book
many
years' study of the Japanese
describes the
writtenits
language,
as
it
really exists in
ancient, as well as in
modern forms.
It also contains the author's
own
observations on the domain of the
spoken
language, whichand
his intercourse with native Japanese in France, in
Engelandto
especially in the Netherlands has afforded
him ample opportunities
make;
opportunities,
which have been the more valuable to him, in as much as that
they brought him in contact with people belonging to the most civilized and the
most learned, as well
as with those of the inferior classes of Japanese society.soil
Thence he derives the right, even though he has never actually trodden theof Japan, to embrace the
spoken language
in the range of his observations,
and to
treat
it
in connection with the written language.is
The author
convinced that,is
all
he has quoted from Japanese writings,relies
whatever their character,
genuine: he
upon
it it
himself, and trusts thatis
the experience of others, unprejudiced, will find that
so.
Within allits
regard to the
mannerit
in which he has conceived the language, and
phenomena
treated
analytically
and synthetically, he believes
it
to
be in consonance with the
spirit of this
language, simple and natural, and,
his daily experience confirms this,
thoroughly practical.
PREFACE.This method of his, was made
known
in general outline ten years ago,J.
whenCTJR-
he published the Proeve eener Japansche Spraakkunst door Mr.TIUS,
H.
DONKER
and thes.
seal ofR.
approbation was affixed to
it
by the judgment of scholars,
whereas Mr.tion:
BROWN, who, in 1863, published the very important contribu-
Colloquial Japanese or conversational sentences
and dialogues
in English
andthe
Japanese, not only founded his Introductory remarks on the Author's
Grammar, onits
method, but with
a few exceptions, followedto
it
in
whole extent.
The Grammar, now published,followed by a treatise
lay
claim to completeness, ought to befor
on the Syntax, the materials
which are prepared.
It
will be published as a separate
work, and be of small compass.
By
these aids, initiated in the
treatment
of the language, the student
may,
with profit,
make
use of the Japanese-Dutch-English Dictionary, for the publi-
cation of which the author has prepared all the materials necessary,
and by so
doing he will have at his disposal the most important means of access to theJapanese literature.LEIDEN, May 1868.
THE AUTHOR.
NOTICETO THE SECOND EDITION.Asthefirst
edition of this
Grammaris
published in 1867 by
commandE. J.
of His BRILL,
Majesty's Minister for colonial affairs
out of print, the publisher
being
now
proprietor of the Chinese types,re-issue.
acquired by order of the Dutch
Government, has resolved on a
The Author has found no inducement
to alter or
modify the matter of thisless
work; only a few words have been occasionally inserted, others of
importance
removed in ordergrammaticalrule.
to
get
room
for
a
new
instance
more
fit
to
elucidate the
There are also some notices added, as on page 157 concerning
the Introduction of the Western Calendar, and page 172 some words about the
new
Gold-currency.
PREFACE.
Some
other additions are to be found in the ADDENDA to the book.is
The paging
of both editionsof words treatedL.
the same; the second, however,for
is
accompanied by a REGISTERis
on in the work,
which the Authorused this
indebted to Mess*8as
-
SERRURIER and w. VISSERING,
who have
Grammar
a basis for
the study of the Japanese language.
The Author, being now engaged in printing the Japanese-Dutch and Japanese-English Dictionary mentioned in the Preface to theinJ.
first
edition,
is
happy
recommendingC.
to
the student the valuable Japanese-English Dictionary of,
HEPBURN, Shang-hai 1872, and the Dictionnaire Japonais-Fran^ais
public
par LEON PAGES, Paris 1868.LEIDEN, 26 July 1876.
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTIONPage1.
I-,.-.
a.b.
The Irova
in Fira-gdna
22.
Connection of the Japanese with the Chineselanguage.
Synopsis of the Fira-ffdna-ch&mcters mostin use
The
necessity of uniting to the12.1.
22.
study of the Japanese, that of the Chinese
Written
,
or book language
29.29. 30..
language2. 3.
A. Exclusively Chinese2.
On
the writing of the Japaneseof the written and the spoken
Chinese dialects in Japan Chinese text with Japanese translation.3.
Introduction
82. 34.
language of China into Japan4. Application
B. Books written in the Japanese language.C.Style, a.6.
of the
Chinese
writing, to the4.
Old Japanese
85.38.
writing of the Japanese language5.
New
JapaneseGeneral conversational
The Japanese writing a. The Kdta-kdnab.
proper.6.
13.
Language spoken.language and dialects
89.
The Fira-gdna
6.
Epistolary style6.
42.
The Japanese phonetic systemA. Systematic arrangement of the 47 sounds ,expressed by Chinese and Japanesesigns
7.
14.15.
On
the parts of speech
42-
Kdna7.
Glance at the arrangement and connection of
words in Japanese
44.
B.
The Irova
in
Chinese characters and in9.
Kdta-kdtia signs7.
Repetitionsigns.
of
syllables.
Stenographic11.
ETYMOLOGY, NATURE AND FLECTION OP WORDS.CHAPTERMilI.
IN-
Stopsof sounds,. .
8.
Remarks on the Japanese systemand the expression ofit
with our letters
12.18. 18.$1.
AS49. 49.
9.
Doubling of consonants by assimilationAccent and rhythm
...
The rootRadical or primitive wordRadical in composition
10.11.
2.;j.
The Japanese running-hand Fira-gdiM.
49,
CONTENTS.Page.l.;.
A. CoordinationB. SubordinationI.
50. 50. 50.
b.c.
Local
68,69.69.69. 69.
ModalCasual and Instrumental Dative of the person Dative of the thing
Genitive subordinationObjective subordination.1.
(1.
II.
e.
directindirect
50.
/g.
2.
50.
Terminative
70.70.
III.
The
radical form, as definition before50.
V.
To, Nite,
Decharacterized by Yori or by.
adjectives
VI. Ablative,
Euphonic modification$ 4.
50.51.in
Kara.
.
71.
GenderA. Gender logically includedparticular
namesB.1.
51.prefixes
CHAPTER
II.
Gender indicated by theand
MeKoand
51.8.I.
2.3.
Gender expressed by Ono and Meno. 52.
Qualifying
nouns, which serve as pro74.
Byand
Me, old-Japanese Ki52.
nounsA. For,,I"
Mi
74. 74.relations to
C. Application of the ideas of male and fe-
B. For the person spoken to53.
male to objects without sexD. Chineseof sex$ 5.
Particular
names of human
expressions for the
distinction
distinguish the person concerned 53.53. 53.II.II.
77.
Pronouns proper , formed from the adverbsofplace
NumberA. Singular B.I.
Wa, A, Ka, Ko,
To, So,79.
Daa.b.
(Do), Idzu
Plural expressed by repetition of the
Immediate compounds with
Wa ...(ku),
80.
nounII.
54.
II.
Immediate compounds of the other adverbsofplace
Plural expressed by nouns used adjectively
with
Ko
Tsi, 80.
which
signify
a
quantity,55. 55. 56.II.c.
Tsira and Isutsi
generality1.
Da-ga, Wa-ga
.82.
Japanese formsChinese formspluralas
II. d.
Pronouns possessive, formed from radicalfixing
2.
words indicating place, by
suf-
III.
Thewords
expressed
by
collectiveII.e.
NoRe
83.
Ra, Tomo (domo), Gara,
Substantive pronouns , formed from ad-
Sara, Nami, Tatti, Siu, Gata and Nado, usedas suffixes56.
verbs of place, by suffixing1)
.
.
.
.
85.
Ware,
2)
Are, Ore,
3)
Kare, 4) Kore. 86.87.
IV. Plural expressed by adverbs, whichunite the idea of multitude to the predicate verb,
5) Sore, 6) 7)III.
Tare (Dare), Tore (Dore), Idzure. 88..
Mina, Nokordzu, Koto59.
Determinative and reflective pronouns.A.1.
89.
gotoku$6.
Onore, onodzukdra
89.
IsolatingJ7,
of thert, ba
noun by the
suffix r\,
va;60. 61. 01.62.63.
2.
Mi, Midsukdra, Waga-mi ....borrowed from the Chi2.
89.
wa;
B. Expressionsnese:4.1.
$
1.
DeclensionI.
Sin,
Zi-sin,
3.
Zi-bwi,93.
Nominative. VocativeAccusativeGenitive1.
Zi-zen
II.
IV. Expressions of reciprocity: Tagaini, Ai. 95.V. Pronouns indefinite: Tito, Aru-fito,no.
III.
Mo-
Ga, no index of the subjectGenitives suffixes
....suffix
64.
Dare mo and Nanimo followed by95. 97.
2.
No,
Na
and Tsu 66.
a verb negativeVI. Relative pronoun Tokoro
IV.
Dative
and
Terminative.
The
Ve
(ye).
67.
VII. Interrogative pronouns derived from Taor To, vulgo
Thea.
suffix,
Ni, as sign of the..
Da
or
Do
97.
Dative or Ablative.
.
68.
1.
Nani, what?
98.
CONTENTS.Page.2.
Page.
Ikd, how?
101.
24. Definition of adjectives by adverbs ,
whicha. .
Interrogative pronouns with the suffix,
denote102.25.
the
presence
of
a
quality in
moVIII. Arrangement of the personal pronouns inthe conversational language
higherThe1.
degree. Absolute comparative
130.
relative or real comparative.
