Hydrogen Hydrogen EnergyEnergy

Presented By Mukesh ram.Presented By Mukesh ram.Guided by Gaikwad sir.Guided by Gaikwad sir.

What is Hydrogen energy?What is Hydrogen energy? Hydrogen is an energy Hydrogen is an energy

carrier, however that energy carrier, however that energy must be produced from must be produced from another substance; another substance; Hydrogen can be produced Hydrogen can be produced from water, Fossil Fuels, from water, Fossil Fuels, and Biomassand Biomass

Because Hydrogen gas Because Hydrogen gas cannot be extracted from the cannot be extracted from the atmosphere, and must be atmosphere, and must be extracted from other extracted from other substances, you must substances, you must extract the Hydrogen using extract the Hydrogen using either electrolysis (water either electrolysis (water splitting) or steam reforming. splitting) or steam reforming.

Steam ReformingSteam Reforming Steam reforming is Steam reforming is

currently the least currently the least expensive method of expensive method of producing hydrogen and is producing hydrogen and is accountable for 95-96% of accountable for 95-96% of the hydrogen produced in the hydrogen produced in the United States. It is the United States. It is used to separate hydrogen used to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CHin methane (CH44). ). Unfortunately, because Unfortunately, because methane is a fossil fuel, methane is a fossil fuel, the process of steam the process of steam results in greenhouse results in greenhouse gases which are gases which are commonly linked with commonly linked with global warmingglobal warming

ElectrolysisElectrolysis Electrolysis is a process Electrolysis is a process

that splits Hydrogen from that splits Hydrogen from water, which results in no water, which results in no emission but is very emission but is very expensive at present, It expensive at present, It accounts for only 4-5% of accounts for only 4-5% of Hydrogen production in Hydrogen production in the United States today, the United States today, due mostly to the greater due mostly to the greater cost.cost.

Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells

Hydrogen Fuel Cell StructureHydrogen Fuel Cell StructureThe Hydrogen The Hydrogen

Fuel cells are Fuel cells are made up of four made up of four parts- the Anode, parts- the Anode, the Cathode, the the Cathode, the Catalyst, and the Catalyst, and the Proton Exchange Proton Exchange MembraneMembrane

AnodeAnode CathodeCathode The anode is the The anode is the

negative part of the negative part of the fuel cell. It conducts fuel cell. It conducts freed hydrogen freed hydrogen molecules and sends molecules and sends them into an external them into an external circuitcircuit

The cathode is the The cathode is the positive part of the positive part of the fuel cell. It conducts fuel cell. It conducts electrons from the electrons from the external circuit to the external circuit to the catalyst and holds the catalyst and holds the oxygen until it is oxygen until it is forced past the forced past the catalyst.catalyst.

Electrolyte (Proton Exchange Electrolyte (Proton Exchange Membrane)Membrane)

The Electrolyte looks like clear The Electrolyte looks like clear kitchen wrap, but can only kitchen wrap, but can only conduct positive ions. The fact conduct positive ions. The fact that it must be hydrated in that it must be hydrated in order to work is a problem that order to work is a problem that must be solved. Its purpose is must be solved. Its purpose is to separate Hydrogen ions to separate Hydrogen ions from their electrons pushing from their electrons pushing the Hydrogen ions through the the Hydrogen ions through the membrane and sending the membrane and sending the electrons through an external electrons through an external circuit.circuit.

CatalystCatalyst The catalyst is a piece The catalyst is a piece

of carbon paper or cloth of carbon paper or cloth covered with a thin covered with a thin sheet of platinum nano-sheet of platinum nano-particles. It facilitates particles. It facilitates the recombination of the recombination of Hydrogen and Oxygen Hydrogen and Oxygen (from the anode and (from the anode and cathode respectively) cathode respectively) with water molecules as with water molecules as the waste. the waste.

The Process of Fuel CellsThe Process of Fuel Cells1)1) Pressurized hydrogen gas Pressurized hydrogen gas

enters the fuel cell on the enters the fuel cell on the anode side.anode side.

2)2) The gas is forced through The gas is forced through the catalyst, separating it the catalyst, separating it into to Hinto to H+ + ions and two ions and two electrons.electrons.

3)3) The ions go through the The ions go through the catalyst (because they’re catalyst (because they’re positive) and the electrons positive) and the electrons are forced through an are forced through an external circuit (where they external circuit (where they generate power).generate power).

Meanwhile… Meanwhile…

1)1) Oxygen gas is forced through Oxygen gas is forced through the cathode past the catalyst. the cathode past the catalyst. It forms two highly negatively It forms two highly negatively charged Oxygen ions, which charged Oxygen ions, which attract the two Hattract the two H++ ions. ions.

2)2) Each oxygen atom combines Each oxygen atom combines with two Hwith two H22 ions, as well as ions, as well as electrons that have returned electrons that have returned from the external circuit, to from the external circuit, to form water molecules. form water molecules.

