ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA DURING 1947-1997

A Select Annotated Bibliography

DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

1997-98

BY

Huma Naseem 'i'

'i . RoNNo.-97-LSM-16 Enrol No W-713S

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr. M. Masoom Raza LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

1998

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Acknowledgement

Scope and Methodology i-vi

List of Periodicals • vii-ix

Part One

INTRODUCTION 1-49

Part Two

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 50-195

Part Three

INDEXES 196-208

AUTHOR INDEX

TITLE INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank the almighty 'God ' first

, the most beneficient & merciful, without whose

will I could not complete this work.

I wish to express my heartiest 5c sincere grati­

tude to my teacher & supervisor Mr. Masoom Raza,

Lecturer, Department of Library Sc Information Sci­

ence, AMU, Aligarh, whose cooperation & guidance

has been a great source of inspiration for me. My

respect, admiration and thankfulness for him can

not be expressed in words.

I would like to express my thanks to Prof. Shabahat

Husain, Chairman, Department of Library & Informa­

tion Science, AMU, Aligarh for his support & help.

I am highly thankful to Mr. S. Mustafa K.Q.

Zaidi, Reader, for his cooperation and guidance.

lOy>9^ also thankful to my teachers, Mr. Noushad All

P.M., Ms. Nishat Fatima, Ms. Sudharma Haridasan,

they extended their full cooperation in all as-

pects, whenever I needed.

I would like to express my thanks to the non-

teaching staff members of the department specially

Mr. Riaz Abbas, Moin Zaidi, Asrar Ahmad Khan.

I am extremely grateful to my paternal aunt for

her affectionate love & care and above all for the

sacrifices she has made in making my life better.

My special thanks to one of my close friend

without whose generous help, cooperation & guidance

this work would have become difficult to accom­

plish.

I am also thankful to my class-mates and well

wishers.

At last but not least I am indebted to Mr. Abul

Kaleun Azad & Mr. Nasruddin Khan of KGN Compuwri ters,

who took keen interest in computer typing this work.

(HUMA NASEEM)

(i)

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

SCOPE

The p r e s e n t s t u d y i n t e n d e d t o b r i n g a t one

p l a c e m o s t of t h e s i g n i f i c a n t l i t e r a t u r e t h a t

i s a v a i t c i v b l E on Economic d e v e l o p m e n t i n I n d i a

d u r i n g 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 9 7 . A l t h o u g h t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y

i s s e l e c t i v e i n n a t u r e , an a t t e m p t h a s b e e n

m a d e t o c o v e r a l l t h e a s p e c t s o f I n d i a n

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t .

T h i s work h a s b e e n d i ' v l d e d i n t h r e e p a r t s .

The f i r s t p a r t of t h e s t u d y p r o v i d e s b r i e f i d e a

a b o u t t h e s u b j e c t a n d i t ' s d i f f e r e n t

b r a n c h e s .

The s e c o n d a n d t h e m a i n p a r t c o v e r s an

a n n o t a t e d l i s t of d o c u m e n t s w h i c h i s q u i t e

c o m p r e h e n s i v e .

P a r t t h r e e d e a l s w i t h i n d e x .

(ii)

Mftthodoloav

To collect material on the subject,

secondary sources such as Index India and Guide

to Indian Periodicals Literature were

consulted to approach primary sources which

include Periodicals and news papers. The titles

of the Periodicals used for compiling the

bibliography are listed before Part I.

Standard followed

The Indian standard recommended for

bibliographical references (15:2381-1963) and

classified catalogue code (CCC) of DR. SR.

Ranganathan have been followed. In some cases

where ISI do not give any guidance. I have

taken appropriate decision.

Subject Heading

Attempt has been made to give co-extensive

subject headings as much as possible. An humble

effort has been made to follows postulates and

(iii)

principles as suggested by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan

in the formulation of subject heading. If more

than one entry comes under the same subject

heading, these are arranged strictly by the

principle of alphabetical sequence.

Arrangement

The entries are arranged under subject

heading which are arranged ap1habetica1ly

following letter by letter method. The entry

element of the author is in capitals, followed

by the secondary element in prosthesis using

capital and small letters and then the little

of the articles, subtitle (if any) then name of

the periodical being underlined followed by the

volume number, issue number, the year, month

and date (if available) giving by using

inclusive notation of the pages of the

articles. The each entry is then followed by an

informative abstract of the article.

Entries of the periodical article are arranged

(iv)

is as follows:

(a) Serial Number

(b) Name of the Author/Authors

(c) A full stop ( . )

( d ) T i t l e of t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n i n c l u d i n g

s u b t i t l e and a l t e r n a t i v e t i t l e s of any

(e) A f u l l s t o p ( . )

(f)Title of the periodical being underlined

(g) A full stop ( . )

(h)Volume Number

(i) comma (,)

(j)Issue Number

(k) Semi Colon (;)

(1)Year

(m) Comma (,)

(V)

(o)Date

(p) Semi colon ( ;)

(q) Inclusive pages' of the article

(r) a ful1 stop ( .)

Specimen e n t r y

i l . S . N . SINGH a n d VIJAYARAGAVAN (K) m a s s med ia

f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . S o c i a l Change

1 3 , 4 , - 1 9 8 3 , D e c ; 3 6 - 8 .

Ab s t r a c t

Each entry is followed by an abstract of the

article. Abstract given are informative in

senee not in length.

Indexes

To s e p a r a t e i n d e x e s have b een p r e p a r e d f o r

t h e c o n v e n i e n c e of t h e u s e r .

The a u t h o r i n d e x i s c o m p o s e d of e n t r y

e l e m e n t of t h e a u t h o r f o l l o w e d by t h e s e r i a l

(vi)

number of the entry.

The title index gives the tittle of the

article, which is followed by the relevant

serial number of the entry

(vii)

LIST OF PERIODIC ALS

Name of the Jounial

1. AICC Economic Review

American Economic Review

3. Anvesak

Arthniti

5. Arthvijana

6. Asian Development Review

7. Asian Journal of Economic &

Social Studies

8. Capital

9. Commerce

10. Development Digest

11. Eastern Economist

12. Economic & Political Weekly

13. Economic Development &

Cultural Change

14. Economic Times

15. Economic Trends

16. Economist

17. Indian Economic Journal

Place of Publications Frequency

New Delhi

Providence

Ahmadabad

Calcutta

Pune

Philippines

Meerut

New Delhi

New Delhi

London

Mumbai

Fort nightly

5/Year

Half Yearly

Yearly

Quaterly

Half Yearly

Quarterly

Calcutta

Mumbai

Washington

New Delhi

Bombay

Chicago

Weekly

Weekly

Quaterly

Weekly

Weekly

Quaterly

Daily

Fort nightly

W e e k l y

Qu at e r l y

(viii)

18. Indian Industries

19. Indian Journal of Economics

20. Indian Journal of Indu.strial

Relation

21. Indian Journal of Labour

Economics

22. Indian Journal of Marketing

23. Indian Journal of Public

Administration

24. Industry and Trade

25. Journal of Development

26. Journal of Development

Economics

27. Journal of Development

Planning Annual

28. Journal of Industry & Trade

29. Journal of Political Economy

30. Journal of Rural Development

31. Khadi gram udyog

32. Kurukshtra

33. Laghu Udyog Samachar

34. Link

Chinnai

Allahabad

New Dellii

Lucknow

Lucknow

New Delhi

Maharashtra

London

Holand

New York

New Dlhi

Chicago

Hedrabad

Mumbai

New Delhi

New Delhi

New Delhi

M o n t h l y

Qu a t e r 1 y

Q u a r t e r l y

Quarterly

Monthly

Quarterly

Irregular

Quarterly

3/Year

Annual

Monthly

Biomonthly

6/Year

Monthly

Fortnightly

Monthly

Weekly

35. Mainstream New Dcllii

36. Margin New Delhi

37. Monthly Commentry on New Delhi

Indian Economic Conditions

38. Mysore Economic Review Banglore

39. Productivity New Delhi

40. Rural India Mumbai

41. Social Change New Delhi

42. The Economic Journal Cambridae

43. The Indian Journal of Nasik

Commerce

44. World Focus New Delhi

45. Yojna New Delhi

WockK

QuaterU

Monthlv

Monthly

Quaterly

Monthly

Quaterly

Quaterly

Quarterly

Fortnightly

Monthly

HHDRODUC^IOM

INTRODUCTION

1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Hearing and definiLxon.

Economics;-

According to Adam Smith, Economics was

concerned with "An enquiry into the nature and

cause of wealth of nations". The early

economist called economic, the science of

wealth. J.E. Cairnes in his book 'The character

and logical method of political economy'

clearly said that economics, "deals with the

phenomenona of wealth. According to the French

economist JB says. Economics is the science

which treats of wealth. The American economist

F.A Walker says that economics is that body of

knowledge which relates to wealth. Thus, in

these definitions, a key position was assigned

to wealth in the study of economics.

In keynesian terms, Economics is defined as

the study of the administration of scarce

resources and the determinants of income and

employment. In Benham's words Economics is " a

study of t: factors affecting the size,

distribution and stability of a country

national income

Economic development

Economic development or economic progress

has been defined in two ways: According to one

definition, economic growth means growth of

national income of the country. In other words,

it implies an increase in the net national

product in a given period. Some economists

consider this definition as inadequate and

unsatisfactory. The ^rgue that even if the

national income goes up the general standard of

living may go down. This can happen if

population of the country is rising more

rapidly than the growth of the national income.

If the national income is rising at the rate of

2% and population is increasing at the rate of

3%, the level of living of the people is bound

to go down.

This is because an account of population

increasing at a higher rate then the growth of

the national income, per capita income falls

and when percapita income goes down, we cannot

call it economic growth. The country will have

registered economic growth only if per capita

income has gone up and this will happen only if

the nation income grows at a higher rate than

the growth rate of the population.

T h u s , a b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n of economic

development w i l l be to base i t on pe r c a p i t a

income. According to t h i s d e f i n i t i o n , economic

growth means the i n c r e a s e in p e r c a p i t a income

of t h e c o u n t r y a t cons t an t p r i c e s . A h i g h e r

p e r c a p i t a income would mean t h a t peop le a re

b e t t e r o f f and enjoyed h i g h e r s t a n d a r d of

l i v i n g , and to r a i s e the l e v e l of l i v i n g of the

p e o p l e i s t h e main o b j e c t i v e of economic

d e v e l o p m e n t . But t h e i n c r e a s e in n a t i o n a l

income or pe r c a p i t a income must be ma in t a ined

for a long t ime . A temporary or s h o r t - l i v e d

i n c r e a s e w i l l not cannot r e a l economic growth.

The b e s t d e f i n i t i o n of economic development

would be t o say what a deve loped c o u n t r y would

be l i k e . "viewed in t h i s manne r , economic

p r o g r e s s i s the advancement of a community

a long t h e l i n e of e v o l v i n g new and b e t t e r

methods of p r o d u c t i o n , and r a i s i n g of t h e

l e v e l s of ou tpu t through development of human

s k i l l and energy , b e t t e r o r g a n i s a t i o n and the

a c q u i s i t i o n of c a p i t a l r e s o u r c e s "Economic

development a l s o b r i n g s in i t ' s wake impor t an t

s o c i a l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l and o r g a n i s a t i o n a l

changes A r i s e in n a t i o n a l and p e r c a p i t a income

i s i m p l i c i t in economic g rowth . Rise in the per

c a p i t a a v a i l a b i l i t y of c a p i t a l r e s o u r c e s .

improvement in the skill, efficiency and

earning power of labour, better organisation of

production, development of means of transport

and communications, growth of financial

institutions, organisation, rise in standards

of health and education and expectation of

life, greater leisure and increased recreation

facilities and widening of the mental horizon

of the people, all these characterise economic

growth"

Economic growth means the transformation of

an economy from the state of under development

to a state of development.

Stages of economic development

Prof. Rostow, an eminent economic historian

and a specialist in economic development, has

divided the historical process of economic

growth into, three stages .

(i) The preparatory stage

(ii) The take-off period

(iii) The period of self -sustained growth

The preparatory stage.

Covers a long period of a century or more

during which the preconditions for take off are

established. These conditions mainly comprise

fundamental- changes in the social, political

and economic fields; for example a change in

society's attitudes towards science, rise-

taking and profit earning (b) the adaptability

of the labour force (c) political soverrignty;

(c) development of a centralised tax system and

financial institution 'and (d) the construction

of certain economic and social overhead like

rail roads and education institutions.

The "take-off" period.

This is the crucial stage which cover a

relatively brief period of two or three decades

in which the economy transforms i tself in such

a way that economic growth subsequently takes

place more or less automatically. "The take­

off" is defined as "the interval during which

the rate of investment increases in such a way

that real output percapita r ises and this

i n i t i a l increase carr ies with i t radical

changes in the techniques of production and the

disposition of income flows which perpetuate

the new scale of investment and perpetuate

there by the rising trend in per capita

output".

The term 'take-off implies three things:

firstly the proper t, ion of investment to

national income must rise from 12 to 15%

definitely outstripping the likely population

increase: secondly, the period must be

relatively short so that should show the

characteristics of an economic revolution :and

thirdly, it must culminate in self sustaining

and self-generating economic growth.