102.
Attribution of a quality in
equal
de-
gree
...................higher
131.
CHAPTERTHE9.
III.
2.
Attribution of a quality in a
degree
ADJECTIVE.$
26.
The The
absolute superlative
Distinction between the attributive and predicate formsI..'
27.
.................. .......... relative superlative ..........excessof a quality.
132.134.135.
105.
28. Expression of the
136.
The adjective
in the written lan-
guage.A. Joined to a noun substantive B. Adjectives in1.
CHAPTER105.
IV.
ki.
NUMERALS.29. 30.
a.
Ki, termination of the adjective,used as attributive105.
The ancient Japanese The Chinese
cardinal
numbers
.
137.
b.
Adjectives
in
ki,
used as nouns106.
cardinal numbers
141.
concrete2.
31.32.
The ordinal numerals
142. 143..
The termination The same,
ku, as adverbial form.
The
iterative
numerals
isolated
by the suffix va. 106.,
33.
3.
a.
Si , form of the adjectivedicate
as pre-
34.
The doubling or multiplying numerals. The sort numbersThedistributive
144.
144.145.
106.. .
35.$ 36.
Measures, weights and coins.$45. Measures of length46. Superficial measures
ni-siki.
166.168.
19.
.
beki
20.21. Adjectives
naki with the negative prefix
$47. Measures of capacity$,J.JJo/'/7/t
//i/,
-Japanese
Grammar
J A-,-
j->
j j
Jbi >^rt
^r
A
/'
M/ /
A,
of dis- or trisyllabic words byfor,
thus, for instance,
^ stands
for ^>
yay
Q
iro-iro,
As stenographic signs,
for
some Japanese words that frequently occur, in
connection with the Kdta-Mna, the following are to be remarked:
Hi f r
i
k
to
5
sake.
-
for y*
^^,
J3^~\j
y> ^:Hs5fi
,
fo&i,
time.
_y
/ ^T
*oH
,
time.
^(^)
^(
tama.
Stops.
As
stops,
only the,
commais
and the point
(
or
.)
occur in Japanese.
The use of themalso at
however,
left
wholly to the option of the writer.
Some
use
the beginning of a new period, and thus begin that with a point,
while others with the same object place a somewhat larger ring,there.
Q
or a
A
The comma
"
(
)
stands on the right of the letter (for instance
^)
,
while
the repetition signstance ^, kuku).
is
placed on the diameter of the column of letters (for in-
The
principle of separating the words from one another in writing,
is
,
for the
most part
quite lost sight of in writing with the Kdta-kdna
,
and the Kdna signsofit
of a whole period are written atthat for an unpractised person,
equal distances. The consequenceis
is,
who
not already pretty well acquainted" withhas to divide somefifty
the Japanese,successive
it
is
very doubtful
how heWith
or a hundred
Kdna
signs into words.shall
a view to perspicuity and not to requireis
from the reader that heoffered
be already acquainted with the period which
him
to read, to enable
him
to read
and understand
it, it is
in the highest
degree desirable that our method ofthe Japanese,as it is
separating
the words should be applied to
done by the author of
this
grammar.it
If the
method of
separating word for word were adopted by the Japanese,step in the
would be a great
improvement of
their writing-system.p.
Note.
For the sign of quotation see Addenda
349.
12
INTRODUCTION.
8.
REMARKS ON THE JAPANESE SYSTEM OF SOUNDS, AND THE EXPRESSION OFIT
WITH OUR LETTERS.
To promotecharacters,LEPSIUS.
the unity necessary in the reduction of the Japanese to
Roman
we have adoptedthis
the
Universal or Standard alphabet, by ROBERT
As
alphabet enables people of various nations to reduce to their,
own
graphic system,
the words of a foreign language
,
in a
manner systematic
,
uniform
and
intelligible to
every one ; and as
it
has been adopted by the prin-
cipal philologists in all countries, as well as. by theSocieties, its application to the Japanese
most
influential Missionary
language will be welcomed by every one,
who
prizes a sound
,
uniform and
,
at the
same time very simple system of writing.character the following signs borro-
In reducing the Japanese text to
Roman
wed from the Standard alphabet have beena.i.
adopted.
a open as heard in the Dutch vader;i
English father, art;
Jap..
y
.
pure as heard in the Dutchlong;short.,
t'eder
;
Eng. he
,
she
;
Jap. -f
i.
i
Jap.
$~
.
1u.
i
u pure
as oe heard in the.
Dutch goeA,
;
Eng. oo in good poor,,
o in lose ; -
Jap. ^7
At the beginning ofwu.
a word
it is
frequently pronounced with a
soft labial aspiration, asii,
short, silent u.e close,
e.
e as
heard in the Dutch bgzige
,
meer
,
geven
;
Eng. a in face
,
no-
tion5. e
;
German
in
weh
;
Jap.
2;
short.
e.
e
open as heard in the Dutch berg
Eng. a in hat
;
French
e
in mere ,
elre;o.
German Bar,as
fett.
o close
heard in the Dutch Jong, gehoor;.
Eng. borne;
German
Ton6.
;
Jap. ^,
kawa, kiwa, ktiwd, for which ^/ *7the contrary the syllables \^n',
ty *7,
,
written.
On
^7
,
vu,is
^\,
ve, ifc
ro,
whenever
a vowel precedes reject the aspirate, andas aw (aw),
y"f
]^
pronounced as?l
at,
y
y
*\ aso e*c -
ae
->
T ^ as,
a
i
ll as
"?
^
as ?M > *?
^
^7as
*>
>jj"
^
as
The
aspirated labial }^
y?
,
in |^is
}>
,
/^d man sounds,,
like a ftii or
fwihi,
whistled with the mouth, and
easy to be pronounced.,
In the Yedo,
on the contraryit is
,
the h often occurs as a palatal aspirate
which whenever
pressed through the closed teeth, forms a sound quite strange to Euroit is
pean ears, whichtravellers,
not possible to express with our
letters.
What
former')
GOLOWNIN, MEYLAN and others have said about
this
sound
is
now
confirmed by our observation; and
we have only(fit6
to add that in the
mouths of some from Yedo the word ]^ y*evensto. w/s v
or hit6,
man) became
Since for the syllables )^
,
\^
,
,
^JT
two forms of writing have nowis fol-
come into
existence, in proportion as one or the other pronunciation
lowed, one with /, the other with h, the question becomes important, whichof the two forms of spelling deserves the preference. If Japaneseis
to be
written
according to
the accent of Ye"do, then, naturally, the h must beits
adopted, just as, to let the dialect of Zeeland enjoyoofd
rights, Olland
and
must be written
for
Holland and hoofd, or, not to do injustice to the
Berlin dialect, Jabe, Jott and jut must be written for Gabe, Gott and gut.If,
however the pronunciation most generally in vogue, with the exception
1) ,,Nois,
European," says GOLOWNIN,I have practised atit
,,will
succeed in pronouncing the Japanese
word
for ,,fire,"it,it
it
Ji.
two years,
but in vain.
As the Japanese pronounced
seemed to
be fi , hi, psi, fsi, being pronounced through the teeth; however we might wring and twist our tonguesinto
every bend, the Japanese'Marine
still
stuck to,
their-.
,,not right."" bei
Begebenheiten des Capitains von der
Riusisch-Kaiserlichen
GOLOWNIN
in
der
GefangenschaftJ.
den Japanem in den Jahren 1811,p. 30.
1812 und 1813.
Aus dem Russischen
iibersetzt
von Dr. c.
SCHULTZ. 1818. Vol. II,
INTRODUCTION.
17
of Y6doadopted.1.
,
that of
Miyako be preferredlast,
,
then must the h be put aside and
/
We
do the
and that
for the following reasons:
The Japanese
philologers themselves have,,
at all times, characterized,
the consonant of their series of sounds )^
\^
^
,
>"\,
jfc as labial,
and
made2.
it
equivalent to the labials of the Sanscrit.signs, fixed
The Chinese Kdnaall
upon
to represent this series of sounds
,
are
sounds which, after the Chinese pronunciation, begin with a
p
or
an /, whereas the sharp aspirated h of the Chinese words, justthe Sanscrit,is
as the h of
expressed by k, and
~)j
-f
,
kai
is
written and spoken for
the Chinese hai.3.
In Japanese,
as
in
Dutch and English,
the
sharp
/
between two
vowels passes over into the soft v or w, and beside the older written form~J]
~)]
A ^
i
~}]
"\i
~Jj
*J?
,
for
which we must write kava, kave, kavo, that of
,
~}j
2
i
~Jj
17
i
kawa, kawe, kawo, has gradually come into vogue.
4.
From
the beginning Europeans,
who had
intercourse with the Japa-
nese, generally wrote
/J.
and not h; thus the Portuguese missionaries, andCARON (1639); also morelately, E.
their contemporary, FR.p.
KAEMPFER (1691),
THUNBERG (1775),
TiTsiNGH
l
)
(1780),
andh
others.
All wrote Farima,
Fauna, Firando, Fori.