Other Fuel Cell FactsOther Fuel Cell Facts Hydrogen fuel cells are essentially the “battery” of Hydrogen fuel cells are essentially the “battery” of

Hydrogen.Hydrogen. They combine more Oxygen and Hydrogen to form They combine more Oxygen and Hydrogen to form

water, and in the process energy is createdwater, and in the process energy is created It dispenses steamIt dispenses steam Small fuel cells can power electric cars, while large Small fuel cells can power electric cars, while large

fuel cells can provide electricity in out-of-the-way fuel cells can provide electricity in out-of-the-way places without power linesplaces without power lines

The most common form of fuel cells are Polymer The most common form of fuel cells are Polymer Membrane Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) because Membrane Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) because they have a high power density and low operating they have a high power density and low operating temperature, which means they take minimal time to temperature, which means they take minimal time to heat upheat up

CO$TSCO$TS One commercially offered price for a fuel cell currently is One commercially offered price for a fuel cell currently is

approximately $3,000 per kilowatt, a price considered too approximately $3,000 per kilowatt, a price considered too high for common use. Though fuel cells will not truly high for common use. Though fuel cells will not truly achieve nationwide market penetration until they drop to achieve nationwide market penetration until they drop to about $1,500, engineers are constantly working for a about $1,500, engineers are constantly working for a cheaper solutioncheaper solution

The initial cost setup is really not set for fuel cells in the The initial cost setup is really not set for fuel cells in the current market because it really has not in fact penetrated current market because it really has not in fact penetrated the market and is therefore being sold for a wide variety the market and is therefore being sold for a wide variety of prices, many of which vary from the company’s above of prices, many of which vary from the company’s above to as high as $6,000 per kilowatt.to as high as $6,000 per kilowatt.

Long term costs tend to be substantially less than the Long term costs tend to be substantially less than the initial costs, eventually coming out to about $1,500 per initial costs, eventually coming out to about $1,500 per kilowatt.kilowatt.

Short Term PollutionShort Term Pollution The Hydrogen itself does not have any The Hydrogen itself does not have any

detrimental effects because Hydrogen lives detrimental effects because Hydrogen lives within our atmosphere and the process only within our atmosphere and the process only exerts water and heatexerts water and heat

Pure hydrogen does not naturally exist in nature, Pure hydrogen does not naturally exist in nature, so it must be artificially created through the use so it must be artificially created through the use of some sort of independent energy, most likely of some sort of independent energy, most likely fossil fuels, which renders the entire process of fossil fuels, which renders the entire process of using hydrogen energy to avoid the pollution and using hydrogen energy to avoid the pollution and environmental damage of the fossil fuels environmental damage of the fossil fuels pointlesspointless

Long Term PollutionLong Term Pollution Steam reforming, one of the most Steam reforming, one of the most

common methods of extracting common methods of extracting hydrogen, is used to separate hydrogen, is used to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane, as mentioned earlier. methane, as mentioned earlier. However, because methane is a fossil However, because methane is a fossil fuel, the process of steam reforming fuel, the process of steam reforming results in greenhouse gases which are results in greenhouse gases which are commonly linked with global warming, commonly linked with global warming, a long effect on the environmenta long effect on the environment

Besides the use of fossil fuels, Besides the use of fossil fuels, Hydrogen has no long term pollution Hydrogen has no long term pollution effects, one of the few energies that effects, one of the few energies that can make that claim.can make that claim.

AvailabilityAvailability Hydrogen exists all over the earth. It is most commonly found in Hydrogen exists all over the earth. It is most commonly found in

water, fossil fuels, and biomass.water, fossil fuels, and biomass. Water is the most useful of the three sources, due to its Water is the most useful of the three sources, due to its

abundance among Earth.abundance among Earth. However, the efficient use of fuel cells requires pure Hydrogen However, the efficient use of fuel cells requires pure Hydrogen

which does not exist on earth. Therefore, pure Hydrogen must be which does not exist on earth. Therefore, pure Hydrogen must be extracted from the previously mentioned sources.extracted from the previously mentioned sources.

Biomass is the least efficient source primarily because of its Biomass is the least efficient source primarily because of its seasonality, limited supplies, it has a low yield, it will degrade the seasonality, limited supplies, it has a low yield, it will degrade the soil, and it is not in fact suitable for pure hydrogen production.soil, and it is not in fact suitable for pure hydrogen production.

SafetySafety Because of its energy content, Hydrogen must be Because of its energy content, Hydrogen must be

handled with as much care as any fossil fuel, handled with as much care as any fossil fuel, however is not extremely dangeroushowever is not extremely dangerous

Hydrogen fuel cells are indeed advantageous in cars Hydrogen fuel cells are indeed advantageous in cars if a car were to be lit on fire, due to the fact that if a car were to be lit on fire, due to the fact that Hydrogen rises to the top of the car before catching Hydrogen rises to the top of the car before catching on fire while gasoline simply explodes, making a on fire while gasoline simply explodes, making a Hydrogen fueled car much safer in a scenario of a Hydrogen fueled car much safer in a scenario of a dire or extremely dangerous crash.dire or extremely dangerous crash.

Other Positive Aspects of Hydrogen Other Positive Aspects of Hydrogen EnergyEnergy

Hydrogen has almost Hydrogen has almost an unlimited source an unlimited source unlike most energies unlike most energies and is far more and is far more accessibleaccessible

Gasoline has about a Gasoline has about a 20% efficiency while 20% efficiency while Hydrogen has about a Hydrogen has about a 64% efficiency.64% efficiency.

The Few Cons of Hydrogen EnergyThe Few Cons of Hydrogen Energy Because it is such a light gas, Because it is such a light gas,

it is difficult to store a lot of it is difficult to store a lot of Hydrogen in a small area, Hydrogen in a small area, which contradicts with the which contradicts with the desires of the engineers who desires of the engineers who want to design a 300-mile want to design a 300-mile range car.range car.

Liquid Hydrogen would have Liquid Hydrogen would have to be kept at -420to be kept at -420ooF which is F which is rather difficultrather difficult

It depends on other energies It depends on other energies and really is rather useless as and really is rather useless as an energy source except for an energy source except for its increase of efficiency its increase of efficiency (shh…)(shh…)

The EndThe End