Period of self - sustained growth t

This is, of course, a long period of self-

generating and self propelling economic

growth. The.rates of saving and investment are

of such magnitude that economic development

becomes automatic. The average rate of growth

is maintained by a succession of new rapidly

growing sectors with a new set of pioneering

leaders; the proportion of the population

engaged in rural pursuits declines, and the

structure of the country's foreign trade

undergoes a radical change.

II Determinants of economic growth

We have said that economic development

means the transformation from low income to

high income society. The process of economic

development is a highly complex phenomenon and

is influenced by numerious andvaried factors,

such as political, social and cultural

factors. "Economic development has much to do

with human endowments, social attitudes,

political condition and historical accidents

capital is a necessary but not a sufficient

condition of progress. "The supply of natural

resources, the growth of scientific and

technological knowledge all these too have a

strong bearing on the process of economic

growth. The most important factors determined

the rate of economic development.

(i) Availability of natural resources

(ii) The rate of capital formation

(iii) Capital output ratio

(iv) Technological progress

(v) Dynamic Entrepreneurship

8

(vi) Rate of growth of population

(vii) Social overheads like education and

health

(viii) Non-economic factors.

Availability of natural resources

The quantity and quality of natural

resources vi ta l ly affect the economic growth of

a country. Among the natural resources, we

generally include the land area and the quality

of the soil , forest wealth, good river systme,

minerals and oil resources, good and bracing

climate etc. A country's productive capacity

largely depends on the natural rsources

available. It may be noted that the existence

of natural resources is not a sufficient

condition of economic growth. For instance,

India is blessed by nature with good and

sufficient resources, yet i t is poor and under-

developed. This is due to the fact that the

natural resource have not been properly

harnessed and fully exploited. Hence,

availabili ty of natural resources by itself

cannot bring about economic development.

Ability to u t i l i se them is also required. The

supply of natural resources can be increased by

research and technological progress.

Technological progress helps in the discovery

of new resources, e.g., oil resources in India

and putting to economical use resources which

have been lying useless heigher shortage of

some natural resources can be mae good by

synthetic materials. For instance, in the

advanced countries synthetic rubber is being

used more and more in place of natural rubber

and nylon is being largely used for natural

silk.

Use of natural resources and their

contribution to economic develoment depends on

the type of technology. The resource use has a

close connection with' the type and level of

technology. For instance petroleum which is

considered so valuable today was not considered

so imprtant a short while ago. Now on account

of scientific discoveries and technological

development, petroleum is regarded so

important a short while ago. Now on account of

scientific discoveries and technological

development, petroleum is regarded very

useful. There is no doubt that ther exist in

the under -developed countries abundant

10

mineral resources which are not being used

owing to the lack of t:echnological progress.

Capital formation.

According to classical economists, the main

factor, which helped capital formation, was

the accumulation of capital. Profits made by

the business community constituted the major

part of the savings of the community and what

was saved was assumed to be invested. Adam

Smith too emphasised the virtues of savings. He

said: " Capitals are increased by parsimony and

diminished by prodigality and misconduct"

keynes also'described the economic development

of Europe to the accumulation of capital. He

said: "Europe was so organised socially and

economically as to ensure the maximum

accumulation of capital. "Schumpeter showed

that increased investment made possible a rise

in gross output in money terms.

The crux of the problem of economic

development, in an under-developed economy lies

in a rapid expansion of the rate of it's

capital investment so that it attains a rate of

growth of output which exceds the rate of

growth of population by a significant margin

11

only with such a rate of capital investment

will the living standards begin to improve in

developing country.

Need for capital formation

Capital formation is the core of economic

development No economic development is

possible without the construction of

i r r i ga t i on works, the production of

agr icu l tu ra l tools and implements, land

reclamation, building of dams, bridges and

factoreis with machines ins ta l led in them,

roads, railways and a i r p o r t s , ships and

harbour-all the "produced means of further

production" associated with high levels of

productivity. It seems un-questionable that

the insufficiency of capital accumulation is

the most serious limiting fa-ctors in under­

developed countries. In the view of many

economists, capital occupies the central and

strategic position in the process of economic

development .

Capital formation indeed plays a decisive

role in determining the level and growth of

national income, hence economic development.

12

Thus, in any programme of planned economic

development capital formation must be assigned

a significant role on account of a very close

connection between economic growth and capital

growth. It enables the adoption of more

productive methods of production capital

widening makes the economy diversified and

broad-based. It exerts an interacting and

cumulative effect on the whole economy. In all

these and several other ways, capital formation

promotes economic growth.

It could of course be argued that without

the presence of other factors favourable to

development, the supply of creation of capital

alone would not be of much avail.

Process of Capital formation

The process of building up the necessary

stock of capital equipment requires huge

resources for financing it . Either a part of

national income must be saved for the

production of capital goods or the necessary

finds for the purpose must be borrowed from

abroad. The various method if financing

economic development will be discussed in

detail in a separate.^ Professor Arthur Lewis

13

has defined the process of economic growth as

one of transforming a country from 5% to 15%

saver. But savings though necessary are not

sufficient for the purpose of capital

formation, which involves the following three

independent activities.

(a) an increase in the volume of real savings

so that resources that would have been used

for consumption purposes may be released

for the purpose of capital formation.

(b) a financial and credit mechanism, so that

the available resources may be availed of

by private investors government for

capital formation

(c) The act of investment, itself, so that

resources are used for the production of

capital goods .

Capital-output ratio

Apart from the ratio of capital formation to

the aggregate national income, the growth of

output depends upon the capital output ratio.

"The capital-output ratio may be defined as the

relationship of investment in a given economy

or industry for a given time period to the

14

output of that economy or industry for a

similar time period. The capital - output ratio

thus determined the rate which output grows as

a result of a given volume of capital

investment than a higher capital output ratio.

For example a capital output ratio of 3:1 would

mean, in Indian rupees, that a capital

investment of results in the addition of

output worth Rs 1 Hence, given the output,

smaller capital investment would be needed of

the capital output ratio is lower than when it

is higher.

Factors Determining Capital output ratio

It is difficult to estimate the capital-

output ratio for an economy . The productivity

of capital depends upon many factors such as

the degree of technological development

associated- with capital investment, the

efficiency of handling new types of equipment,

the quality of managerial and organization

skill, the existence and the extent of the

utilization of economic overheads and the

pattern and rate of investment. For instance

the higher the proportion of investment devoted

to the production of direct commodities, the

lower the capital output ratio; and higher the

IS

proportion of investment devoted to public

utilities, economic and social overheads the

higher shall be the capital output ratio, and

vice-versa Higher the investment devoted to

heavy industry, the higher will be the capital-

output ratio, and vice versa. Higher the rate

of investment and greater the technological

progress, the lower will be the capital - output

ratio. The capital output ratio also varies

with the prices of inputs. f.

Technological progress

Adam Smith, the father of p o l i t i c a l

economy, pointed out the great importance of

technological progress in economic

development. Ricardo visual ised the

development of capi ta l is t economics as a race

between technological progress and growth of

population. The ^reat importance of

technological progress in c a p i t a l i s t

development was recognised by karl Marx to.

There is no doubt that technological

progress is a very important factor in

determining the role of economic growth. In

fact, even capital accumulation is not possible

without technical progress. A country may be

16

add in to its means of transportation and

communications, its power resources and its

factories. According to modern technique, it is

called widening of capital The use of improved

techniques in production and technological

progress bring about a significant increase in

per capita income. Technological progress has

something to do with the research into the use

of new better methods of production or the

improvement of the old method. Sometimes

technical progress results in the availability

of natural resources. But generally

technological progress results in the increase

in productivity, e.g; green revolution In other

words, technology progress increases the

ability to make a more effective and fruitful

use of natural and other resources for

increasing production. But use of improved

technology it is possible to have greater

output from the use of given resources or a

given output can be obtained by the use of a

smaller quantity of resources.

Technical progress also increases the

ability to make a more effective use of capital

equipment. Technological progress has very

close connection with capital formation. Both

go hand in hand. Without capital formation

17

technical progress is out of the question

because heavy investment is required for making

use of better and more efficient methods of

production, although after they are well

established, capital cost per unit of output

may fall. Thus technological progress has a

very important role to play in the economic

development of a has a very important role to

play in the economic development of a has a

very important role to play in the economic

development of a country.

Dynamic Entrepreneurship

According to the classical economists, an

entrepreneur or an organiser acts merely as an

agency for bringing together the agents of

production and undertaking to remunerate them

for the work done, the modern economist

recognise the dynamic role that an entrepreneur

plays in promoting the economic growth of the

country. This was specially underlined by

schumpeter who thought that the entrepreneur

played a key role in economic development . Karl

Marks had emphasised the fact that in trying to

widen the profit margin by adapting new

technology and improved methods of production.

18

the entrepreneur in fact makes an important

contribution to economic growth.

The entrepreneur earn profit by ensuring

that the value of the final product exceeds the

sum of the remuneration of the factors of

production, the value of the means of product.

Greater the surplus the greater is the

entrepreneurial activity and the faster is the

rate at which the economy grows. The

entrepreneur tries to maximise his profit by

making innovations bringing out a new product

tapping a new marker, tapping new sources of

raw materials and by adopting an optimum or

most economical combination of the factors of

production.

Population growth

The size and the rate of population growth

has an important bearing on the economic

development of a country. If the population is

small, it does not afford full scope for

specialisation or division of labour nor a

sufficient market for the goods produced in the

country. Other hand population is too large,

them also it is a great impediment to economic

growth. It is a serious hindrance to capital

19

formation. The feeding of a huge population

leaves little scope for saving, and saving is

very essential for economic growth because

capital formation is the very crux of the

process of economic growth. Population should

be of a proper or optimum size.

Apart from the proper size of the

population, it is essential that the rate of

population .growth should not be too rapid,

otherwise it will swallow up whatever little

economic progress may have been made and the

country may only mark time. In such a situation

efforts at development will be simply a writing

on the sand.

A rapid growing population aggravates the

food problem, worsens the unemployment

situation, adds to the number of unproductive

consumers keeps down per capita income and

labour efficiency. In all there many other

ways, a rapid rate of population growth acts

like a drag on economic development shows down

the pace of economic growth so population

factor important in determining the rate of

economic growth.

20

Social overheads

Another important determinant of economic

growth is the provision of social overheads

like schools, colleges, technical institutions

medical colleges, hospitals and public health

facilities such facilities make the working

population healthy, efficient and responsible

such people can well take their country

economically forward.

Non-economic or Institutional factors

Thus far we have dwelt on the economic

factors perhaps equally powerful are the

various non-econoraic forces like the social and

political factors. A study of the dynamics of

economic growth leads beg and the analysis of

economic factors to a study of the

psychological and sociological determinants

of these factors." Karl Mark emphasised the

interrelationship between institutional

factors and economic change. Take the political

factors, which include political sovereignty

of the country, the complexion of government

weather it is development conscious or is

completely laissez fair in its outlook

dominated by rested interests., the qualities

21

of administration and the political ideology of

the government, particularly in relation to the

problems of development. Compare in this

connection the faith of the Indian government

in democratic planning with the authoritarian

planning pursued in China.

Social and cultural factors.

Social and cultural factors are no less

important and are very extensive in scope Each

society has certain social institutions which

have a strong bearing on economic develoment.

In India, the institution of caste. Joint

families, non-materialistic attitude of the

people and their fatalism based on the

philosophy of karma have been some of the

serious impediments to economic development.

The rampant illiteracy among the people in

under developed countries and their apathy

towards the multiplication of their numbers,

other social factors which hinder economic

development.

The factors that go into the process of

economic growth are numerious, since this

process involves the transformation of the

entire economy The natural resources like the

22

mineral,forest, water and power resources,

geographical factors l ike climate and

rainfal l , the size composition and the quality,

the efficiency of population in the matter of

education, ski l l , health, sense of discipline

and patriotism, sprit of co-operation, ab i l i ty

and willingness to work and above al l their

character , entrepreneurial and organising

a b i l i t y , social and i n s t i t u t i o n a l factors

conducive to economic ef for t , s table and

helpful government keen on economic

development and welfare of the people, clean

and eff ic ient adminis t ra t ion, favourable

external factors faci l i ta t ing foreign aid and

stimulating foreign contact.

I l l Relation Between Population Growth and

Economic Growth

For effecting a significant improvement in

l iv ing standards, the rate of cap i t a l

formation and the consequent rate of growth of

out put must be viewed in relation to the rate

of population growth. I t may be that the

population may be increasing so fast as to

offset even a quiet rat of E\ capital formation

and the resultant increase in output. I t is

therefore necessary to ensure that the rates of

23

population growth and of capital formation must

be such as to yield a high per capita output.

Conflicting policies' have been expressed by

economists as to whether population growth is a

stimulant to economic growth or an obstacle in

the way. Owing to inadequate response to

agricultural production to well the

requirements of growing population. Malthus

and Ricardo dreaded a rapid increase in

population and thought it would spell misery

and starvation. But with the remarkable growth

of Industry would ttade and revolution in

agricultural techniques the bogey of over

pop/ulation was laid at rest an the western

economists veered rounded the view that

growth of population stimulated economic

growth Prof. Hausen regards a high rate of

population growth as one of the conditions for

economic expansion. Prof. Arther Lewis shows

how a capitalist economy expands by drawing on

cheap labour from the Subsistence sector of the

economy Prof. Colai Clark feels that the neo-

Motthusian fear is very much exaggerated. Prof.