In
this century the
first
appeared, because then
Europeans came more frequently in contact with interpreters and natives ofYddo.If
now we
adopt the
7i,
then will
all
connection with what was forhistory and geography of
merly done for the knowledge of the language,
Japan be broken
off,
a door opened for endless confusion, and for thousandsshall
of Japanese words
we
have a double spelling.v,
b
,
impurereans,
,
from the sound arisen from the blending of n with
which the Co-
whenever they write Japanese words in )t, tf,
their character, express>
by
mp (nH).py.
7i***>I
tf?> b
'
bi ^
bu
be > bo -
A%
If
i
7*1 "^i *K> P (Ij;
pi P M
p*i
py.
The Dutch
English y,
in yard;//"
sake (strong drink) as sdkke.,
Since
with regard to the correct indication of the quantity of the syllablesis
the Japanese graphic system
defective, it behoves us to keep it in view the
more
carefully, because the accentuation,is
provided
it
be based on the pro-
nunciation of Japanese,pronunciation.
an
indispeiisible help in the acquiring of a correct
INTRODUCTION
r.
21
Hitherto the only European
,
whoa
has paid attention to the accent of Japaneseprinciple,,
words, and expressed
it
after
fixed
was,
E.
KAEMPFEE.,
From,
his,
manner of writing
it
might be gathered
that
3y
dragon
and
^yl
pine-tree
are pronounced as tats ands mats, thus withas
an a long,,
'Y*?, S-l'visited
and ^f-'^-f
ydmma, mindto andit,
tatsbdnna. Later travellers
who have
Japan and writ-
ten books about
have been either unable or unwilling to follow his example, andreaders in uncertainty with regard to thearrival of natives of
thereby havepanese.
left their
rhythm of Ja-
Only recently, since the
Japan in Europe, have
our linguists had the opportunity to hear Japanese spoken by Japanese, and soto
become acquainted with the rhythm peculiar
to that language.
Availing our-
selves of this opportunity,
we have
already been able to publish the reading of ap. 350.
1 Japanese text ) supplied with a continuous accentuation. See Addenda II
If
we
cast a hasty glance over
what has previously been
said,
with regard toit
the Japanese phonetic
system, the writing, the pronunciation,is
will
appear
most
clearly,
that the Japanese phonetic systemit,
very defective.
It does
not
satisfy theitself,
requirement of being able, with
to write the Japanese languageits
as it is
spoken,,
let
alone the possibility ofall
being applied to foreign
languages.glish,
The Japanese
with
their attempts to writeeffect
Dutch French or En,
after their ^Tana-system,
have been able to
nothing
else,
than -
caricatures of those languages.
From
their
defective
syllabic-writing are the Japanese behind not only thealso,
Western nations, but other Asiatic peoplesneighbourswriting,
and even the Coreans,
their
who
rejoice in the
possession of an original,
and simple character-
not borrowed from the Chinese.
With regardoff.
to the writing of foreign
languages, the Chinese alone are worse
Thesions
intricate, often equivocaldifficulty
writing with which Japanese
is
written , occait,
more
for
those,
who have not grown up with
than the
study of the languageturn comes next.
itself,
witness the Japanese running-hand, whose
l) Thfversion.
Grand Study
(To,
Hio or fiaigaku). Part. I, The Chinesec/utracter,
text withJ.
an interlinfary JapanfteLeiden, 1864.
Part. IT,
Reading of the Japanese text in Roman
by
HOFFMANN.
22
INTRODUCTION.
11.
THE JAPANESE EUNNING-HAND FIRA-GANA.
a.
The Irovd in Fira-gdna.in Fira-gdna- writing,
The Irovdwith Chinesesigns,
as
it is
learned in schools and, in connectionconsists
running-hand,
is
generally in use,
of the following
which are derived by abbreviation from the Chinese characters placed
next them.
Aka',
31$TJr
?J, wi^), no
;
,
sa
fa(ha),va
M^LIjf
J
,
yo
|J|
^
,
ki3
^,fo(ho),vot,
4^'
&ku
V9^'j^>,
Jf i,
reso
^-{j^
{
,
^^^
me
fe (he),
ve
A"^
,
y^, ya,
/SL, mi,
jt
^V)
,
to
p]
6
,
tsu
^ ^g-j*
makefu
ne,
/
y,
^ ^J;fc
si
^*,^/\,
efl
ri
^
J\
',
na
^>
^j,
(hi),
vi
B
L,
ko
^
&.
Synopsis of the /Ym-^a'na-characters most in use.the Fira-gdna- writing confined to the 47 or 48 signs cited,it
Werenot,
wouldto
with a slight exercise in writing with the pencil, be more
difficult
learn, than the Kdta-kdna.
But the
desire for fariety,
change and ornament, hasto read Fira-
rendered this writing so abundantly rich, that to
make learning
gdna
texts
possible,
a
synopsis
of
these
signs
has become an absolute ne-
cessity.
Withowesits
the synopsis,origin.
we
give at once the Chinese character to which each sign
INTRODUCTION.
23
SYNOPSIS OF THE JAPANESE
FIRA-GANA.
Bf
KI.
u.
KO..B
c r T T
T
T
24
INTllODUCTION.
TA.
*
tsi.
TSI.
su.
t X
^
T
SO.
TO.
i-jfc
t
k
k
INTRODUCTION.
25
?r
/
Ahi
as
X
NI
-
=t=
1
1
KR
;?
Jt 17?
.
*
N0
-
^
7) 7>
ft
^T
26
INTRODUCTION.
71
ft
MI.
*H
19>
Y0.3 >>
MAV
_ i7
V-
=
>
*^
>
la
tKU-
RE. w
wo
-
?
"V
28
INTRODUCTION.
The synopsis of Japanese running-hand
characters, given
on the precedingis
in reading Japanese books and manuscripts, pages, collected by ourselves
de-
serving of remark on
account of
its
correctness.
As we
appreciated
its
being
submitted to the criticism of a clever Japanese,
we, some years ago, sent a1 ),
few proof impressions, to a respected friend in JapanMr. MATS MOTO
on whose invitation
was
so
kind as to undertake the revision and correction of
one of them.
This impression being returned to us,strict
we wereit
enabled to submitit is
our synopsis to a
revision,it
and
if
we have given
a place here,
with the conviction that
will
be a faithful guide in the deciphering of Fira-
gdna
texts.
To becomeforbasis,
familiar with this .writing, the Chinese character should be takento write with a pencil theit.
and attempts made at learning
more and
more sketchy Fira-gdna forms derived from
By
following this practical way,
the student will most quickly become so conversant with this writing, as to beable to read without hesitation a text written init,
provided the printing of
it
be not too bad.
In the Fira-gdna writing the
letters areis
more or
less
obviously
attached to
one another. The waysome Japaneseliarities
in which thisit
done will be best learned by copying,
texts
2),
in which
will at once be discovered
that some pecu-
in the
manner of attaching them
are only the natural results of a quick
handling of the pencil.
Thepure toya,I
stops (*),
and the signsoundsis
,
by which in the Kdta-kdna the change frome.
impuregu, "^
indicated, are used in the Fira-gdna also,
g.
^Tit is
dzi,
^?
dzu, J^l
ba,
^
bu,
etc.
The point, which in the Kdta-Mna, placed under a
letter
shows that
repeated, in the Fira-gdna runs together with the letter into one stroke. Opposed 2k ^ * to laid and tada, are the Fira-gdna forms
The
repetition of
two or three
syllables is
shown by
/
.
1)
w.
j.
c.
HTJYSSEN VAN KATTENfiYKE, Knight,
Commander
of
the
Naval-detachment
in
Japan in
1857, 1858 und 1859.2)the
The Japanese Treaties, concluded at
Tedo in 1855 with the Netherlands, Russia, Great-Britain,
United States and France.
Fac-simile of the Japanese text.
The Hague, MARTINUS NIJHOFF. 1862.
INTRODUCTION.
29notice
As stenographic abbreviations come underfor
3l|
koto (sake).
f)
,
/y
for
*|||
yori.
12. WRITTEN OB,
BOOK LANGUAGE.
Books among the Japanese are written either in the Chinese, or in the Ja-
panese
language.
A. Exclusively
Chinese
are scientific works, intended for literate persons,
who make
use of the Chinese written language, just as formerly our learned
men
did of Latin.
To
this class of
books belong
,
among
others
,
the oldest Chro-
nicle of
Japan (Yamdto-bumi or Nippon-ki), in which the pure Japanese words,
such as the names of persons and places, are expressed phonetically with Chinese characters, the Japanese Encyclopedia
Wa-Kan
san-sai dzu-e, the Chronicleetc.,
Wa-Kan
nen-kei, the Japanese
Government- Almanac,
while furnishing the
books, which are written for the general public and in Japanese, with at least a Preface in Chinese,is
still
considered to be in good taste.
Amongtionschiefly
the pure
Chinese texts must also be reckoned the Chinese translaoriginally
of
Buddhist
works,
written
in
Sanscrit,
which translations,
imported from China, are
hummed by
Japanese Bonzes in a peculiar Chi-
nese dialect.
That a Chinese text can be read aloud with a Chinese pronunciation
(koyd)
by
literate
Japanese
is
a matter of course, for, with the Chinese character, theyits
become acquainted withdialects;
pronunciationsentences,
also,
and
this according to certain
but
that
whole
when
read aloud, according tolisteners,
the
pro-
nunciation
of the
characters,
are intelligible to
we have),
constantly
doubted and now, uponChinese text withto itsisits
the authority of a learned Japanesesignsis
dare deny.
