© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi1

Visualizing Japanese Grammar

Appendix

Shoko Hamano

George Washington University

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi2

Positive Negative

I-adjectives 高い 高くない高かった 高くなかった

Na-adjectives きれいだ きれいじゃないきれいだった きれいじゃなかった

Nouns 学生だ 学生じゃない学生だった 学生じゃなかった

Direct-style forms of adjectives and nouns • The table to the right summarizes direct-style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms.

• Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds.

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi3

Positive Negative

One-step verbs食べる 食べない食べた 食べなかった

TA-RA-WA-line verbs 待つ 待たない待った 待たなかった

BA-MA-NA-line verbs 読む 読まない読んだ 読まなかった

KA-line verbs 歩く 歩かない歩いた 歩かなかった

GA-line verbs 急ぐ 急がない急いだ 急がなかった

SA-line verbs 話す 話さない話した 話さなかった

• The table to the right summarizes direct-style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms.

• Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds.

Direct-style forms of verbs

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi4

Positive Negative

“to go” 行く 行かない行った 行かなかった

“to do” する しないした しなかった

“to come” くる こないきた こなかった

“to exist” ある ないあった なかった

• And here are irregular verbs.

Direct-style forms of verbs

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi5

• To the right, various patterns that use direct forms are illustrated by using nomu “drink” as the example.

By itself

飲む I will drink.

Modifying a noun

飲む もの things to drink

飲む人 person who drinks

Modifying a pronoun

飲むの the one I will drink

Nominalized by no

飲む の drinking

With a temporal phrase

飲む前 before I drink

飲むまで until I drink

飲む時 when I drink

Patterns employing direct-style present forms

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi6

• And here are some more.

With a data source marker or a likelihood marker

飲むようだ It appears they will drink.

飲むらしい It appears they will drink.

飲むみたいだ It appears they will drink.

飲むそうだ I hear that they drink.

飲む予定だ We plan to drink.

飲むつもりだ I intend to drink.

飲むはずだ My understanding is that they will drink.

飲むだろう Probably they will drink.

飲むかもしれない They might drink.

Other

飲むわけにはいかない I cannot allow myself to drink.

飲むんじゃない It is not that we will drink.

Patterns employing direct-style present forms

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi7

Patterns employing direct-style past forms • Direct-style past forms appear with most of the previous patterns. By itself

飲んだ We drank.

Modifying a noun

飲んだもの things to drink

飲んだ人 person who drinks

Modifying a pronoun

飲んだの the one I drank

Nominalized by no

飲んだ の the fact that I drank

With a temporal phrase

飲んだ後 after I drank

飲んだ時 when I have drunk

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi8

Patterns employing direct-style past forms • And some more.

With a data source marker or a likelihood marker

飲んだようだ It appears they drank.

飲んだらしい It appears they drank.

飲んだみたいだ It appears they drank.

飲んだそうだ I hear that they drank.

飲んだつもりだ I believe I drank (but I could be mistaken).

飲んだはずだ My understanding is that they drank.

飲んだだろう Probably they drank.

飲んだかもしれない They might have drunk.

Other

飲んだんじゃない It is not that we drank.

Patterns containing homophonous parts

飲んだら once you drink

飲んだり drinking and such

© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi9

By itself 飲もう Let’s drink.

With to

飲もう とする I try to drink.

飲もう と思う I contemplate drinking.

飲もう かと考える I wonder if I should drink.

Direct-style volitional forms • And here is how to use the direct-style volitional forms.