Hisschman holds the view that the pressure of

population will be stimulant to economic

growth. At the world population conference at

Rome in 1954, Prof. Alfred Bonne expressed the

24

view that the bogey of over population should

not exaggerated. At the same conference, the

Russian economist Ryabushtain stressed the

need for considering the dynamics of population

along with the dynamics of production of the

possibilities of increasing production when

population grows.

Population growth means an increase in the

supply of labour. Now the economic significance

of labour lies in the fact that labour is both

a producer and a conserver. The contribution of

population to economic growth is determined by

its impact on consumption and production.

Increase in population increased consumption

and strengthens the' inducements to invest

which resets in increase in output the

increase in the supply of labour, of course,

directly increases production when all workers

can be put on productive employment. Thus,

increase in population means an increase in

demand for goods or expansion in the size of

the market which promotes economic development

which the market for goods is enlarged, scale

of production is increased with the resultant

economics of large scale production. The

economic history of America and Europe and of

25

other developed countries showed that an

increase in this population accelerated

their economic growth.

But what is tree of the developed countries

can not be true of the under developed

countries. The economists who say that growth

of population helps in economic growth, do not

seem to understand the realities of the

situation prevailing in the under developed

countries. The extent to which population

growth stimulation economic growth does not

depend much on the increase of number but also

on its organisation, the availability of

complimentary resources, the techniques of

production, and so on so long as size of the

population is small in relation to land and

capital resources, growth in its size will

undocebtted promote economic development. But

if a country is over population and there is

deficiency of capital, growth In India national

income increased by 18% in the first plan and

20% in the second plan whereas increase in the

percapita income respectively was only 8% and

9% nearly similarly, in the third plan,

national income increased by 13.5%, the per

capita income increased by only 1% This

26

highlights the adverse effect of a rapid

population growth which is responsible for a

far lower increase in the percapita income as

compared with the increase in the national

income. Thus, i t is clear that a rapid

increase in population is a great obstacle in

the economic growth of under developed but over

populated countries i t can be beneficial to

economic growth only if there are present some

per conditions which are altogether lacking in

the under developed countries, if social

a t t i tudes and values of the people are

conducive to, economic progress. They should

have the will not preparedness face and

surmount economic d i f f icu l t ies and turn

seeming obstacles in to opportunities for

economic advance .

The economic po l i t i ca l and social

conditions in under developed countries are

such as to make their growing population ini t ia

to economic growth. Most of the economists are

of the view that many under developed

countries, especially of the south East Asian

countries, are over populated and the

population pressure is a great barrier in the

way of their economic development and unless

21

t h i s b a r r i e r i s b r o k e n a l l e f f o r t s a t

a c c e l e r a t i n g economic g rowth w i l l p rove

f u t i l e .

IV s t r a t e g y of economic development Balanced

and unbalanced growth.

The o b j e c t i v e of r a p i d economic development

c a n n o t be a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t a d o p t i n g an

a p p r o p r i a t e s t r a t e g y . I t i m p l i e s t h e most

e f f e c t i v e way of u t i l i s i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e

r e s o u r c e s of t h e coun t ry s t r a t e g y however , does

not mean a s e t of magic r u l e s which w i l l a t one

t ake us t o t h e goa l of economic deve lopment . I t

i s on ly compr i sed of the major d e c i s i o n s t h a t

go i n t o t h e making of a development p l a n Thus,

the major e l e m e n t s in the p lan s t r a t e g y are

the s i z e of t h e p l a n , the p a t t e r n of inves tmen t

e n v i s a g e d i n t h e p l a n , t h e a l l o c a t i o n

i nves tmen t among the v a r i o u s s e c t o r s of the

economy, t h e t e c h n i q u e s of r e s o u r c e

m o b i l i s a t i o n , t h e p o l i c y mix e t c . , a p p r o p r i a t e

f i s c a l p o l i c y , m o n e t a r y p o l i c y , p o l i c y

r e g a r d i n g c o n t r o l s e x t e n t of r e l i a n c e on

f o r e i g n a i d , e t c .

28

Type of strategies

The strategies known to the planners

commonly are:

(1) Big push strategy.

The Big Push strategy is associated with the

name of Rosenstain Roden and heavy

Leibendcstein. It is contended that a bib push

is needed to overcome the initial notice of a

stagnant economy. "There is minimum :'evel of i

resources that must be devoted to a

development programme if it is to have any

chance of success . Launching a country into

self sustaining growth is like getting an air

plan of the ground. There is a critical ground

speed which must be passed before the craft

can become airborne. According to Leibenstein,

it is not advisable for an economy to inch

along the path of development, the economy must

cover a certain distance in one leap or it does

not move at a.

(2) Balanced, unbalanced. Big push

No single strategy will take as to the goal

of economic development not only has the

strategy to be changed from time to time as the

29

situation may require, but it may be necessary

sometimes to situation may require, but it may

be necessary sometimes to strike a balance

between the alternative strategies.

The strategy adopted in India planning may

be described as balanced B.U.B.I.E. A happy

compromise of balance, unbalanced and Big push

strategies. More prominent, however, is the

strategy of balanced growth. This is indirected

by varying emphasis on a single aspect in

successive plans, e.g., self sufficiency in

food in the first plan, rapid industrialisation

in the second plan self sustaining growth in

the third plan and growth with stability the

fourth plan.

(3) Balanced unbalanced. Big Push (B.U.B.)/

Europe

To promote economic growth, to remove

poverty and to increase productive employment

in the country. It is necessary to develop the

capital goods industries and consumer's goods

industries together with agriculture. Non of

these industries can be ignored in development

strategy. What is necessary is to achieve a

correct balance in the development plans

30

between agriculture and other consumer's goods

and capital goods industries. But to remove

poverty and unemployment from a developing

country like India, it will be as necessary to

bring about several technological and

organisational changes as to have a correct

balance, between agriculture, consumer's goods

and capital goods industries.

Financing of Economic 'Development

For accelerating capital formation and

promoting other developmental activities huge

resources are needed. Where from are the under

developed countries to find such resources

Owing to the narrowness of the margin of

aggregate output over consumption demand,

resources needed for the financing of

development plans for a very difficult problem.

There methods of financing economic

development.

The principal methods are discussed below

1 . Savings:

The total investable resources available

at any time in a country are made up of domestic

savings and external resources which are

57

obtained from abroad in format foreign capital.

The aggregate savings of an economy consist of

government savings. Saving by the business

sector and savings by households. Government

savings are tax revenues minus Public

expenditure.

The business saving are the gross income of

trade and industry minus the dividends and the

taxes paid and the savings of the households

are the disposable income minus consumption

expenditure, In India in 1958-59 government

savings accounted for 10.6 perceat. Corporate

saving 3-5 percent and the savings of the

household sector 85.9.

Broadly savings are determined by the rate

and pattern at growth and the institutional and

social factors . In order to promote economic

development, saving have not only to be

generated by they have also to be mobilise to

the maximum extent possible and than analyse

them into productive' investment. Finance is

needed both for private and public sectors. So

far as the private sector is concerned, i t

primarily depends on the voluntary saving of

the people profits of private undertaking can

also be ploughed back into investment.

32

Institutions like finance corporations setup

by the governmetn can also provide the needed

development finance to the private sector.

To financial capital formation and other

development activities in the public sector is

the responsiblity of the Government. There are

various methods of financing development in the

public sector

2. Taxation

Taxation is an important method of

increasing the volume of savings by restricting

domestic consumption. Both direct and indirect

taxes can play a part in augmenting the

resources of the governments to be spending

developmental act ivi t ies . For achieving best

r e su l t s , taxes should be imposed on in

entrepreneurial incomes and luxury

consumption. Thus, the need to raise an

adequate volume of development five finance

makes i t inevitable for the government to

extend the coverage of indirect taxes to

include the staple commodities of mass

consumption the taxation of agriculture has to

play an important part in the mobilization of

resources for the public sector in a developing

economy.

33

3. Government borrowing

Borrowing by government is another method

by which the saving of the community may be

mobilized.

Foreign policy

The importance of foreign capital in

accelerating economic development is

undoubted. Most of the foreign capital which

went to develop the resources of the developing

countries was private capital investment

either of the equity type or the portfolio

variety. In India's five year plans, for

example, a great deal of reliance has been

placed on government to government long time

borrowing and on loans from the world bank.

V INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

At the time India became free the industrial

structure was very weak. To strengthen it an

industrially policy was announced in 1948. The

policy emphasized the importance of the

following: mixed economy; small scale and

cottage industries; and foreign capital,

industries Development and Regulation Act was

passed in 1951 to implement this policy. In the

34

changed circumstances in 1956, a new industrial

policy was announced in that year. It divided

industries into three categories for

development by the public sector and the

private sector. Other things on which emphasis

was laid were: small-scale and cottage

industries; foreign capita; curbs on monopoly

and concentration of economic power; and

regional balance. Since July 1980 a new policy

has been in operation. While it restored the

earlier policy, it emphasizes the following:

special help to small and large industries;

energy conservation and ecological balance;

and improvement of industrial relations .

Output and Features of Large Industries.

The industrial production increased much

since 1951 •. In case of certain individual

industries the progress was remarkable . The

quantities of output increased massively in

respect of certain industries. The increase in

production was on the whole very large,

although uneven. The principal causes that

brought about large rise in production were ;

large allocation of resources; active

government support; expansion of private

sector; and foreign aid. Five main features

35

marked the industrial growth. These are: large

output expansion diversification; structural

change; import - substitut ion ; and public

sector. Industrial progress was satisfactory

when compared to the past. But it was less

satisfactory when compared with other

countries.

Small Scale and Cottage Industries.

These comprise village and small scale

industries. These industries have an important

role to play in respect of ; employment

production and exports; production of

essential activities; use of local resources;

decentralization of activities; and equitable

distribution of work and income. The

development of the industries has not been

satisfactory. The growth of output has been

less than the capacity of these industries.

They have not achieved much in respect of

dispersal of industries and raising the incomes

of those working in these industries .

V Economic development since 1947

Development Plan:-

When India were freedom in 1947, the country

36

was under developed and the people were very

poor .

For this purpose India task to development

planning so for eight plans for development

have already been put through beginning with

the first plan in 1951.

At present ninth plan is being implemented.

Plan Since 1951

After India became free, planing was

accepted by the government of India. In 1950

the planning commission was setup to assess

the country's resources and to formulate plan

for development. It was decided to prepare

India term plans for fixed period of five

years.

The beginning was made in the financial

year 1951-52 the financial years runs from

April 1st to 31st March. Since then eight plans

have been completed and and 9th in the

operation.

These are: First Five Year Plan (1951-56)

second five year plan (1956-66). Third Five Year

Plan ( 1961-66) Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-

74) Fifth Plan (1974-79) Sixth Five Year Plan

37

(1980-85) Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)

Eight Five Year Plan (1990-95) and Ninth Five

Year Plan (1995 continue).

Fixed and Rolling Plans.

Indian plans have all along been for a fixed

period of five years. Only the Draft sixth plan

for 1978-83 was a rolling plan. Although this

plan was given up in 1980, it may be useful to

explain these two types of plans, and

distinguish' one type from the other. In fixed

planning the period i.e., five years remains

fixed. For example India's first plan was for

the five year period of 1951-56. After this

period was over, then the second plan started.

It extended over five years from 1956 to 1961.

As against this in the rolling plans the

five-year period will not be fixed, but will

keep on moving to, begin with it will of course

be a plan for five years, and it will remain so

afterwards. But every time the plan completes

one year, the completed year will be dropped.

Instead a new year will be added. So that the

plan period remains a five-year period. As an

example, take a plan' for 1982-87. After the

first year, i..e., 1982 is out, another year

38

1988. After 1983 there will be a plan for 1984-

89. Thus the plan period rolls on.

Rolling plans are considered flexible. It

is so because every year changes can be made in

them, if necessary. There can be many

developments which require changes in goals or

in means for achieving goals. There may for

example be sudden shortfalls in exports. Or

there may be drastic cuts in foreign aid. Or

there may be exceptionally good monsoons. All

such things can be taken care of in the rolling

plans. But for preparing plans every year one

needs adequate and reliable statistical plans,

no doubt goals and means remain fixed for five

years. But these can be modified if and when

there are big developments . In a country where

resources for plan making are inadequate, fixed

plans are suitable instruments for

development.

Besides there are certain other merits of

fixed plans. People remain sure about the

goals. As a result it brings stability in the

planning, and helps in its implementation. One

can also test the performance of the various

units concerned with planning. If targets are

given one can refer to them to check whether

39

one has succeeded or failed. All this means

that fixed plans are a more acceptable type of

planning.

Objective o£ Development

X

The objectives of development have been

formulated keeping in view the underdeveloped

nature of the Indian economy and the

egalitarian' aims of the Indian society. These

are the long term basic objectives. Every plan

had before it these objectives. The current

plan too aims at them.

Sometimes, however, certain other

objectives are added solve certain short-term

problems. For example, there may long. Or there

may be severe shortages of some vital

commodities, which create difficulties for the

normal functioning of the economy. These are

short term problems. The objectives of

teckling them are short term in nature.