The
ideographic
there, to be apprehended according
contents and,
for the Japanese, the translation into his
mother tongue
included in this apprehension.
The apprehension and
translation of a Chinese
1)
Mr. TSUDA SIN-ITSI-ROO.
30text
INTRODUCTION.
is
therefore very justly called its
reading (Yomi)
or
Wa-kun (^fl
j||l| ),
the
reading in Japanese. Respecting the Chinese dialects, which have been here mentioned,following ought to be added.
the
In Japan the pronunciation of threehave beenadopted,1
dialects of the
Chinese written language)^|
which are(in the
called
after
the
Chinese dynasties
Han,
^i.
U
and
Jjtj
Tang
Japanese pronunciation Kan, Go and Too), Kan-
won (g!*e.
^f),
Go-won
(^^Dits
and Too-in
(0*^)till
or Kara-koto,
dialect of
Han,
U
and T'dng.,
The dynasty of Han
which had
seat in the country of
Ho-nan-fu thus,
on the borders of the Hoang-lio, nourished from 202 B. C.dynasty of U, settled on the Yang-tse-kiangtuated, existed from 222till,
220 A. C. Theis
where at present Nan-king
si-
280 A. C.
The dominion of the dynasty of Tang
embraced the period between 618 and 906.If with
the Japanese
it
be accepted, that the said dialects were not local
dialects existing
next one another, but changes which the Chinese language has
undergone in the lapse of ages, then the introduction and continued existenceof those dialects in Japan would not be without importance in the knowledge of the old Chinese language.writing,it
But
since,
with the defective Japanese Kdna-
is
impossible to represent any Chinese dialect faithfully, those dia-
lects too, that
have wandered to Japan losethe question of their
all historical
value,
and we therefore and the
confine ourselves to
introduction
into Japan,
use
to
which they have been applied.thefirst
On
point the Japanese works at ourfirst
command do not
shed
suffi-
cient light.
As the
teacher of the
Kan-won,
^^ ^which
Piao Sin-kung, a
scholar from the country of
Han
is
mentioned, with the addition, that he camethis
to Fakdta in the country of Tsikuzen; but the time at
happened we
do not find recorded. Such also
is
the case with the introduction of the Go-won,,
which
is
attributed
to
*flj||
^(
Kin
Li-sin
and another Bonze from the
country of U.atfirsta).
As both had
settled
on the island of Tsusima, the Go-won was~?jjfjj
also
called
Tsusima-won
2^
^ -&
^) or the
Tsimmanian pronun-
ciation
With regard
to
the
second point,
it
may
be assumed as certain, that the
1)
The Japanese Encyclopedia XV, 33
verso.
Fak-buis-zen under
Kan-won and Go-won.
INTRODUCTION.
31
Go-won was the
dialect, in
which the Bonzes read the Buddhist writings, imit
ported from China, and that
still,
with a few exceptions,
is
in vogue
among
them, whereas the Kan-won, the use of which was, in virtue of an edict published
by the Mikado1
as
early
as
792, made obligatory in the study of the
Chinese language
),
prevailed in the
domain ofIII.
science,
and penetrated into the
whole profane
literature.
See Addenda
In the Chinese- Japanese dictionaries the pronunciation of each wordgiven in both dialects and that,instancesfirst
is
found,
in
Kan-won, and then in Go-won. In thet$J *,
^
T or
^
-^ ^
and
I$J
* or ^
? and $ are
placed as
Kan-
won
,
^
and
I 1 v
i *as Go-won.
*
The
dialect of
T'dng (Too-in), as
it
has been fixed by means of the Kanaofficial
writing approaches more nearly the ordinary Chinese
language (Kwan-hoa),
than the two otherThisdialectis
dialects,
but
is
just as unintelligible as they, to a Chinese.
found mostly in works about China, used in the description ofit is
the names of places, and
also said to be used
by the monastic order of the
Five
hills
or convents"
(
3fl
|_L|
Go-san) at Miyako.dialects
WeWa-Tcun.
close this digression
on the threeis
with a quotation of the spe-
cimen by which the differenceToo-in.
shown in
te Japanese Encyclopedia.Too-in.
Kan-won
&
Go-won.
Wa-kun.
O
Kan-won.
Go-won.
f
^
ani otitono gotoku, mala, ivdlcu , fibiki no Japanese translation: Tatove va Flats no koevaffotosi,i.
zivakomago nofinals
e.
The two
dialects, to use
an example , are like brothers. It
is
also said:
The assonances or
are like sons and grandsons.
I)
Wa-nen
kei oder
GeschicMstabeUen von Japan, aus dent Originate
iibersetst
von
i.
HOFFMANN.
32
INTRODUCTION.
Chinese text with Japanese translation.In Chinese there are books written, which contain a
complete Japanese
translation
at the side of the text.is
There are also some, in which the Japanese translation
incomplete, and
of words are explained. In this case are only here and there words or fragments
found either only the principal ideas translated, or merely the terminationalinflections
given.
It
is
supposed
here,
that the Japanese reader
knows thetoit
signification of the Chinese character and the word correspondinghis
in
mother tongue, or not being acquainted- withall
it,
he resorts to a Chineseis
Japanese dictionary, to supply
that, in
which the translationit
deficient.
Wereto
the construction
of the two languages alike,of each Chinese
would
suffice
simply
representat
the significationsideis
character by
a Japaneseas
wordChi-
placednese.
the
of
it,
and to read Japanese in the same order
But there
one point, from which the two languages diverge; to wit,its
the Chinese verb has
objective (complement, regime), whether a simple
noun
or a substantive phrase objective,
after
it,
the Japanese has
it
before.
To
give an instance,
the Chinese construction
requires
one to say:
He
reads a
book: he desires to go home;" on the contrary, the Japanese:
He
a book reads;
he homewards to go desires."
Thus in the reading aloud of the Japanese translation of a Chinese sentencea transposition, a skipping over of the Japanese wordsas the case in question occurs. This transposition isis
necessary, as oftenleft-hand-side
shown on the
of the Chinese texttranslationis-
the
right-hand one being occupied
by the Japanesewords
by numbers or equivalent
signs. This, transposition of thei.e.
called
^jjftt'pjl?
^
IV
Geki-toku-suru
,
against
(the order) in
reading,
or also Kaytri,
turning back, and the transposition-signs Kaydri-tenor
marks
of going backwards.These marks are1)
the hook, ^, which indicates the transposition of two words following eachotheras
^
,
05 5
*
i
inotte
korewo - korewo motte (thereby)
;
2)
the Chinese ciphersskips over
-,
=,-(1,2,3) when
the translation of a character
two or more characters;J:,
3)
the signs
f,
T
(above, in the middle, beneath), whenever the parts of
a sentence, that have been already marked, must be again skipped over;
INTRODUCTION.
33
4) the cyclical signs
,
z,,
Pa
for a further skipping over.
The
ciphers
and signsc-,
cited
may&,
occur in connection with the simple transit;ffi,
position-sign , thus:
&,
B]
ife,
&, &.
Aof the
practical indication of the use of these signs will be found in our edition
Grand Study
(Ta-Aid), a few lines of which are subjoined as a specimen
of Chinese text with a
complete
as well as a
fragmentary
translations in
Japanese,
CHINESE TEXT.
1
,
with a complete translation in Japanese.
2, with a fragmentary translation in Japanese.
jHhi
"^T
^
2 AE &*5*
-/FT
in'
r^\
,,Tfc
{J
fc,^7ffii
O
*Bif
Jfc,
Tffi
r
ffij
B5
BB
-*.
I
in Japanese: Reading of the translation
Dai-Gaktino mitsiva mei tokuwo akirakanirttni arl; si-sen ni todomarti ni ari.
siirtiniari;
tamiwo
ardtftni su-
Todomartikotonotsi
wo
sitte, slkauslte notsi
sadamartikoto
ari.
Sadamatte, slkauslteYastiu-
yoku sidzuka
nari.
Sidzuka ni
site,
slkausr^ notsi y6kti yasusi.3
34sikauslte notsi yokti
INTRODUCTION.
site,
omdnbakaru.is
OmOnbakatte
,
slkaustte notsi yokti
u
1
).
If,
as here, the Chinese textis
in the standard form written in full, then
the
Kdta-Mna
used for the interlinear translation in Japanese, whereas the
Fira-gdna accompanies the Chinese running-hand.B.
Books
written in the
Japanese
language.
In these, the national writing, whether Fira-gdna or Kdta-kdna, forms the
chain, in which a larger or smaller number of ChineseIn thiscase thesidestyle,
.characters are
inserted.
the Chinese characters represent ideas, for which the reader, inat the
meaning of the Chinese character has not been already expressedit
of
in
Japanese writing, must substitute Japanese words and connectinflectional forms, also
them with thecharacter.
which the writer has placed
after the Chinese,
Here
the
Kdta-kdna accompanies the Chinese standard- writingIn this
and the Fira-gdna the Chinese running hand.literature
style the whole Japanese
proper
is
written.