Role of Government

Role of government' in economic development

dis-agreement . The free play of economic

forces, even in highly developed capitalist

countries, has often meant large unemployment

40

and instability of the system, hence there is a

considerable dilution of the lassiez fair

principle and the governments are now called

upon to intervenes in economic fields which

were considered sacrosanct. In there advanced

countries, state intervention has been invoked

to ensure economic stability and full

employment of productive resources of the

community.

But state action is all the more inevitable

in under developed economics state has to play

a vital and' ever expanding role to accelerate

process of economic growth. In an under

developed economy, there is a circular

constellation of forces tending to act and

react upon one another in such a way as to keep

a poor country in a stationary state of under i.

development equilibrium. The various circle of

under developed equilibrium can be broken only

by a comprehensive government planning of the

process of" economic development. Government

must interfere with the market forces to break

the circle. The process of development in an

under developed country is held up primarily by

the lack of the basic social and economic

overheads such as schools technical collages

41

and research institutes, hospital and

railways, road, ports, harbours and bridges.

Provision of these overheads requires very

large investments. Such investments will lead

to the creation of external economies, which,

in their turn , will provide incentives for the

expansion of private enterprise in the field of

industry as well as of agriculture. Investments

in economic overheads require huge outlays of

capital which are usually beyond the capacity

of private enterprise. Besides, the returns

from such investments are quite uncertain and

take very long to accure. Private enterprise is

generally interested in quick returns and will

seldom be prepared to wait so long private

enterprise' easily mobilise resources for

building up all these overheads. The state is

in a far better position to find the necessary

resources through taxation, borrowing and

deficit financing sources not open to private

enterprise. Thus private enterprise lacks the

capacity to undertake large scale and

comprehensive development programme. It also

lacks the necessary approach to development.

The role of government in development is

further highlighted by the fact that under

developed countries suffer from a serious

42

deficiency of all types of resources and ski l ls

in these circumstances wise and eff ic ient

allocation of limited resources. This only the

state is best f i t ted to do through central

planning, according to a scheme of pr ior i t ies

well suited to the country's conditions and

needs untill the country has attained the stage

of self sustained growth, the government must

make determined and conscious efforts to push

the economy through the take off period of

development. The tendency towards the

formation of mono-polistic organisations under

the free enterprise system, the unpreparedness

and reductance on the part of entrepreneurs to

make investments in schemes of col lec t ive

value, the lack of attention to the long run

problems of the economy and too much

concentration on the immediate prospects

profits the absence of integration among the

various sectors of the economy and not

poss ib i l i ty of adverse economic r e su l t s

arising from uncoordinated economic decisions,

constitute^ the major defects of the private

enterprise system. A decisive role bythe

government is called for to rect ify there

defects of the and the overcome obstacles to

economic growth.

43

The p r i n c i p a l measures , which a r e n e c e s s a r y

f o r t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' to an u n d e r d e v e l o p e d

coun t ry t o t a k e in o r d e r t o a c c e l e r a t e the

p rocess of economic growth.

{i) P r o v i s i o n of economic and s o c i a l o v e r h e a d s .

Economic growth i s to be a c c e l e r a t e d , i t i s

n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e government t o p r o v i d e in

adequate measure economic and s o c i a l overhead

f a c i l i t i e s a l s o c a l l e d the overhead c a p i t a l and

s e r v i c e s o r i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . Economic

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n d e e d t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s

e . g . , r a i l w a y s , r o a d s , h o r b o u r s , a i r f i e l d s ,

e t c . , m e a n s ' of c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e . g , p o s t a l

t e l e g r a p h and t e l e p h o n e f a c i l i t i e s , e l e c t r i c a l

and even a tomic energy , i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s ,

e t c .

The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a d e q u a t e o v e r h e a d

f a c i l i t i e s b r i n g s about e x t e r n a l economics t o

o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , lowes t h e i r c a p i t a l

c o e f f i c i e n t and by t h u s i m p r o v i n g t h e

e f f i c i e n c y , of g e n e r a l i n v e s t m e n t , make

p o s s i b l e a more r a p i d r a t e of economic g rowth .

The governments in under developed c o u n t r i e s

a re making l a r g e inves tmen t s in t h e p r o v i s i o n

of o v e r h e a d f a c i l i t i e s of t o t a l p u b l i c

44

investment (1950-59), they have ranged from 56%

in India.

(ii) Provision of financial facilities

Finance is the cjrux of the problem of

development. The under developed countries

suffer from scarcity of capital which is the

greatest handicap in their economic growth.

Their savings are meagve. but even the meager

savings are not available for economic

development. To mobilise these savings, a sound

banking system is essential and other financial

institutions are required to chanallise there

savings into investments and supply the credit

needs of trade and industry. The government is

to see up to meet the requirements of the

entrepreneurs.

In India, for instance, the government took

steps to reform the banking system and put it

on a sound footing. Fourteen major commercial

banks were nationalised in 1969. In the

agricultural sector to meet the short term

credit needs of the farmers co-operative

societies were set up and, for long term

credit, land mortgage banks or land development

banks have been organised. Two funds were setup

45

National Agricultural credit operations fund

and National Agricultural credit fund. The

former is meant to give long term loans to

state governments, to enable them to by shares

of co-operatives and to grant medium term loans

to co-operatives and long term loans to land

development banks and the latter fund to give

medium term loans to state co-operative banks

to enable them to convert short term loans into

medium term loans. Agricultural Refinance

corporation was set up to serve as a

refinancing-agency for agricultural credit and

to give assistance for reclamation of land,

development special crops, mechanical farming

and development of animal husbandry, dairy

farming, poultry, etc. small farmers

development agencies (S.F.D.A's) were

established and M'a rginal Farmers and

Agricultural labour (M.F.A.L.) Schemes were

taken up Agro industries corporations have also

been et up to give loans for the purchase of

tractors and agricultural machinery

In the industrial sector too, financial and

other institutional were established to

promote industrial development. To assist the

small scale and cottage industries several

46

boards were set up such as the cottage

Industries Board, All 'India handicrafts Board,

Central marketing organisation, inventions

promotion board state financial corporations

National small Industries Corporation, etc.

For the large scale industries were setup the

industrial Finance corporation of India and the

Industrial Development Bank of India. Unit

trust of India was setup to assist the

creation, expansion and modernisation of

industrial enterprise^ in the private sector

For relenting facilities Refinance corporation

for industry was set up Export credit and

guarantee corporation was created to insure

against export risk, financial and political,

and to furnish guarantees to banks to assist

exporters to secure libera] credit facilities.

(iii) Institutional changes

Out model institutions and legal and social

structure too stand in the way of economic

development of the under developed countries.

Lot of reform and reorganisation is essential

to initiate and accelerate the process of

growth. There institutional changes include

land reforms like the abolition of the federal

system, tendancy reform to give ceiling is on

47

land holding, community development projects

in the rural areas to promote self-reliance

and focused leadership etc. In the sphere of

trade and industry, governmental encourages

small industries and regulates and controls the

big corporations to prevent the creation of

monopolies. To improve labour efficiency,

technical institutions are setup, social

security schemes are introduced and housing

schemes and welfare Activities are undertaken.

Producers cooperatives are setup.

The state also regulates relations between

labour and capital to maintain industrial peace

by means of labour 'legislation to increase

output and minimise losses. The governmetn also

promotes marketing to enable the producers to

get a fair-price for the products.

There measures accelerate economic growth

by improving the organisation of production and

building up non-material or intangible capital

which assist productive effort as much as

material capital .

(iv) Direct Participation

The governments in under developed

conntries directly participate in economic

48

enterprises to assist private participate in

economic enterprises to a s s i s t private

enterprise or to set for them a model to

follow. In pursuance of the industrial policy

resolutions of 1948 and 1956, the government of

India has setup huge public undertakings in

diverse fields like the steel plants, heavy

electr ical heavy engineering, machine tools,

f e r t i l i ze r s , oil refineries, and biotics etc.

The profits of these undertakings are available

for use in economic development plans. The

government .mainly confines i tself to basic,

heavy and key industries which help other

i ndus t r i e s . Where as the private sector

operates in manufacturing consumption goods

industries .

(v) Indirect measures

The governments of underdeveloped countries

promote economic growth of there countries

indirectly too. The indirect measures relate

to the adoption of economic policies which may

be conductive to economic growth. There

policies mainly are:

(i) Monetary policy

(ii) Fiscal polioy

( i i i ) commercial policy

49

(i)Monetary policy.

The objective of this policy is to control

and regulate credi t ' t o ensure growth with

s t a b i l i t y . Credit is l ibera l i sed to help

industrial and business enterprise.

(ii) Fiscal policy:-

In th is policy taxation is used as an

instrument for checking consumption,

increasing savings and for preventing

investment in undesirable channel and

channelising them into desired directions so

that economic growth is accelerated and not

showed down.

(ii) Commercial policy:-

This policy is so designed as to check

undesirable imports and promote expor t s .

Foreign exchange cleanings are regulated and

exchange control ins t i tu ted to prevent balance

of payments position getting out of hand.

49

(i)Monetary policy.

The objective of this policy is to control

and regulate credit ' to ensure growth with

s t a b i l i t y . Credit is l ibera l i sed to help

industrial and business enterprise.

(ii) Fiscal policy:-

In this policy taxation is used as an

instrument for checking consumption,

increasing savings and for preventing

investment in undesirable channel and

channelising them into desired directions so

that economic growth is accelerated and not

showed down.

(ii) Commercial policy:-

This policy is so designed as to check

undesirable imports and promote exports.

Foreign exchange cleanings are regulated and

exchange control instituted to prevent balance

of payments position getting out of hand.

^^W-f^ m^

BIBBIOGRRPHil

50

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development has been widely used in

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i n s t a b i l i t y s e c t o r a l and r e g i o n a l

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a c o l l e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n of s e l f -

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d i spensa t i ons and the poor. Economic And

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Political Weekly. 42, 1; 1992; 64-78.

It discusses the problem of Indian economy

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rapid increase ' in external debts,

inflationary pressure, growing unemployment

and extensive poverty. Analyses the remedial

measures adopted by devaluation,

denationalization, privalization, opening up

the economy to the world market. It suggests

the change in the plan pattern so that

social security could be expanded and small

farmers could be provided with subsidies and

redistribution system should be strengthened

to ensure the supply of essential to the

poor.

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Economic Review. 85, 1; 1995; 116-9.

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processes, exploitation of increasing

returns to specialization, the transition

from households to. market production, human

capital accumulation fram-work. Pre

industrial development is given by

increasing returns to specialization made

possible by a growing population increasing

specialization eventually activities a

53

learning technology and initiates industrial

growth, which carries the economy to a fully

market-based planned growth.

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Economic And Political Weekly. 23, 24; 1989;

1189-90.

Ecology movement' in India particular was

analyses against the background of the

forces of economic development. The various

dimensions of social movements for survival,

democratic values, decentralised, decision

making at local levels are levels are all

components of the ecology, movement while at

the local levels they may demand better

management of forests in mountain catchments

or better conservation of water in drought-

prone areas on the whole. They are slowly

progressing towards defining an alternate

model for economic development.

,AGRICULTURE

7. ALEXENDER (RC). Behavioural science and

rural development. Economic Development And

Social Change. 3, 2; 1980; 19031.

The phenomenon' of rapid increase in

agricultural productivity achieved through

the introduction of high yielding variety

55

I n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e d i s t r i c t programme

(lADP) was under taken i n i t i a l l y in 1960-

1961 for a f i v e yea r p e r i o d wi th t he

o b j e c t i v e of a c h i e v i n g a r ap id i n c r e a s e in

a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n p r o v i d i n g

s u f f i c i e n t p r o d u c t i o n i n t e n s i v e t o t h e

formers A commit tee was e s t a b l i s h e d by

lADP. The o b s e r v a t i o n of the committee was

t h a t I n d i a n f o r m e r i n s p i t e of t h e

i l l i t e r a c y a n d p o v e r t y , i s n o t

u n i n t e l l i g e n t . The commit tee has a l s o

observed t h a t t he concept of comprehensive

farm planning wi th which lADP the concept

of comprehensive farm p lanning with which

lADP s t a r t e d proved too complicated for the

average farmers and here unworkable in most

a reas in the v i l l a g e .

10. DEV (Mahendra S ) . A g r i c u l t u r a l development

at s t a t e and d i s t r i c t l e v e l . Economist. 24,

4 0; 198 9; Apr; 2245-6.

In t h i s a r t i c l e study i s a comprehensive

work on i n t e r - s t a t e and i n t e r - d i s t r i c t

d i s p a r i t i e s i n . I n d i a n a g r i c u l t u r a l

development. Moreover, t h i s a r t i c l e p rov ides

bas ic data on a r e a , value of output and

input a t the di ;s ; t r ic t l eve l for the s i x t i e s , r

\ ( '.cc.