A
Japanese text without an admixture of Chinese
ideographic signs, women's letters excepted, has never yet come under our notice.
To exemplify what has beenstyle.
said,
we
subjoin a few lines written in
this
In the one specimen the translation in Japanese will be found writtenit is
next to each Chinese character, in the otherchiefly in official
left out;
the latter happens
documents.
o-*-
O
#5t*
3
^ *
y
1)
Translation.
The way of the Grand Studyit
consists in illustrating illustrious virtue,
it
consists in reno-
vating the people,
consists in resting in the highest excellence.
The
point where to rest heing
known
,
the object of pursuit
is
then determined
:
that being determined
,
a calm unperturbednessthere
may
be attained.
To
that there will succeed a tranquil repose. That being attained,
mayJ.
be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment (of the desired
end
.
LEGGE, Chinese
classics. Vol. I. 220.
INTRODUCTION.
35
Reading of the Japanese
text.
Nagasaki oyobi Hakodate no minato no foka, tsugini nosuru ba-slyoki-gen yori akubesi1 ).
wo sano
The frequent use made of Chinese ideographic
signs in this style of writing
has for consequence, that even people of the lower order are more or less ac-
quainted witheducation,
it
and
,
appreciating a sort of knowledgeuse ofit.
,
which pleads for a good
make ample
We
possess written communications from Jastile,
panese
work-people
which,
written in the prevalent epistolaryletters.
contain
more Chinese characters than JapaneseItfirst
stands to reason that, to understand texts written in this style, in the
place,
an acquaintance with the Japanese language
is
necessary, since the
logical
connection between the parts of the proposition and the ideas indicatedis
by the Chinese charactersC. Style.
expressed in Japanese letters, thus in Japanese.
Just as every living language the Japanese too hasturies,
,
during the lapse of cenis reflected
undergone change and had a gradual development, which
in
a litterature of
more than a thousand
years.
This
is
not the place to investigate
those changes or to indicate specimens of different periods.direct
We
desire merely to
attention to the difference which exists between the old and
new
Japa-
nese language, written as well as printed.a.
Old Japanese.Ftiru-koto,is
The old language,
an idiom
free
from foreign ingredients,
that has been developed freely and independently in the isolated Nippon. Originally
the language of the ancient Mikado-dynasty, that was settled in YamdtoC.,
660 years B.
and therefore
also called Yamdto-kotobd or the
language of Ya-
mdto, this idiom had, with the political, intellectual and spiritual power of that dynasty obtained supremacy over the other dialects of the empire and was, forages long, the general written language, expressed at one time in Chinese, and
then again in Japanese writing; butdeclined,
when
at last the
power of
this
dynastythis old
and
lost its direct influence in theits
government of the empire,
language shared
fate:
it
was superseded by a new idiom, and supplanted in
1)
That
is:
Besides
the Ports of Nagasaki and Hakodate, the places mentioned beneath shall be openedArt. 2 of the Netherlands-Japanese Treaty of the
at the following periods.
18^ August, 1868.
36the politicalforgotten.its
INTRODUCTION.
life,
but by no means driven from the mouths of the people, orvehicle of
As the
an extensive
literature,
and
chieflyits
by the power ofis still
this language has kept poetry and of the old religion,it,
stand, and
held in respect, since the literature founded oncient civilization ,still,
as the expression of
an an,
and as the witness of a past glorious in the eyes of the nation
finds its admirers ;is
and the old
service of
Kamis which,
still
lives
on among
the people,
rooted in this language.,
Considered from a philological point of view
the Yamdto-kotoba
is
the mirror
whichposes
reflectsits
most
faithfully the
being of the Japanese language, the most ex-
organic structure, and sheds a clear light on the grammatical forms
also of the
new
idiom,
now become
prevalent.is
The student of the Japanese language, who
not
satisfied
with the mecha-
nical learning of grammatical forms, but wishes to penetrate into the
knowledge
of their origin and being, must, in the etymological and grammatical treatment of that language, take the Yamdto-kotoba for basis, following, in this respect,the example of the Japanese themselves
who,
to be able to lay
any claim
to
li-
terary proficiency, apply themselves to the study of their old language and read
the old authors
and poets, and sometimes even imitateliterature is rich in,
their versification.less rich
The Japanese
works in the Ftiru-koto, but not
in philological resources
chiefly in dictionaries , in
which the old or pure Japa-
nese languageare the
is
illustrated
by
citations of the sources.
The
principal
sources
works on mythology and history, the oldest of which are those which 7 have been designated with the name of the three records" ^n^
(^*^Q^
^f
lg> 3 San-bu fon-siyo). *"*1.
^
Original
account of the old events of former times,
"f^^
W^
ip^^^JCfMUMAKONO
ffit* Sen-dai ku-zi
fon-ki" executed by SIYAU-TOK. DAI-SI and Sogano
STJKUNE,
by order of Mikado SUI-KO, in 10 volumes, beginning with
the god-dynasties, and extending to 620 (the 20th year of the said Mikado).2.
The
Book of
antiquity,
FUru-koto-bumi or
~^
3
^.^
jf^l* Ko-zi-ki,"
written by Oho-ason YASU-MARO and presented to the Mikado GEN-MEI in 711 or
712, 3 volumes.5th
It begins
with the mythological times and reaches to 597 (the
year of the Mikado SUI-KO).3.
The
Japanese
book,
Yamdto-bumi
or
J
^
2Jf
^^^E*
Nippon
siyo-ki" completed by TONERI NO SIN-WOO and Oho-ason YASU-MARO, in 720, in
INTRODUCTION.
37l
20
volumes,
beginning
with the creation and ending with the year 697
).
These works, executed before the introduction of the Japanese Kdta-Mnawriting, are, as appears from the copies, that
we havepartly
of them, generally writat the side ofthis is
ten with Chinese writing, partly ideogrophic,
phonetic;
which
is
found the reading in Japanese expressed with Kdta-kdna, butlater time.
an addition of
As
a specimen
we
here subjoin the
first
Unas of the
o0* 0*
mi
45*
ft*
*
ft
Reading: ^OT^ tsutsino fazimeno toki taka-mano farani ndrimdseru k ami no mi-navd Ante no minaJka-
nusino kami, isugini Taka-mi-musubi no kami, isugini Kami-musubi no kami,vd minafitori garni ndrimdsite, mi-mi
Kono mi fiuirano kami
wo kdkmi-tamdviki.mi-naka-nusi no kami , Taka-mi-musiibi no kami, and Kami-musubi nosolitary
Translation:
The
three gods
:
Ame no
kami, at the time of the creation of Heaven and Earth existed in the high expanse of heaven, weregods and hid themselves.
As
sources for obtaining acquaintance with the FUru-kotQ
,
the topographical ,
physical and historical descriptionslected
(^.^ db
^
nB^
Fuu-to-ki) of Japan, col-
as
early as 713
come further under
notice; the laws
and precepts edited
1)
Ofin
this
work
I
have made ample use in the elaboration of an historical treatise, which appeared in,,Nippon-Archiv" under theQuellen bearbeUet.style, inis
1839
TON SIEBOLD'S
title
of Japan's Besiige mil der Korntehen Halbinsel
tmd mil China. Nach JapanischenIt
might be expected, that the;
which these annals are written, would be characterized by una-
dorned simplicity
but the opposite
the case.
The
oldest Japanese proseis
is
completely subservient to courtly
manners;
it is
verbose and diffuse, and any one, unless he
penetrated, like the
authors themselves , with
the divine worship,
which they display towards the prince andlies
his house, will discover but too soon that
behind the richness of courtlike expressions
hid
poverty of ideas.
38in three different periods
INTRODUCTION.
(En*
^5 ^titd),
Jy^^
San-dai kdku-siki} of 820, 869-
and 907;collections
-
-
Historical narratives
and romances
($fy^
Intfft
Mono-gatdri}',
of Lyric
poems
(
^*
as well as the
Bundle of Ten thousand
leaves;
Epic poems and Melo-dramatic pieces (Jll^philological
Man,
or mai) etc.
As
aids towards illustration of the Ftiru-koto deserving of men-
tion are:
^p
^n/
^b
Wa-mei-seo, or explanation of Japanese names, collected by(
MINA-MOTONO siTAGAVU
^
j||| )
,
a famous poet,
who
died in 986. 20 volumes.
There are editions of 1617, 1667 and 1851.
M
;
w*/
u koto no
bdsi, or
Ladder to the old language." 1765.,
3M** 'JP*
W^" PI \/=5*
^fl^ >>t* ^ Ga-gen 7Iv 3. 18^*2^
siyu-ran or Miydvi-koto-atsume
View
of the
correct language,"#* fl~H
by ISI-GAVA GA-BAU. 1812.
^* -j|^.
^ia.
Every one, who
for the first time hears a Japanese harangue,little
is
struck by the
continual repetition of the
word wa, which pronounced in a sharp andoff the
high tone and followed by a pause, breaks
equable flow of words, in
which the speaker then proceeds in
his ordinary tone of speaking.little
On
a hearer, not
acquainted with the language, this
word with
its
resting point
makes the
impression, that the speaker would emphasize what he has just said, and separateit
from what,
follows.is
And
that impression
is
correct.
Wa,
*7
,
in the book-
language )\isolate
va,
an emphatic
suffix or rather
an interjection, intended tofollows.
some word or saying, and
to separate
it
from what immediately
We
do the same,
when we
raise the voice at
some word and,
after a pause,
continue, speaking in our ordinary tone.
Va
or
wa
therefore
is
used, in the
first
place, to separate the subject
from
the predicate, as in(jewels
Tdmavb ydmaydriit
idsu,
= the jewels
||
mountain out come
come out of mountains); andit is
may not
cause surprise when, on that
account,
understood as characteristic of the subject and consequently asstrictly considered,it is
the sign of the nominative, which,
not.
It is indeed
joined to the subject, but not exclusively, and serves to isolate every other relation, every
dependentas to,.
case.
The
isolating
power of va
finds its equivalent in,
expressions like
with regard,
to, .quant a Fr.
quoad, quod
attinet
ad
,
Lat.
,
wat
.
.
aangaat
Dutch.it
Whenever va
isolates the subject,
answers to the Chinese
^
tse,
which
has the signification of a
definite
something" and passes for a relative pronoun.
As
a euphonic modification of va,
)Y ba
also occurs.
The
subject
and the predicate are not always separated by va, but how neappears from the instance quoted, which,
cessary this separation sometimes is,
with the omission of va,
may
also signify:
jewel-mountain from come,"
i.
e.
be produced from a jewel-mountain.
Examples:nari, the lion
>j|jj}j^
v"
^'^Wall
H/t^^
^pt:
^" 9
i
Sisiva fdku-ziuno tslyauis
is
the head ofisn'^t
brutes, or: as to the lion, he
the head etc.nari',
^f% ^ox,
^ ^ E0is
^
lif
^
^" 9
Usiva tawo tagavesu tsikuanimal.
as to the
he
a field-ploughing
domestic
l^f ^ ^K^
^P J
~^
**
>
Oso va
sui-tsiu ni
sumu = the,
otter in (the) water lives.
CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
7.
61
DECLENSION.7.
The relations of one nounby
to another word, or1
its
cases, are expresseddefi-
by
suffixes,
particles (Teniwova or Tsukd-zi)
),
which generally have a
nite signification, and, arranged, according to our declension, are limited to the
following.
Nominative (subject) and Vocative.Accusative (object direct)Genitive
.
.
^7
wo
.
Jf ga (pronounced
nga,
I'M),~J]
among
in-
exact writers oftenQualitative Genitive
ka.
JS
no, old- Japanese alsotsu, originally tu.
-}-
na and
y
Dative and Terminative
ve, he or
X ye, e
(wards).
Index of the relation of the Place,ni,
Means and InstrumentAblative
7"
te.
.
^3})
nite,
7*~ft
de (pron.
tide).
yori,
y
kara (out, from).
;7 wo alone, which indicates an object directof declension,signification.itis
is
characterized as a real form
the other inflections belong to the suffixes, that have theirIf,
own
notwithstanding, they are here already cited and illustrated,
for
the
behalf of those,
who do not
willingly dispense with the ordinary
declensions.
Explanation.I.
NOMINATIVE. The primitive form of a noun
is
at the
same time that of theIn imitation of former
nominative, which thus has no inflectional termination.
grammarians theristic
suffix
)^ va, vulgo *7 wa, has been considered as a characteis
of the Nominative, but as this suffixalso
merely an isolating particle, which
may
be of use with other cases,
it
must not be longer considered aa a*).
definite characteristic of the
Nominative
(subject)
1)
See Introduction,altaische
$
14. 3. pag. 42.
2) ,,Keine
Sprache hat einen Nominativ."186.
H. STEINTHAL,
Ckanuitrutik itr ha*pU*f)ditktit*
Typen det Sprach bauet , I860, pag.
62
CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
7.
VOCATIVE. The poet sometimes stretches or doubles the final sound of a nounto
,
make known,
that his feelings are thereby
affected,
or that he invokes the
object.
This emphatic prolongation of sound, by which the vocal-harmony comes
into play, belongs properly to the interjections,
and has the same
effect as
our
exclamation
!
or Oh!
Hdna,
flower;
Mnaa!torii!(
(^f
^(
7)
o flower! oh the flower!
Tori, bird;
,(^ J
^}
o bird!
Mi,
three;
mii! (lEl
To, four;.. .
y6o! yowo!...
u;
uwo!occurs,i.
As exclamation ^, wo
e. g.e.
in Irova nivoveto tsirm%ru'w6 = the colour,
with the smell corruption o!
oh!
that the colour with the smell should
vanish!Besides, 37suffix
Yi
just as in
German: Feuerio! Mordio!,
is
used as an emphatic,
and
,
added to the simple root of a verb
strengthens the Imperative
e.
g.
To wo akdyo, open the door!n. ACCUSATIVE.placed before theg.
If the object direct of a transitive verb is
indefinite,falls
it is
verb in the primitive form and the logical accentgrass to
upon
the verb'
e.
Kusd kari,=it is
mow.
If the objectat the
is
definite (Accusais
tivus definitus),e.
characterized by
wo and
same timeIfit is
accentuated,
g.
Kusdwd
karu, = grass (or the grass) to
mow.
to be brought outis
with emphasis as the subject of conversation, then the accusative
isolated
by the
particle va besides,
and the formis
wova
is
obtained, which for euphony
passes over into
woba, and
frequently pronounced oba.
Examples. Tori-odosivd
tori
kedamonowd oddsu mono
ndri, the
scarecrow
||
is
-something that frightens birds and beasts.nari,
Uw6
tdru
amivd uwow6
toru
gu
= the
fish
catching-net,
is
a fish catching-net.
- -
Midzu kumi, waterKefurinotokdro o
scooper.nobdruwo
Ikdno midsuwo kumu, to scoop the water from a pond.miru, to see the
mountingJ
of the smoke.
Kamird mkumu
ba
mdtte simowo ts&kgu koto nakdrechief, they
),
with that which people disapprove of in their
must not charge
their inferiors.(
In the book on the Middle- Way
f|l
^
Cap. IX) after what a
man may un-
J)
The Grand Study (Dai Gaku), X,
8.
CHAPTERdertake of whatis
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
63but
great has been
summed up,
there follows as antithesis:
he cannot keep therectly expresses
Middle-Way," which the Japanese translation very corwdb* yo| ife Tsiu-you if it were: >7Vm-youwfr, kortwo
>^*K*. Iff* *'**/$* v/*Tf Beffect,-
kusu bekardzu. It would have the same
- but the Middleyokusu bekardzu WayTsiu-yousaying:
-
wa
cannot,
it
is
plain, pass forrtava nite
that can one not keep." The form an accusative. On the other hand the
Muma sar^woba
korewo sibdru, = the horse and the apecontains an unnecessary repetition of the
with a rope (one) binds them fast,"
object, characterized as accusative. If the fluous; if the kordwo remains,
wo ba
is
perserved, the kordwo
is
super-
Muma sdruva
must remain, the wo beingtsuku, to build a wall
superfluous.(or
The use of
ivo
in
Kai-henwo isi-kabewo
on
along)(
the seaside, deserves notice.
Nipponno bu-naiwo riyo-kau-suru men-g!yopermission to travel
H
$^^R ft^SlctT^^^S^)'Japan1
through the inland of
).
The Accusative employed here
indicates a continuous motion
which we
expressIII.
by means of along, through.GENITIVE.1,
~}f
ga, nga,
na(^),sets
in pronunciation sharp toned, cha-
racteristic of the genitive relation,
forth the object as something taken inthe.
a definite senseof gais
,
and has the
effect
of of
The
genitive subordination byit
means
considered disrespectful;
thence the speaker applies
only to himself
and to persons and things of which, having higher persons in view, he makesnoofcase.
One
says, indeed,is
Wdregd
or Watdkusigd,
= of the
I, of,
me, and Are go,
him
;
but ga
not used with those nouns and pronouns2).
with which respected
persons are addressed or indicated
Examples.bailiff ofis
Ko
va Misima-agata-nusi gd oya nari, this
is
the progenitor of thewart, this god
the district of Misima.
Kono kamivd N. N.ra gd oya
the progenitor of the N. N.s.
Flt6 mina Sukunegd kau-rikiwozo kan-zi keri, each admired Submit* strength.
1) 2)
Netherlands and Japanese TreatyThis
I.
al.
3.
RODKIGUEZ
also
must have meant, when he, accordingla troisieme persoiine,
to theet
French edition f 7,la
sy:
,/
s'emploie cotnme proiiom de
pour
les inferienr*,
comme prouom dele
praniirc,
par humilite." Let the misprint
coin me pronom" be altered
to
,,apre$" or ,,pour
pronom," and theis
agreement with our assertion will be found.in Alcock's Japanese
A
pronoun, ga
,
does not exut.
The ame mistake
met withis
Grammar
of 1861
p.
18, where we read: ,,f y,first
n of the genitive in noons,
used aa a pronoun in the third person for inferiors, and in the
person
u
a term of humility."
64
CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
7.
Kai-mongd dake, the peak of theto the
sea-port (Kai-mon
is
the
name
of the entrence
bay between the provinces of Odsumi and Sdtsuma).sdki, the cape of the
Sagdmino Miura gdin the province of
Sagdmian Miura(
,
the cape of Miura,
SagdmL
Amegd
sitd
^
~~J\ )
,
under the heavens
the
sublunary world.