55

In t ens ive a g r i c u l t u r e d i s t r i c t programme

(lADP) was undertaken i n i t i a l l y in 1960-

1961 for a f i ve year p e r i o d wi th the

ob jec t ive of achieving a rapid i n c r e a s e in

a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n p r o v i d i n g

s u f f i c i e n t p r o d u c t i o n i n t e n s i v e t o t he

formers A committee was e s t a b l i s h e d by

lADP. The obse rva t ion of the committee was

t h a t I n d i a n f o r m e r i n s p i t e of t h e

i l l i t e r a c y and p o v e r t y , i s n o t

u n i n t e l l i g e n t . The commit tee has a l s o

observed t h a t the concept of comprehensive

farm p lann ing with which lADP the concept

of comprehensive farm planning wi th which

lADP s t a r t e d proved too complicated for the

average farmers and here unworkable in most

areas in t he v i l l a g e .

10. DEV (Mahendra S) . Agr icu l tu ra l development

at s t a t e and d i s t r i c t l e v e l . Economist. 24,

4 0; 1989; Apr; 2245-6.

In t h i s a r t i c l e study is a comprehensive

work on i n t e r - s t a t e and i n t e r - d i s t r i c t

d i s p a r i t i e s i n , I n d i a n a g r i c u l t u r a l

development. Moreover, t h i s a r t i c l e provides

bas ic da ta on area , value of output and

input a t t he d i s t r i c t leve l for t he s i x t i e s .

57

revolution

12. HARNEK SINGH and MEHRA (PL). Agricultural

development and demographic change. Social

Change. 10, 3-4; 1980, Sep; 35-7.

The relationship of demographic factors

with agricultural production, per capita

income and land-holding has been examined in

Punjab village on the basis of data during

1957, 1971 and 1977. There has been an

increase in food production but it is not

accompanied by significant decrease in

birth-rate. Small ^families have more land

and higher income. The increase in the

number of farm families has reduced the size

of land holding per family, but per capita

incomes has increased. It indicated that the

small families have larger size of holding

and higher per capita and per family income

than large families.

13. JAIN (SL) and BHATNAGAR (GS). The role of

education in agricultural development. Rural

India. 37, 1; 1973; Jan; 52-3.

Increase in agricultural production is

attributed to the increasing use of new and

S7

revolution.

12. HARNEK SINGH and MEHRA (PL). Agricultural

development and demographic change. Social

Change. 10, 3-4; 1980, Sep; 35-7.

The relationship of demographic factors

with agricultural production, per capita

income and land-holding has been examined in

Punjab village on the basis of data during

1957, 1971 and 1977. There has been an

increase in food production but it is not

accompanied by significant decrease in

birth-rate. Small ,families have more land

and higher income. The increase in the

number of farm families has reduced the size

of land holding per family, but per capita

incomes has increased. It indicated that the

small families have larger size of holding

and higher per capita and per family income

than large families.

13. JAIN (SL) and BHATNAGAR (GS). The role of

education in agricultural development. Rural

India. 37, 1; 1973; Jan; 52-3.

Increase in agricultural production is

attributed to the increasing use of new and

58

improved a g r i c u l t u r a l methods and p r a c t i c e s

by Indian farmers. Education has playing a

s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e in t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l

development. For ru ra l development highest

p r i o r i t y should be given t o the educat ional

programmes in the ru ra l a r eas the process of

m o d e r n i z a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e can be

a c c e l e r a t e d .

14. KANEDA ( H i r o m i t s u ) ' . S p e c i f i c a t i o n of

product ion functions for ana lys ing technica l

change and f a s t e r input in a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . J o u r n a l Of D e v e l o p m e n t

Economies. 11, 4; 1982; 97-100.

Agr i cu l tu ra l production i s t r e a t e d in the

c o n t e x t of two f a c t o r s of p r o d u c t i o n s ,

c a p i t a l and l a b o u r . The n a t u r e of

t e c h n o l o g i c a l change i n a g r i c u l t u r e

inf luences the s e c t o r ' s employment, income

d i s t r i b u t i o n and i n t e r s e c t o r a l flows of

r e sou rces , including i n t e r n a l migrat ion of

labour and pa t t e rns of human s e t t l e m e n t . The

i n d i r e c t e f fec t s of t hese primary changes

can be s u b s t a n t i a l in d e t e r m i n i n g the

c h a r a c t e r of the economic development.

15. KOTHARI' (Shant i ) . Di rec t ions in a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of P u b l i c

59

Administration. 21, 1; 1975; 48-9

The agricultural sector contributes nearly

48% to our national income and that as much

as 80% of our population lives in the rural

areas with agriculture as their main source

of maintenance, the agriculture sector

provides "surplus" the economy. India

introduced high yielding variety seeds in

1966. Emphasising expansion of irrigation

fac i l i t i e s throughout the country. The

commercial banks have increased their

advances to the agricultural sector, their

main beneficiaries so far have been the

urban centres, primarily the metropolitan

cities . After the commercial banks opened

their branches in the leadbank districts

their number increased in the rural areas.

16. Majumdhar (K). Indian agriculture makes

headway. The Journal Of Industry And Trade.

11, 4; 1965; 1351-2.

Development of ag r i cu l tu re has been

accorded a high priority under the third

plan, so as to provide a strong base for

the economic development of the country.

The aim is not , only to achieve self

sufficiency in foodgrain but to step up the

60

production of commercial crops to ensure

adequate supplies of raw materials for the

growing industries and also to earn foreign

exchange. During 1961-62 to strength

further the various development schemes

already undertaken and to introduce new

programmes essential for accelerating the

tempo of agricultural development. The

central government gave financial and

technica l a s s i s t a n c e to the s t a t e

government and allocated for the year 1961-

62 a sum of Rs . 47.79 crore as assistance

to the states for schemes falling under the

agricultural sector of the state plan. In

addition, a provision of Rs . 25.20 crores

was made for giving financial assistance to

state government for the procurement and

distribution of fer t i l izer and improved

seeds.

17. NAIR (E Narayanan). Alternative agricultural

development strategies and income generation

and distributor. Anvesak. 13, 1; 1983; 73-9.

Agriculture forms the major source of

income and employment. As the level of

income has pos i t i ve ly grown between

strategies of higher level of irrigation.

61

t h e income d i s t r i b u t i o n becomes more skewed.

The medium and l a r g e farmers cash r e l a t i v e l y

more b e n e f i t s t h a n o t h e r farmers from the

t e c h n o l o g i c a l deve lopment . I t i s observed

t h e r e f o r e t h a t c ropp ing p a t t e r n of medium

and l a r g e farmers^ a re c o m p a r a t i v e l y more

s e n s i t i v e t o i r r i g a t i o n and t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y

induced a g r i c u l t u r a l development .

18. REDDY (V Ratna) . Environment and s u s t a i n a b l e

a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : C o n f l i c t s and

c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . Economic Trend . 30 , 12;

1995, Mar; 40 .

S u s t a i n a b l e a g r i c u l t u r e i n v o l v e s n o t only

t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n of

improved t e c h n o l o g i e s bu t the i n c o r p o r a t i o n

of e c o l o g i c a l and s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . This c o n t r a d i c t i o n s which

came in t h e way of o p e r a t i o n a l i s i n g the

concep t of s u s t a i n a b l e development in the

c o n t e x t of I n d i a n a g r i c u l t u r e .

19. SN SINGH and VIJAYARAGAVAN (K). Mass media

f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l development . S o c i a l Change.

13 , 4; 1983, Dec; - 36-8 .

Communication i s the h e a r t and s o u l of the

p r o g r e s s of any s o c i e t y . The most impor t an t

mass media such as r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n e t c .

62

The modern methods in printing and other

related technique which were used in rapid

dissemination of various type of

information. Mass media can focus the

attention of the farmers towards modern farm

technology. The mass media is a powerful

instrument in the changing dimensions

agriculture. Agriculture development also

depend upon other factors like availability

of media, size of farm and socio-economic

status of the farmers.

20. TEKADE (BT). Agricultural development.

Indian Journal Of Marketing. 10, 1; 1979;

19-23 .

The average rate of increase in farm

output India is about 3.5% per annum. The

transport and communication facilities,

timely supplies of fertilizers high breed,

high yielding varieties of seeds, power,

pesticides, proper and adequate storage

facilities, improved far-implements, finance

are the immediate needs of the agricultural

sector which are to be adequately met with

the timely marketing facilities would still

remain. It would be greatest incentive for

agricultural growth if small cultivators get

63

easy and f ree access to the n a t i o n a l market.

21 . VAIDYNATHAN (A). A g r i c u l t u r a l development

: I m p e r a t i v e s of i n s t i t u t i o n a l reform.

Economic And P o l i t i c a l Weekly. 81 , 3 5;

1996; 2451-4.

Th i s a r t i c l e u n d e r s c o p e s t h e c r u c i a l

i m p o r t a n c e of i n s t i t u t i o n a l r e f o r m s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y in t he domain of p u b l i c

systems s u s t a i n e d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s and

output growth in a g r i c u l t u r e . The scope for

p r i v a t i s a t i o n i s l i m i t e d in i r r i g a t i o n ,

r e s e a r c h and e x t e n s i o n a n d o t h e r

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f a c i l i t i e s . Al l of t he r e

w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be m a i n l y t h e

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the pub l i c s e c t o r and

un le s s t he pub l i c s e c t o r ' s e f f i c i e n c y in

m o b i l i z i n g r e s o u r c e s and t h e p u b l i c

s e c t o r s ' e f f i c i e n c y in mob i l i s ing resources

and managing the re f a c i l i t i e s i s v a s t l y

improved, t r a d e , and p r i c e p o l i c y reform

w i l l not make a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e to

the pace of po l i cy reform w i l l no t make a

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e to t h e pace of

a g r i c u l t u r e growth.

22. YUJIRO and RUTTAN (W Vernon). Agr i cu l t u r a l

development: An I n t e r n a t i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e .

64

Margin. 5, 1; 1973; 160-S.

Economists gene ra l l y agree tha t growth in

a g r i c u l t u r a l output i s necessary for the

g e n e r a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . The

con t r ibu t ion of a g r i c u l t u r a l growth t o the

development process i s p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to

the r a t e of p r o d u c t i v i t y growth in the

a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r . S i g n i f i c a n t

o p p o r t u n i t i e s fo r growth in a g r i c u l t u r e

became a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h c h a n g e s in

t e c h n o l o g y . The r o l e of t e c h n i c a l and

i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a n g e s t o p r o m o t e

a g r i c u l t u r a l and economic development has

been fu l ly apprec ia t ed in the t h e o r i e s of

economic growth.

23 . ZILBERMAN (David) and Jus t (E R i c h a r d ) .

The e f f e c t s of a g r i c u l t u r a l development

p o l i c i e s on income d i s t r i b u t i o n and

t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e in a g r i c u l t u r e .

Journal Of Development Economics . 3 8, 2 ;

1988; 64-5 .

I n v e s t i g a t e s t h e e q u i t y i m p a c t of

a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c i e s used to f a s t e r growth

through technology adopt ion. The r e s u l t s

imply t h a t t r a d i t i o n a l n e o c l a s s i c a l models

65

t h a t assume a l l o c a t i o n of r e s o u r c e s among

p e r f e c t l y d i v i s i b l e t e c h n o l o g i e s may not

c a p t u r e - some of t h e i m p o r t a n t e q u i t y

i m p l i c a t i o n s of a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c i e s . The

J o i n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of r i s k p r e f e r e n c e s from

s i z e and c r e d i t a v a i l a b i l i t y among f a rmer s

as w e l l as t h e s t o c h a s t i c s t r u c t u r e of

a l t e r n a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s i s

c r u c i a l in d e t e r m i n i n g e q u i t y i m p l i c a t i o n s

of a g r i c u l t u r a l growth p o l i c i e s .

,BIHAR.

24. SP SINGH. I m p r o v e d t e c h n o l o g y f o r

a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n B i h a r was

p e r s p e c t i v e s . Y o i n a . 40, 4 ; 1996, Apr; 19 -25 .

A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n i n B i h a r was

marked by low p r o d u c t i v i t y l e v e l s . The y i e l d

of r i c e , the main crop of t h e s t a t e was t he

l o w e s t i n the coun t ry d u r i n g 1991-92 and

1992 -93 , much below t h e a l l I n d i a ave rage of

t h e s e y e a r s wi th 90% of t h e p o p u l a t i o n in

s t a t e dependent on t h e r u r a l s e c t o r , low

a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y i s t h e cause of

low income l e v e l s and w i d e s p r e a d . Improved

management p r a c t i c e s and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

f a c i l i t i e s l i k e i r r i g a t i o n and power for

66

agriculture can improve the condition.

, MAHARASHTRA.

25. DEV (Mahendra S) . Maharashtra's agricultural

development: A blue-print. Economic And

Political Weekly. 31, 13; 1996, Mar; A-38-

41 .

The agricultural scenario in Maharashtra

required increase in agricultural

production. An increase in the role of the

private sector, especially in horticulture

and food processing and greater

concentration on agricultural research and

extension increase in agriculture production

led to an increase in availability of

agricultural products for both rural and

urban areas. Increase in marketable surplus

of food grains is likely to increase the

availability of food grains under the public

distribution system and in the open market.

It will indirectly help in reducing the food

prices and overall inflation.

, RAJASTHAN.

2 6 . ALEXANDER (KC). A g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t and

s o c i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : A s t u d y i n

G a n g a n a g a r , R a j a s t h a n . Yoina . i , i ; 1982 ,

67

J a n ; 1 - 6 .