FU6wo
nai gd sironi su, to estimate others at the value of
nothing, te consider others of no value.
Kdru, being
so,
Kdrugd
yuejii,
=
forki-
the reason of the being so, on account of the state of
affairs.
Watdkusigd
mono, the dress of me.~Jf
Ga, no index of theparticle
subject.
The
ga
is
also
considered
as
an emphatic
definite characteristic ofit
the subject.
Now
the question arises, if a particle, which, asis
most evidently
appears from the instances cited,genitive, can also be one of the
an emphatic
definitive characteristic of theis
nominative. The answer
negative.
The
cases,
in which ga
is
considered as an emphatic nominative termination, are capable ofits
a conception, which leaves to this particle
value of a characteristic of thereasons,
genitive, and besides places in aeffect, whichis.>
clear
light the
why ga
has that
ascribed
to
it
as
an emphatic
characteristic
of the subject.is
An
instance will
make
this clear.
Speaking of an undertaking the question
proposed:for it."
Is there
MONEY
for it?"
and whichis
is
answered by:
There
is
money
Now
inis
the question
money
the subject,first
which
after the
Japanese
arrangement,isolated
placed first and, as a subject
brought into conversation,there is" lo-
by va or wa. In the answer, on the contrary, the predicateand the subject
gically has the greater weight,
money," as subordinate
attributivega.
definition, precedes the predicate, as
genitive, emphatically characterized byto:
The answer:
There
is
money" changes
of
money
the presence (is)"
*).
The
question sounds in Japanese:
Kanew& drimdmkd?y?,
the answer: Kanegb, drimdsu.
Another instance consisting of the words
day, and kuretd, become dark.||
Toi.
the question:e.
/7wa
kuretakd? = the day (as to the day)thei.
has become dark?
has the
day approachedbecome darkis,
end? as answer, follows: Fig& kuretd = thethe day
day's having
e.
has become dark
3).
1) It
must be kept in view thatthe snbject exists.is
in Japanese
no congruency, properly 80 called, of the predicative15 A. p. 44.
defi-
nition with
See Introduction
2) This instance
taken from the ,,Japansch en Hollandsch Woordenboek van den Vorst van Nakats"
1810, letter/.
CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
7.
65
The Shopping-DialoguesE. g. pp. 1 and 2:
are rich in instances, which plead for this conception.
The buyer.
I
have come to buy something = WatdkusiTrb kai mononi maitta.whillis
The
seller.
What
you buy ? = Naniwo
kdi ndsdrft
'h-wamdsftka?
dri-
Thedrimdsu.
seller.
Yes, gold-lacquered goods are at
hand =
Hei. Maki-ye
monoga
Question:
ko
samagatavra, ikdga de irasertire mdsuka?,
your children,the youngest child
how dois
they do?
- -
Answer: S&dno ko ga sugure masfan
1
),
not quite well.Thereforeis
come down
is,
snows" Yukigo, furn or furi-mdsu, = of snow whereas Yukiwa, furu - with respect to the snow, it is comingsaid rightly forit
down, would be asnow. The sameis
definition
which attributes
come down," thetsuki-mosta9
predicate, to the
the case with Fokdno
fundg&
),
there
is
another
ship arrived, properly the arrival of another ship has happened, whereas
Fokd
no fund-w& tsuki-mdsta, would signify:ject
another ship --isto. which
arrived," the subis
now
being
another ship" the ideais
the most importance
attached,
and on which the attention
firstis
fixed.
The degrading of the
subject to attriin the
butive genitive of the predicateAltaic languages3 ),
a phenomenon, thatalso,
commonly occurs
and in the Chinese
plays an important part. Thus, to
choose a classical expression, the saying [gj
^ ^ fyis-{{^ *),
Hoei
tee!is
:in
y\ means
Hoei
is
(or was) a
man, Japanese KwaivB,9ficfl^i
flto to nari.
Hoei
here the subject
brought under consideration, of which somethingsaying of CONFUCIUS:
said.
On
the contrary the
^**
-*+
.*,
*\l^s \/J
+.
\}
A|
U **
Japanese JTwoi'fft/ttrftd
from now.
Y y
3).
9
,
Kunini tau-tsiyakuno
fi yori,
from the day ofFusi-
the arrival in the country
Fusi-yamava Wun-zenga
take yori takdsi,i.
mountain
is
out of the peak of the
warm
springs high,
e.
the ^wsz-mountain
in higher than the peak of the
Wunzen.e.
Korewd
sore-yori takdku drimdsu *),that.
-
this
from that out high
is,
i.
this is higher,
than
Yori,oki yori no
subordinated by means of no to another substantive:
Kono misakiva
mmte
nari, this cape is a
mark
(medte) out of sea.
Kara, indicating rather thethe
direction,
from which any
thing
comes
3
),
as
German
her, occurs in the written
language seldom, and only in old comis,
pounds, as in Oki kara, out of sea, andguage. Kore karayotte).(
rather peculiar to the spoken lanfor that reason (= koreni
fj|j
^),
thence,-
-- Sore kara, so with.fil
^
also therefore,
jfc^ ifl^
$
^?
v% % ?4
H^),
?
mj
3
*
f
"t"1f
^> Tehon-girega drimdsu kara, korewo Goran-nasarehand (drimdsu), pleasesee this.
since
(kara)
there
are patterns at5
Age-masu kara uke-
tori-gakiw6 kudasare
),
after (kara) delivery (agemasu) please, give a receipt.G
Kon-nitsiwa yohodo 6s6i karatoo late (yohodo-6s6i),
),
miyau-nitsi kaheri masiyoo, as (kara) to dayto
it is
I will
come back
morrow.to shoot,
Remark. Yori, verb continuative, derived from yi (#),
from which,
amongroot,
others ya, arrow, and yumi,
bow,ni,
derive.
(Kara seems
to belong to the
ki,
come).
Preceded by a local
yori,
means
to have its point of de-
parture in;
Kore-ni yoreri, from that flows forth.
Koreni
ytiriti
or yotte, in
consequence of, therefore.
1)
The Treaty between the Netherlands and Japan, I,
5.
2) Shopping- Dialogues
,
p.
35.
3)
pn"
;fjjj
-^j^
-Hip.
.
Wa-gun
siwori , under Kara.5)Ibid. p.14.
4) Shopping-Dialogues,
23.
6)
Ibid. p. 41.
II.
PRONOUNS.\
8.I.
The Pronouns
in Japanese are:
Nouns which
express a quality.
II.
Pronouns demonstrative, whichits
point out something, either a person
or thing according to
relation to the speaker.
They
are
all
subject to the ordinary declension, and which the genitive suffix,
no, are used as pronouns possessive.
The
distinction
of
three grammatical persons1
(I,
Thou, He) has
re-
mained foreign to the Japanese language(the I), as well as that to
).
All the persons, that of the speaker
which or of which
he speaks- (Thou, He), are
on-
sidered as contents of the proposition
and thus, according
to our peculiarity of
language, in the third person, and etiquette, having in view the meaning of
words expressive of quality, has to determine, which person, by one or anotherof these wordsis
intended.
Etiquette distinguishes only between the
I,"
and
the
not-I,"
it
abases the one,
and
exalts the other. Thus,
it
is
the meaning.us.-,
which in
this sort ofit,is
words comesindicated.
first
under notice,
Mon*
the
that
i-ti-
quette makes of
1)
Therefore,
as
it
will
be seen hereafter,
the
verb
has no ronjiigational snfnxc*,
which tend to the
expression of this distinction.
74
CHAPTER
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
8.
With
respect to the
use of the qualifying pronounsdiffer
especially, the written or
book language and the conversationalI.
from each other.
Qualifying nouns, whichI":
are used as pronouns, are,
A. For the
MYatsu-k6(
fjf?), pron.
Yakko, = house-boy,
valet, servant; belongs to the old
written language. -- Yatsii-kare
(^^^i^),valets,
valet,
your servant.
Yatsu-bara (^Jj} ^j^'l), the
we
subjects.
The Chinese^j^*7'
j^,
yfi,
Jap. gu, unintelligent, in compounds, as:,
^^^- ^t~l.v*
Gu-nin
the unintelligent
man
,
I.
*
ppt^ CX
'
Gu-sa. the unintelligent.1
Jj?k^
-^-^' Gu-sau, the unintelligent herb^Tgr,
),
the
I" of the Bonzes.
j^
^*
Gu-rauGu-sin,
,
the unintelligent old man.
jeB^"
A^^? *^
my
heart.
B. For the person spoken to,1.
THOU:originally Na-motsi,;
Nandzi (|^^), formerly Ndmiidzi,, , ,
having a name,,
name-having
name bearing renowned honoured
plural nandzira
nandziga-tomo-
gara. It belongs to the writtenliterate persons address
language and to the solemn
style,
Nobles, and.
one another with Nandzi.to
f^
.
^fc
.
^
.
ffi>
Tdmi tomoni ndndziwo miru, the people look upNandzi fitoga me wo2.tsukete oru,
you together, or every one looks up
to you.
you have attracted the eyes of the people.,
Imasi
(
^^
)
,
shortened m&si
= present
,
leaves.
it
uncertain
,
whether a
person speaks to his betters or inferiors. J|5 ~f3.
Sanaa
(^^^
^j||^
= the look, appearance, shape, ^9l^)> vulgo San,is
e.
g.
Mindtono sdma yosi, the shape of the harbourwell,
beautiful, the
harbour looks
was, originally, as a characteristic of modesty, applied by the speakersinceis
to himself;
the middle ages, however,
conceded to a person beyond the
speaker,
it
now
generally used as an expression of respect and at presentIt is subjoined to;
answers to our4. "gimi(
Sir, Mister."*J~),
nouns and pronouns.,
^"
Sir
,
Mister
Kimi-samato
(
^" ^ ^| *")NN.
vulgo Kimi-san
ho-
nour, lordship.5.
N. N. kimi-samaye,(-=f*^
Mr.
Te-maye
^0
"'),
vulgo Te-mai, Te-mee, = at hand, indicates the per-
1) Corporal, only to vegetate from the example of the Lotusplant,
but to make the
spirit free,
is
the
duty of the Buddhist's
life;
thence the clerical (Bonze) considers himself as an herb.
CHAPTERson spoken
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
8.
75
to.
Plural Te-maye-Wsi, vulgo Te-maird, Te-mee-tatsi. Te-mdye-sdnm .
vulgo Te-mdye-sdn, the gentleman at hand (present), you, Sir; plur.sdma-ydta.
Te-maye-
On, O ($P**"), Kiconversational languagethe person, to6.
(
J|*), Son
(1p|^ *.
honorary adjectives, used in thestyle as
and in the epistolary
pronouns possessive, of
whom
or of
whom
spoken.J^J.
On, O ($P**,,
abbreviated
f^.
/.
(^. tj v^),.
as given
by
Japanese authorsour
an abbreviation of ~fc
60 , 6ond , great , sublime , answers toit is,
His or Her Highness" referring to a prince;
however, prefixed to the
names of things or matters that haveapplied by the speaker torespectall
reference to
any person in honour, andhis
beyond himself, for which he wishes to makeo before substantives
known. Thus the presence of on or
and verbs, makes
known, without the help of another pronoun,reference to a person
that the things or matters have
beyond
the speaker.e,
As
a Japanese element on or oYeilo.
is
compounded with Japanese words,the honoured side,
g.
0-Y4do, the princely
D-kola,
Your honour.,
0-mi, the honoured body, Your-selfI shall
0-iw,-
Your
eye.
0-meni kaMri-matfyoo0-ide, yourrise.
appear before your eyes.
"-
.
your name.
-- Y6ku 0-ide nasard,0-agdri nasard, =
may your
rise
happen = be
welcome! -- 0-agdri, youron!forif
rise.
may yourwish, the
rise
happen, comeexpression-
0-negdi, your wish.
0-negai~tn6.se ,let
may you
common
you plase."letter,
-- 0-mise,etc.
me
see! -- On-tdd&unt, your inquiry.
">
-
bumi, your
In old- Japanese the place of On,
is filled
by Mi, thence J//-XWo, sublime
mountain. port; Mi-koto, Highness; Mi-ydma, chief 3 7. Go, the koye of O, is generally prefixed to Chinese words. It fjlpprincely,"
means
but from politeness
is
also
used towards other persons beyond the
speaker.
Go-won, your favour.Go-yon, your use. ~ ... n~ *.,,-, y 0ur wntmg.^
-r,ii>,
your look.your friendly
,
t;,,-k,ni-i.
-,.--? at ^9
feelings.*"
5
>
Go-sen before you in your,
-'
,
^1 ?
'
Go-'Qu-**"'
*
~ y ur con
venation.presence.
Go-za, sublimei
seat.
'
G" **"*
sitiou.
y ur permission.
76
CHAPTER
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.^), vulgo 6-mai
8.
8.
O-maye, 6-mae
(fjljj^
~jjft
,
from the honorary ois
aiid
ma-ye
or ma-ve, - look-wards, thatspeaker,
is
before, thus something that
present before the
or as by
him imagined present and honoured, = Your Honour. Thecall
lower classes of functionaries and small peoplesdrna , omdesan.
one another omae and omde-
Formerly by 0-mae was meant the place before tbe prince; thence;
Omaeve maim,
to step before the
Emperor.9.
Npn
II, 4,
r.
lH'*, Ki, noble, honourable, =^
you" in genuine Chinese compounds,
as:
p 7
'
Ki-kokn-K"'-/M i
!
your country.t
'
y ur?
wn
-
your
care.
f Ki-ken ^/'
your
district.
^lz2Jr I* ^>>>^I
7
Ki-fau, ki-foo, J your an^ ^o'
T'
-Ki- ^,
Ki-koo, ki-koo-sama, the noble Lord, your Lordship.
^,
Ki-tf'd-ff
,
your house,
f'
Ki-
letter.
Ki-fyu, ki-hoo, your
side.
j7 s/j/o,
ki-so,
your writing.
Ki-foo sama.
^, Ki-mei, your10.
command.
^
*
HI
^ Ki-sama'
,
your Honour.
^
,
Son, worshipful, reverend, =
your" in Chinese compounds, as:i-kdk, the worshipful guest,
^
^"f,
Son-kun, the worshipful gentleman,Sir.
/
my,"%,
guest.
^
^ ^
3i
Son-kou, the worshipful gen-
Son-sau, the worshipful herb,
tleman, your father.
you, Bonze.^, Son-tai, your body, your person.
7,
^
Son-fu, the worshipful father,
your father.y
^- ^
Son-bo
,
your mother.
**,
Son-gaiy your limbs.
CHAPTER
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
8.
77
f
^^ >y S'
n ~y u
i
your appearance.
^tS'
Y'
&
******
78One's
CHAPTER
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
8.
own youngest
brother
Another's youngest brother.
J,
Ka-tei.
?, A-tei.%, A-slyuk.'
A-tsiu.
One's
own
son
is
:
Another's son
(
J^
^
^
s:
S* X lK
m
/?
-y. X HP ?, /'
,
(jrU-Sl.
/-,
^yj"
^
-f' ^, Rei-si.
^y ^ ~jHtj
^,
Siu-si.
^
-j\ 3
Ran-giyok.
One'sI i- t l
ownA.-4-i:
wife#.TV. .
is
:
Another's wife
(
^ ^uRei-sits.
s:
m.
lit.,
Kei-sai.Sen-sai.
^ ^ Sit
,
Nai-dziyo.Sen-sits.
>yc
v
^
,
-y
^, Sai-kun.#)is:
One's
own
concubine,
(
Another's concubine
Seo-seo..
.-
.
.
,
Kei-seo.Soku-sits.
/
^^7
f0l| 17"J
^^ ^y ^.
^Y fl|' &* Hf
Rei-tsnjou.Sei-tslyou.
'
One's
own
country and town
Another's country and town
ill
1 *^'
1
San-ken.ben-ri.Fei-ri.
3,
Ki-koku.
o
LI)
,
''
*
,
JHf
,
^'-^w.
t",
Ri-ken.
*it r
5B^
^'-^Kin-n.T7--
\
^
,
Kan-kiyqu.
Mprf
I) ',
CHAPTEROne's
II.
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
8.
79
own
dwelling place
Another's dwelling place
$S^ I^Y'!^l^
Kiiva-siya.
Ht^>>QE/7'
Kuva-sits.
^,>
Kau-tei.Kftra-tei.
/T ^iM
^,Toku-ro.>'*,
DJj8['
Ran-bau.
l^f
^>letter
Kan-siya.
One's
own
s:
Another's letter
'
"\T ^
^^ ?^
i
Sun-kau.Siyu-t6ku.
*,
Da-un.ASati-^an.
^" ^ B'a
5
it
^^M
f
'
? ft*.,f'
/.^ " c
3
J$
f), another
litsuru, toi.
remove
to elsewhere.
Yotoye ugok'mu,
not to remove to elsewhere,
e.
to stay firm at (or in) one's place.
Idzuku
('ffif 1.
s
||*^)> old- Japanese Idzuko, which place?
Some
consider
uas
an abbreviation of kuni, country, and consequently write ft'*country?
Q
*, whichis it?
kuniwd idzukude gozdrimdsu, your countryyour country?
which countryis
what
is
Idzuku no fitdzo, from what country
the
man?
-
Idzukuyd, whither?ydri kitazo,
Idzukuye m6, whithersoever,
to every-where.
Idztku
whence has he come? -- Idzuku yori m6, whencesoever, from every-
place whatever.
Idzuku ni
driizo,
where
is
he? Iy4ni aru, he*).
is
at home.
Idzwkunikd, or Idzukunkd, where? whither?idzukunkd yuku, whitheris
^-f
ft?
^7
*),
Uri
the ox going?originally
Idzukunzd,
-\
"J
"^
^X,
Idzuku nizo,
7*^=X,it
old-Japanese
Idzukonizo, -\y*i
^X,
from the elements, of which
is
composed, has theto our
meaning of
at
what place? where?", answers neverthelessalso,
>on whatto rtte
ground? why?"Doittite*).
and with
this
meaning
is
ranked with
A an
T
and
The
force of
Idzukunzd appears most plainly in the Japanese transla-
tion of the Chinese expression follow