The i m p a c t of a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i r r i g a t i o n i n v i l l a g e s of

R a j a s t h a n . The economy of t h e i r r i g a t e d

v i l l a g e s c h a n g e d from s u b s i s t e n c e t o c a sh

economy a n d from exchange t o m a r k e t r a t i o

w i t h i r r i g a t i o n and c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n . There

h a s b e e n a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f c r o p p i n g

p a t t e r n a n d g r e a t e r c r o p s p e c i a l i z a t i o n .

Economic d e v e l o p m e n t l e a d s t o i n c r e a s e i n

p e r c a p i t a i n c o m e . I n a p r e d o m i n a n t l y

a g r a r i a n s o c i e t y , a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of

t h e i n c r e a s e d i n c o m e i s s p e n d on

m a n u f a c t u r e d goods and s e r v i c e s , a s t h e

c o n s u m p t i o n of food c a n n o t e x c e e d c e r t a i n

l i m i t s . T h i s l e a d s t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of

i n d u s t r i e s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of work ing p o p u l a t i o n from

t h e a g r i c u l t u r e t o m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s e r v i c e

s e c t o r s . E c o n o m i c g r o w t h i n c l u d i n g

a g r i c u l t u r a l , e x p e n d s t h e p r o p o r t i o n of

w o r k e r s i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g and s e r v i c e s e c t o r s

and d i m n i s h e s t h e i r p r o p o r t i o n e n g a g e d i n

a g r i c u l t u r e and a l l i e d p r i m a r y s e c t o r s .

-, SURENDRANAGAR.

2 7 . BALDEB SINGH. The r o l e o f c r e d i t i n

68

agricultural development: A case study of a

backward Indian district Surendranagar.

Anvesak. 7, 12; 1984; 15- 9.

The agricultural development in the

planned direction depends on the choice of

credit system; which in turns conditioned by

the prevailing production relation. If the

economy envisages a development path of

growth with equity as professed goal in the

development plans of the choice of a purely

marked guided credit system needs to be

looked at with caution. The role of credit

in accelerating agricultural production and

employment to achieve the planned

agricultural development.

-, TAMIL NADU.

28. JAIN (BKS). Agricultural development and

cooperation credit, in Tamil Nadu. Eastern

Economist. 70,7 ; 1978; 313- 5.

There has been a five fold increase in the

total credit disbursed by cooperative credit

agencies in Tamil Nadu. The loans disbursed

to small and marginal farmers accounted for

47% of the total. The majority of primary

agricultural societies in the state are

69

s t i l l n o n - v i a b l e . C o o p e r a t i v e c r e d i t

a g e n c i e s r e g i s t e r e d a p p r e c i a b l e p r o g r e s s i n

p r o v i d i n g c r e d i t f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . S t a t e g o v e r n m e n t a s w e l l a s t h e

c o o p e r a t i v e l e a d e r s h i p h a v e t o m a k e

c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t s t o v a r i e t i e s t h e s o c i e t i e s

and t o t o n e up t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y -

t h r o u g h • a t i m e bound p r o g r a m m e .

•,UP

2 9 . PAPOLA ( T S ) . E c o n o m i c c o n s t r a i n t s on

d e v e l o p m e n t . Commerce. 1 4 2 , 3 6 4 9 ; 1 9 8 1 , May;

8 -10 .

O v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e s t h e d e p e n d e n c e of

t h e U t t a r P r a d e s h economy on a g r i c u l t u r e

seem t o have i n c r e a s e d . A g r i c u l t u r e a b s o r b e d

76 .6% of t h e w o r k e r s i n 1 9 6 1 and 78% i n

1 9 7 1 . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l

l a b o r e r s i n c r e a s e d from 10 .4% t o 20% d u r i n g

t h e d e c a d e . The a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r i n s t a t e

h a s shown a s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w t h r a t e of 1%

p e r annum on an a v e r a g e d u r i n g 1 9 6 0 s . I t has

e x p e r i e n c e d a g r o w t h r a t e o f 2 .5% p e r annum

d u r i n g 1 9 7 0 s .

•,WEST BENGAL.

3 0 . BOYCE (K J a m e s ) . A g r i c u l t u r a l g r o w t h i n West

B e n g a l . 1949-50 t o 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 . Economic And

70

Political Weekly. 23, 13; 1984, Mar; A6-9.

West Bengal's official crop production

data are relatively accurate by national

standard. Estimated of average and yield per

acre of individual crops are prepared on the

basis of extensive sample survey and crop

cuts using the scientific sampling

methodology. The official series suggested

that agricultural growth in West Bengal has

slackened in recent years. The West Bengal

case illustrates the importance of close

attention to the methodology by which

official estimates of agricultural output

are prepared and points to a more general

need for caution in the use of such

statistics .

,AGRO INDUSTRIES.

31. IQBAL (B Alam). Major constraints in agro-

industries development in U.P. Indian

Economic Journal. 23, 11; 1987; 157-63.

States that have small agro-industrial

units in U.P. faced problems of shortage of

raw material, lack of proper management

imperative to help these units in building a

favourable inf rastjructures base for their

proper growth. The big units should frame

71

sympathetic policy towards small ones, and

the bank should be bit more liberal to cope

with the financial needs of small units.

32. IQBAL (B Alam). Agro-industries: Key to

economic Prosperity. Khadigramodyog. 21, 10;

1985; 467-8.

Agro industrial development implies the

growth of industries in rural areas through

independence with agriculture under a system

of mutual and complementary output relation.

It is a process of' joint growth of industry

and agriculture in which the output of

agriculture serves as the input to industry

and vice-versa. It must function either as

an output acceptor or an output donor to

bring about an integration i.e. independence

between industry and agriculture. Thus an

integrated agro-industrial development is a

dynamic and self-generating process.

•,ARTISAN S, RURAL, PUNJAB.

33. BHALLA (GS) . Impact of economic development

on rural artisans in Punjab. Indian Journal

of Labour Economies. 23, 4; 1980; 154-65.

Development of agriculture in Punjab has

been the result of intensive of use of

72

modern inputs like tractors, fertilizers,

tubewell, pumping set. The proportion of

cultivators has remained more or less

constant. Economic development has a

disintegrating effect on artisans in rural

Punjab. The largest proportion of household

have been pushed in agriculture sector. The

development of agriculture has not led to

expansion of other sectors correspondingly.

The effect of economic development on

different categories as masons, carpenter/

blacksmiths and barbars are relatively

stable but other categories like weavers,

poulters, water mill operators, water

carriers and cobbler have been disintegrated

to a large extent.

-, ASSAM

34. RAO (Mhan P). Economic development in Assam.

Journal Of Industrv And Trade. 12, 8; 1962;

1377-9 .

The first five year plan (1951-56) was

launched with a total outlay of Rs. 20.84

crores and it's emphasis was on agriculture,

irrigation, power, transport, education,

health and other welfare activities. This

plan aimed at creating the pre-conditions

73

f o r r a p i d economic and i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h of

Assam i n f u t u r e . The s e c o n d p l a n had a t o t a l

e x p e n d i t u r e of Rs . 5 . 4 , 4 c r o r e s . T h i s p l a n

p l a c e d a s p e c i a l e m p h a s i s on d e v e l o p m e n t of

i n d u s t r i e s a n d i t c l e a r l y s e t o u t t h e

o b j e c t i v e o f i n c r e a s i n g e m p l o y m e n t

o p p o r t u n i t i e s , r e d u c i n g i n e q u a l i t i e s of

i n c o m e a n d b r i n g i n g a b o u t a more e v e n

d i s t r i b u t i o n of economic p o w e r .

,BACKWARD AREA, DEVELOPMENT.

3 5 . PATEL (VG) . R e p o r t on g e n e r a l i s s u e s

r e l a t i n g t o b a c k w a r d a r e a s d e v e l o p m e n t .

J o u r n a l Of I n d i a n S c h o o l Of P o l i t i c a l

Economy. 8, 4 ; 1996, Aug; 6 4 - 9 0 .

The p r o b l e m s of backward a r e a s a r e common

i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s a t t h e n a t i o n a l

d e v e l o p m e n t c o u n c i l , t h e p l a n n i n g commiss ion

and t h e d e b a t e i n p a r l i a m e n t . So t h e p u b l i c

c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e p r o b l e m of b a c k w a r d a r e a

d e v e l o p m e n t i s g e n u i n e . The more a d v a n c e d o r

more r a p i d l y g rowing a r e a s of t h e c o u n t r y

s e t s t a n d a r d s of p r o d u c t i o n , c o n s u m p t i o n and

e c o n o m i c d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e f o r

c o n c e s s i o n a l f i n a n c e f o r i n d u s t r y ,

i n d u s t r i a l b a c k w a r d n e s s i s d e f i n e d r e l a t i v e

t o t h e s t a t e a v e r a g e .

74

•,BANK.

3 6 . BHOLA ( R a v i K u m a r . I n t e g r a t e d r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t programme: Role of B a n k s . Mysore

Economic Rev iew. 65 , 4 ; 1984, A p r ; 1 9 - 2 2 .

Some s p e c i f i c p rob lems f a c e d i n e f f e c t i v e

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m m e s o f

i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e

c o m m e r c i a l b a n k s have been a n a l y s e d . Under

t h e programme 15 m i l l i o n f a m i l i e s a r e t o be

a s s i s t e d f o r o v e r f i v e y e a r p e r i o d and

b a n k s , f i n a n c e i n v o l v e d t h e o r d e r of Rs .

3 ,000 c r o r e . Tak ing i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e

m a s s i v e n a t u r e of t h e p r o g r a m m e , t h e

a d d i t i o n a l l o a d on t h e b a n k i n g s y s t e m was

c o n s i d e r a b l e . In o r d e r t o d i s c h a r g e t h e i r

o b l i g a t i o n s c o m m e r c i a l b a n k s h a v e t o

s t r e n g t h e n t h e i r b r a n c h e s n e t w o r k i n r u r a l

a r e a s a s w e l l a s d e p l o y and t r a i n a d d i t i o n a l

s t a f f t o a s s i s t i n t h i s work .

3 7 . MY KHAN. Deve lopment b a n k i n g i n I n d i a : Rule

and p r o b l e m s . A r t h v i i a n a . 2 2 , 1 -4 ; 1 9 8 0 ; 89 -

90 .

The d e v e l o p m e n t b a n k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a s a

g r o u p h a v e p l a y e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n t h e

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f I n d i a , t h e

i n v e s t m e n t m a r k e t h a v e e m e r g e d a s t h e

75

backbone of the financial system. The

quantitative role played by the development

banks as a constituent of the industrial

financing system in 'India refers to the

magnitude of funds provided by them jointly

to industrial enterprises. In terms of the

totally of impact the development bank in

India have emerged in to a truly massive

source of funds and as the mainly of

industrial enterprises in India as regards

their requirement of industrial capital with

the evolution of a meaningful strategy for

industrial development the essential

elements are development of backward regions

encouragement to a new class of smiall

entrepreneurs and enterprises and

rehabilitation of 'sick.

38. PADHY (C Kishore) . Increasing productivity

in banks. Productivity. 24,3; 1983; 327-8.

Increasing productivity of banks in India is

a recurring theme in the late 70's A bank

is 95% men and 5% money. So the labour

productivity is essence of productivity of

banks. Productivity is the related to output

of each of the three major categories of

input namely, men, machine and money in a

76

g i v e n p e r i o d . So t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of

p r o d u c t i v i t y becomes a d m i t t e d l y an i n t r i c a t e

p r o b l e m i n a l a b o u r i n t e n s i v e s e r v i c e

o r g a n i s a t i o n .

3 9 . VELAYUDHAN (TV) . B a n k i n g a n d e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t . Economic And P o l i t i c a l Weekly.

24 , 3 6 ; 1989, Sep, 2 3 ; 2 1 2 7 - 9 .

R e s e r v e Bank of I n d i a q u o t e s t h e f i r s t

p l a n document t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r o l e of

t h e c e n t r a l bank i n t h e p r o g r e s s of p l a n n e d

d e v e l o p m e n t was r e c o g n i s e d a t an e a r l y

s t a g e . T h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t a l r o l e of t h e r e s e r v e bank of

I n d i a s-uch a s d e e p e n i n g a n d w i d e n i n g t h e

f i n a n c i a l s y s t e m , p r o m o t i o n o f

i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f s a v i n g a n d

i n v e s t m e n t , c o v e r i n g f u n c t i o n a l a n d

g e o g r a p h i c a l gaps i n b a n k i n g , c r e a t i o n of

new i n s t i t u t i o n s l i k e d i s c o u n t and f i n a n c e

h o u s e of I n d i a . R e s e r v e b a n k of I n d i a p l a y

i t ' s d e v e l o p m e n t a l r o l e w i t h i n t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l f ramework of c e n t r a l b a n k i n g

p r o v i d e d by t h e R e s e r v e Bank of I n d i a Act

1 9 3 5 ' .

•, FIVE YEAR PLAN

77

40. BHARADWAJ (Krishna). Development savings

banks and India's third plan. Eastern

Economist. 35, 2 4; I960; 1085-6

The development saving bank scheme provides

a part of the gifts granted by foreign

governments to be invested in the private

sector and for the investments or the

benefit of the investments to be distributed

on some equitable basis among the low income

groups subscribing to the scheme. Therefore

scheme helps is not only siphoning off

savings and a part of the current purchasing

power in the hands of the nation and the

people but also helps in productive

investment for the purpose of increasing the

country's national wealth and employment.

,TAMIL NADU.

41. AMBIGA (P) . Regional d i s p a r i t i e s in banking

development in Tamil Nadu Indian Economic

Journa l 44.2; 1996-97; 142-6.

Since the n a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of commercial

banks in 1969. The bank ing s e c t o r was i.

reformed for mapping up p o t e n t i a l savings ,

meet ing the c r e d i t gaps in a g r i c u l t u r e ,

s m a l l s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s and n e g l e c t e d

' • .D^-3 /^ '^

78

sectors. Kanyakumary, Chidambarm and

Rananathapuram districts need special

attention for the development of banking

sector. The total number of branches in

these districts an the number of branches in

rural and semi-urban areas being low new

branches could be opened. The credit deposit

ratio and the advanced provided to

agriculture and small scale industries also

being very low in Kanyakumari, attempts

should be made to utilise the mopped up

deposits for the better progress of that

district.

•, CAPITAL, BOMBAY PLAN.

42. SENGUPTA (Sovona). Capital requirements of

the Bombay plan for economic development of

India. Indian Journal Of Economics. 25, 12;

1944;56-9.

The Bombay plan should emphasis on the time

factor. In India for a long time may not be

troubled with the shortage of manpower but

unequal distribution for capital

intens iveness will mean slower rate of

economic development. Machinery creates more

employment only in the long run but in the

transitional period capital and labour are

79

a n t a g o n i s t i c . The p o l i c y s h o u l d n o t b e

a v e r s i o n t o c r u d e t e c h n o l o g y t h e a d o p t i o n of

i t r e d u c i n g t h e s o c i a l h a r d s h i p a n d

m a x i m i z i n g t h e o u t p u t p e r h e a d t h a t i s t h e

a d o p t i o n l a b o u r u s i n g a n d c a p i t a l

e c o n o m i s i n g m e t h o d . I n d i a ' s s u r p l u s o f

f o r e i g n t r a d e was a n y t h i n g b e t w e e n r u p e e s

t h i r t y t o f o u r t y c r o r e s w o r t h of g o o d s e v e r y

y e a r a n d i m p o r t e d g o l d a n d s i l v e r w o r t h

s e v e r a l c r o r e s a y e a r . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s

I n d i a ' s s a v i n g s . S o w i t h i n c r e a s i n g

p r o d u c t i o n an a n n u a l s a v i n g of 16% i s n o t a n

i m p o s s i b l e f i g u r e . ,

, COMMUNICATION.

4 3 . AHMED (Syed A m j e d ) . C o m m u n i c a t i o n C h a n n e l s

f o r p a r t i c i p a t o r y d e v e l o p m e n t . K u r u k s h e t r a .

6 4 , 4 - 5 ; 1 9 9 6 ; 2 5 - 8 .

The m a s s m e d i a a n d i n t e r p e r s o n a l c h a n n e l

c o u l d b e d e t a i l e d t o s e r v e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

p r o c e s s , t h a t v i a b l e i n s t i t u t i o n a l

s t r u c t u r e s h a v e b ^ e n c r e a t e d a t t h e g r a s s

r o o t s . The s u i t a b i l i t y o f m e d i a c h a n n e l s t o

s e r v e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s r e s t s on t h e i r

o r i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d s t h e r u r a l a u d i e n c e . I n

t h e p a r t i c i p a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s

c o m m u n i c a t i o n i s c o n c e i v e d a s a d y n a m i c a n d

so

b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . S t r e s s i n g t h e n e e d f o r

t h e f l o w of i n f o r m a t i o n in a l l d i r e c t i o n .

Mass m e d i a can s e r v e t h e p r o c e s s of d i a l o g u e

by o p e n i n g a c c e s s s l o t s t o be u s e d by r u r a l

c o m m u n i t i e s and deve lopmen t p l a n n e r s .

4 6 . MUKERJI (B) . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o - o r d i n a t i o n in

c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of

P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 4 , 1 ; 1 9 5 8 ; 1 9 - 2 1 .

The p r o b l e m of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o - o r d i n a t i o n ,

i n t h e communi ty deve lopmen t p rogramme by

e m p h a s i s i n g on c o - o r d i n a t i o n i n p l a n n i n g ,

c o - o r d i n a t i o n i n p o l i c i e s , c o - o r d i n a t i o n

w i t h i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and b e t w e e n t h e

a g e n c i e s of gove rnmen t and t h e a g e n c i e s of

t h e p e o p l e t h a t a l r e a d y e x i s t t h a t have t o

be p r o m o t e d a s a ^ p a r t of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

p rogramme i t s e l f . R e a l i s e t h e i m p o r t a n c e of

s t r e n g t h e n i n g t e c h n i c a l d e p a r t m e n t s ,

e n h a n c i n g t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e a n d d i g n i t y

t r a i n i n g t h e p e r s o n n e l of a l l d e p a r t m e n t s as

w e l l a s of t h e p e o p l e ' s i n s t i t u t i o n s t o

c r e a t e i n them t h e r i g h t a t t i t u d e s and

u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.

4 4 . BHATIA ( P u s h k a r . Community d e v e l o p m e n t and

8/

Panchaytiraj. Monthly Commentorv On Indian

Economic Conditions. 9,5; 1967; 179-81.

Community development has a greater

importance in Indian economic development.

Community development is one of the

objectives of panchayati raj. Panchaytiraj

is an instrument to obtain community

development programme which aims at the

individual and collective welfare of India's

rural population. This, programme was

launched on Octobet 2, 1952 in 55 projects

each project covering an area of about 2

lakhs in 1958 the national development

council endorsed the recommendations on

democratic decentralisation made by the

study team on community development set up

by the committee on plan projects and laid

down certain broad principles that should

be guide the establishment of panchayati

raj .

45. DEV (SK) . Community development in India.

A. I.C.C. Economic Review. 58,1; 1959; 35.

The community development programme launched

on Oct 2, 1952 was designed to mobiles all

human and natural resources with a view to

improved the economic and social welfare of

82

India's rural population in villages. This

community project in India changed the face

of rural India and in the course of next

five or six years they will change the

living standard of the villagers in India.

,COMPARATIVE, COST .

47. DHESI (AS). Theory of comparative costs and

the level of development: Some extensions,

Indian Journal Of Economics . 5 8, 229;

1977,Oct; 171-7.

Demand structure in an economy is assumed to

be a function of it's level of development.

The technological sophistication of an

economy is determined both by demand and

supply conditions. The level of development

is considered in terms of a composite index

of development. G.D.P. per capita an index

of human resource development consumption of

electricity, steel etc. The capacity to

adopt of research and development effort at

home or abroad efficiently was a function of

level of development.

,CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT, MEGHALAYA.

48. BHADU (Brij). Development co-operative way

in Meghalaya. Kurukshetra. 62, 10; 1994,

83

J u l y ; 1 6 - 1 9 .

The c o - o p e r a t i v e movement i n Megha laya was

fo rmed i n 1972 . The m e g h a l a y a c o - o p e r a t i v e

a p e x bank was e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e

of m e e t i n g t h e c r e d i t n e e d s of t h e c o ­

o p e r a t i v e s e c t o r i n t h e s t a t e , s e r v i c e c o -

p e r a t i v e s o c i e t i e s p rogramme was t a k e n u n d e r

a m a s t e r p l a n and c o m p l e t e d i n 1 9 7 8 . Under

t h i s p r o g r a m m e , ' 1 8 0 p o t e n t i a l l y v i a b l e

s o c i e t i e s have b e e n r e t a i n e d an 472 n o n ­

v i a b l e s o c i e t i e s w e r e weeded o u t . T h e r e 180

s o c i e t i e s , p o p u l a r l y known a s p r i m a r y

a g r i c u l t u r a l c o - o p e r a t i v e was p r o v i d i n g t h e

v i t a l l i n k w i t h t h e f a r m e r s . N a t i o n a l c o ­

o p e r a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t c o r p o r a t i o n (NCDC) was

c h a r g e d w i t h t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of p r o m o t i n g

programme f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and a l l i e d r u r a l

a c t i v i t i e s l i k e P o u l t r y , F i s h e r y , D a i r y ,

hand loom e t c . I t p r o v i d i n g a s s i s t a n c e from

20% t o 25% t o a l l t h e s t a t e s i n t h e e n t i r e

n o r t h e a s t e r n r e g i o n . A s s i s t a n c e up t o 95%

of t h e p r o j e c t c o s t . NCDS h a s s o f a r

p r o v i d e d Rs 1 0 7 . 4 7 c r o r e s a i d t o t h e n o r t h

e a s t e r n f o r v a r i o u s a g r i c u l t u r a l and r u r a l

a c t i v i t i e s .

-, CULTURAL DIMENTION.

84

4 9 . KUMARAN (PK) C u l t u r a l d i m e n s i o n s of

d e v e l o p m e n t . S o c i a l Change. 2 , 4 ; 1 9 9 1 , Dec;

15-6 .

I n t h i s a r t i c l e an a t t e m p t was made t o

u n d e r s t a n d t h e r o l e of c u l t u r e e s p e c i a l l y

v a l u e s i n d e v e l o p m e n t . I t i s a r g u e d t h a t

c e r t a i n v a l u e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c a s t e and

r e l i g i o n i n g r a i n e d i n t h e H i n d u s o c i a l

o r g a n i z a t i o n a r e i n i m i c a l t o d e v e l o p m e n t

a c t i v i t i e s . T h i s has been e x p l a i n e d w i t h

r e s p e c t t o s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e m a d e of

p r o d u c t i o n f e r t i l i t y and h e a l t h a s p e c t .

D e v e l o p m e n t i n v o l v e s i m p r o v e m e n t i n b o t h

q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s of

l i f e . I t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n c e i n e r a d i c a t i n g

c u l t u r a l p o v e r t y a l o n g w i t h p h y s i c a l

p o v e r t y .

•, DAIRY DEVELOPMENT

50 . KUMBHARE (SL) D r i f t s I n D a i r y

D e v e l o p m e n t . E a s t e r n E c o n o m i s t . 7 5 , 2 ; 1980;

602 .

D a i r y i n g h a s a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r

p r o v i d i n g employment and s t a b l e incomes t o

t h e w e a k e r s e c t i o n s of o u r r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n .

T h e i r s t u d y r e v e a l s t h a t t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n

r e g i o n h o l d s a dominan t p o s i t i o n i n d a i r y

85

development where as the eastern region

requires concentrated attention to correct

the regional inbalances in rural

development.

51. SHARMA (Hari Shankar). Ecological impact of

dairy development. Yoina. 40, 1; 1996, Jan ;

40-2.

In terms of total bovine population India

occupies the first position in the world.

Dairy farming is also a very important

subsidiary occupation as it provides

employment to millions of unemployed. Dairy

development ranges from milk production on

the farm to delivery and scale of find

products to consumers in India is best

considered as a part of the agricultural

system, using agricultural wastes to feed

animals and animals wastes in turn as a

source of both fuel and fertilizer. In this

way both food and energy would be produced,

which is afterall the main purpose of

agriculture.

-, EDUCATION.

52. ANSARI (HM). E d u c a t i o n a n d e c o n o m i c

deve lopment . The I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of P u b l i c

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 28 , 1/ 1968; 8 9 - 9 1 .

86

For development a wide range of human

skills and a high level of specialised

manpower are essential in India, there is

deficiency in resources for investment, but

their is surplus labour. Education should

facilitate human resource development

through effective policy and it's proper

utilisation for rapid economic progress. A

high rate of industrial production

emphasises on the type of education which

suits more to the requirements of industrial

sector than the agricultural sector. The

policies of economic development ought to be

oriented towards augmentation and

intensification of activities in both

agricultural and allied sectors. Programmes

like training of rural youth for self-

employment will help in developing the

entrepreneurial capacity and utilising the

manpower resources.

53. JHA (LK) . Role of education in economic

development. Mainstream. 23, 27-53; 1985;

13-4 .

The education system must be geared to

help economic development. The emphasis on

education as an instrument of abstract

87

learning has came in the way of spreading

education made education beneficial to those

who receive it. Educational help in economic

development. The message which educationist

and the educational system should get across

to the people is that there is no vacation

job however high ox low which cannot benefit

and became more rewarding with proper

education and the right training. Education

can must enrich the minds and the pockets of

the people instead of only upon it's role in

intellectual development. It has important

role in economic development.

,FARM PRODUCTION.

54. BALDEB SINGH. Impact of education on farm

production. Economic and Political Weekly.

9, 39; 1974, Apr; A92-6.

This paper examines data on the impact of

education on farm production collected

during October 1968 to January 1969 from 288

farm households of Haryana for the year

1968-69. The author analyses that: (i) the

level of farm production is significantly

higher on farms where the decision maker is

literate where the decision maker is

illiterate, (ii) the levels of education of

88

fa rm d e c i s i o n maker and t h e l e v e l of farm

p r o d u c t i o n h a v e a p o s i t i v e , c o n t i n u o u s

r e l a t i o n s h i p and farm s i z e .

^ , TECHNICAL

5 5 . UJAGAR SINGH. T e c h n i c a l e d u c a t i o n a n d

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . S o c i a l C h a n g e . 9, 1;

1 9 7 9 ; 3 1 - 5 .

I n d i a w i t h a huge p o p u l a t i o n , economic

p r o b l e m becames v i t a l and i m m e d i a t e c o n c e r n

a n d a s s u c h an ' e s s e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n f o r

d e v e l o p m e n t . E x p e r i e n c e t e a c h e s u s how t o

e a r n o u r b r e a d . Save o u r l i v e s and k e e p ou r

h e a l t h i s an i n d i s p e n s a b l e c o n d i t i o n f o r

r a t i o n a l f r eedom. For i t ' s e f f i c i e n c y i t

n e e d t r a i n e d manpower t o make them s k i l f u l

i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l r o l e of

e d u c a t i o n t o meet t h e e c o n o m i c n e e d s c a n n o t

be d e n i e d and i n t u r n t h e r o l e of t e c h n i c a l

e d u c a t i o n i s an i m p o r t a n t k e y t o m i n i m i s e

p o v e r t y and economic b a c k w a r d n e s s .

-, ENTREPRENEURSHIP .

5 6 . DENNIS (Ray) .The r o l e of e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p i n

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . J o u r n a l of Deve lopment

P l a n n i n g A n n u a l . 18 , 1; 1 9 8 8 ; 3 - 6 .

E x p l a i n s t h a t t h e u n i q u e c o n t r i b u t i o n of

89

e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p was t h a t i t i s low c o s t

s t r a t e g y o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , j o b

c r e a t i o n a n d t e c h n i c a l i n n o v a t i o n .

E n t r e p r e n e u r s b e a r t h e c o s t s and r i s k of

l a u n c h i n g a new v e n t u r e , d e v e l o p i n g a new

p r o d u c t , c o m m e r c i a l i z i n g an i n v e n t i o n ,

a d a p t i n g a t e c h n o l o g y and d e v e l o p i n g a new

m a r k e t . E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p i s a h i g h l y

l e v e r a g e d s t r a t e g y of d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t " b a n g " i s v e r y l a r g e r e l a t i v e t o

e a c h u n i t s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a s s i s t a n c e .

E n t r e p r e n e u r s a r e c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a g e n t s of

economic d e v e l o p m e n t t h e y f i n d r e s o u r c e s and

f i l l m a r k e t g a p s . , Through e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p

can be made more p r o d u c t i v e , i n n o v a t i v e ,

dynamic and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y c o m p e t i t i v e i n a

c o s t e f f e c t i v e m a n n e r .

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

5 7 . OZA ( A N ) . I n t e g r a t e d e n t e r p r e n e u r s h i p

d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e . I n d i a n E c o n o m i c

J o u r n a l . 2 3 , 2 2 ; 1988 ; M73-4.

The I n d i a n e x p e r i e n c e of d e v e l o p i n g t h e

i T i t e g r a t e d e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p d e v e l o p i n g

p rogrammes (EDP) h i g h l i g h t t h e r e s o u r c e s f o r

t h e low p r i o r i t y a s s i g n e d t o d e v e l o p i n g

e n t r e p r e n e u r s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t two d e c a d e s

90

of developing planning. The problem of

financing small industries which led to the

introduction of EDP in Gujarat in the 1970

and the extension of EDP activity in the

country during 1980s.

58. PRASAD (SK) . Promoting an entrepreneurship

development programme (EDP) is one of the

most important and the success of EDP

depends on the quality of input and the

training process. The promotional effort

initiated by the entrepreneurship

development agency EDA and the efforts of

the trainer motivator before the launch of

the programme helps in achieving the goals.

It enable selection of the best for an EDP.

The first step in developing an advertising

programme is to set advertising objectives

and these objectives should be based on the

target group of an EDP. Second step is to

decide on the budget for advertising.

-, FARMING SYSTEM

59. HALI(R) .~ Integrated intensive farming

system: Super highway for Asian small farm

development. Kurukshetra. 62, 3; 1995, Dec,-

23-7.

India has crossed the food grain

91

production by 189 million tonnes. The oil

seed production has 21 million tonnes with

the sugar-cane production reaching over 250

million tonnes. The milk production has 55

million tonnes. India exports foodgrains,

vegetable, fruits,milk products, eggs and

processed food products apart from the

traditional exports of coffee, spices, tea

and timber. The nation has emerged in world

trade centre as a potential reservoir of

food. The vast majority of the population in

India depends on agriculture and allied

avocations. Indian agriculture has attained

food self-sufficiency, food security and

economic growth.

^ ^ FINANCE

60. RAMAN (PS). Financial notes.The Journal of

I n d u s t r y and Trade. 11, 4; 1996; 41-3 .

The t o t a l a s se t s of the Indian insurance

as on 31st August 1963 amounted to Rs. 90.22

c r o r e s . Rs. 9.26 c rores were earned from

f i r e insurance Rs. 5.38 c rores from marine

i n s u r a n c e and Rs . 1 5 . 3 c r o r e s from

misce l laneous insurance bus ine s s . The t o t a l

a s s e t s were i n v e s t e d in s e c u r i t i e s of

government and a u t h o r i t i e s , 2.0% in foreign

92

government securities, 36.9% in shares and

debentures of Indian companies, 2.6% in land

and house property, 18.0% in deposit, cash

and stamps, 1.8% in loans, 0.4% as accrued

and outstanding interest and 6.8% in

miscellaneous assets. The balance of 22.4%

was agent's balances outstanding premium and

amounts due from the insurance .

^ , FIVE YEAR PLANS

61. RAIPURI (Kalyan). Development priorities.

Kurukshetra. 26, 9; 1990; 426-7.

The total outlay for the five-year plans

the sector-wise allocation. The five year

plan has accorded sufficient importance to

the development of village industry as a

tool to bring about rural development.

Especially during the sixth plan a major

shift in this direction has been made and it

would go along way in bringing prosperity to

the village of local level with plans

required emphasis on weaker sections are

properly implemented.

62. RAIPURI (Kalyan). Development priorities:

Practical issues of methodology and

modelling. Economic and Political Weekly.

93

30, 10; 1995; 4 - 6 .

The t o t a l o u t l a y f o r t h e f i v e - y e a r p l a n ,

t h e s e c t o r w i s e a l l o c a t i o n s and p r i o r i t i e s

f o r t h e p l a n p e r i o d b r o a d l y f o l l o w a m a c r o -

model , b u t do n o t h a v e a model f o r a n n u a l

p l a n e x e r c i s e a n d t h e p r i o r i t i e s t o b e

f o l l o w e d . T h e s e c t o r a l a l l o c a t i o n o f

r e s o u r c e s by t h e p l a n n i n g s y s t e m a m o u n t s

more t h a n a h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d c r o r e r u p e e s

a n n u a l l y . Thus a f f j e c t i n g t h e f u t u r e of t h e

economy and t h e p e o p l e . A n n u a l f o r e c a s t

model o u t s i d e t h e p l a n n i n g s y s t e m s e e k s t o

i n d i c a t e some s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h and a c t i o n

r e q u i r e d f o r d e v e l o p m e n t of a n n u a l p l a n

mode l .

^ , GLOBAL STRATEGY

63 . GEORG (ND) . A c a s e f o r g l o b a l s t r a t e g y of

d e v e l o p m e n t . E a s t e r n E c o n o m i s t . 50 , 1 - 1 3 ;

1968; 2 4 5 - 6 0 .

One of t h e mos t i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e of t h e

deve lopmen t s t r a t e g y must t h e r e f o r e be t o

combine t h e f l o w of i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c e

w i t h t h e m o b i l i z a t i o n of d o m e s t i c i n v e s t m e n t

r e s o u r c e s so a s t o a c h i e v e a g r o w t h r a t e

t h a t w i l l p r e v e n t t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f

i n a d e q u a t e dynamism from b e c o m i n g w o r s e .

94

This must be the first objective one this

minimum objective is achieved it will later

be possible to concentrate on higher growth

rates that will enable the country in

question ' to deal with the earlier

consequences, of insufficient dynamism

gradually to absorb the marginal population

of the lower state of the of the economy and

the redundant labour force concealed in its

modern sector.

-, GREEN REVOLUTION

64. ALAUDDIN (Mohammad). The Green revolution

and economic development. E conomi c

Development and Cultural Change. 2 4, 3 ;

1994, Apr 3; 683-4.

Green revolution is the principal means of

raising factor productivity in a

substantially agrarian economy. Increase in

agricultural productivity stimulates growth

in other sectors of the economy. The

economic transformation from a dominantly

agrarian to a dominantly issues for a low

income country in which agriculture is a

major sector.

-,HANDLOOM

95

6 5 . PANI (BS) . Handloom d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c y : A

c r i t i c a l a p p r a i s a l . J o u r n a l of R u r a l

D e v e l o p m e n t . 9, 2 ; 1 9 9 0 ; 4 0 9 - 1 1 .

Handloom d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c y m i g h t have

b e e n on p r o v i d i n g p o s i t i v e f o r m s of

a s s i s t a n c e . T h i s h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d a t t h e

t i m e of f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e second f i v e y e a r

p l a n . T e c h n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t s and a

c h a n g e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n p a t t e r n t o s u i t

c o n s u m e r p r e f e r e n c e s m i g h t h a v e h e l p e d

h a n d l o o m s p e r m a n e n t l y . The f i v e y e a r p l a n

r e c o g n i s e t h e i m p o r t a n c e of i m p o r t i n g

p r o d u c t t e c h n o l o g i e s . Abou t 80% of t h e

h a n d l o o m s i n t h e c o u n t r y c o n t i n u e t o be p i t -

f l y s h u t t l e t y p e w i t h p r o d u c t i v i t y of 4 t o

5 y a r d s of c l o t h f o r 10 t o 12 loom h o u r s .

T h e g o v e r n m e n t i n 1986 h a d s e t up a

m o d e r n i s a t i o n fund w i t h R s . 750 c r o r e s t o

m e e t t h e m o d e r n i s a t i o n n e e d s of t h e t e x t i l e

m i l l s o v e r t h e f i v e y e a r s . The t o t a l o u t l a y

f o r hand looms d u r i n g a l l t h e f i v e y e a r s

p l a n s p u t t o g e t h e r e x c e e d e d Rs . 2000 c r o r e s .

•, HUMAN RESOURCE

6 6 . BHATTACHARYA ( S u b h r e n d u ) . D e v e l o p m e n t

s c e n a r i o : Need f o r a t t i t u d i n a l d y n a m i c s . t

Yo-ina. 40 , 5 ; 1960, May; 1 0 - 3 .

96

Investment in human resource development

which has a direct bearing on technological

advances, innovation and productivity is an

important factor in development . The

development of basic science and it's

application and industrial scenario has

became too complex to be comprehended by an

illiterate or semi-literate worker. There is

a close relationship between literacy and

growth as evidenced by the growth of eastern

economics and India's productivity suffered

seriously from illiteracy.

^ , INCENTIVES, EASTERN REGION

67. GOSH (Jayati). Eastern region: Incentives

for development. Eastern Economist. 75, 1 ;

1980, Jul 7; 50-1.

The various incentives given in the budget

for setting new industries and for expanding

and modernising, the existing ones should be

special benefit for the eastern region.

Despite the availability of vast natural and

human resources, the growth of new

industries has been far too slow while many

existing ones have became chronically sick.

The incentives for growth of small

industries and the facilities for the

97

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of s i c k u n i t s h o u l d h e l p t o

s t r e n g t h e n a n d b r o a d e n t h e b a s e of t h e

i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e .

•, INDICATORS

6 8 . ALEXENDBR (RC) . D i m e n s i o n s and i n d i c a t o r s of

d e v e l o p m e n t . J o u r n & l of R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t .

1 2 , 3 ; 1 9 9 3 ; 2 5 7 - 8 .

D e v e l o p m e n t i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y a p r o c e s s of

change t h a t i n v o l v e s t h e whole s o c i e t y . I t ' s

e c o n o m i c , s o c i o - c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l a n d

p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e , a s w e l l a s t h e v a l u e

s y s t e m a n d way of l i f e of t h e p e o p l e . The

d e v e l o p m e n t i n v o l v e s improvemen t i n human

w e l f a r e a n d i n c r e a s e i n i n c o m e s . The

i n d i c a t o r s of d e v e l o p m e n t s u c h a s r e d u c t i o n

i n m o r t a l i t y , l o n g e v i t y of l i f e , i n c r e a s e i n

p e r c a p i t a i n c o m e l e a d s t o s t r u c t u r a l

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . T h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e

s e c o n d a r y a n d t e r t i a r y s e c t o r s l e a d s t o t h e

t r a n s f e r of p o p u l a t i o n from r u r a l t o u r b a n

a r e a l e a d i n g t o u r b a n i z a t i o n .

-, INDUSTRIALIZATION

6 9 . PARIKH ( A l k a ) .' I m p a c t o f r u r a l

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n on v i l l a g e l i f e a n d

economy . E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t a n d S o c i a l

98

Change. 44, 2; 1996, Jan; 351-3.

The impact of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n was

s tud ied in tens ive ly in the ea r ly 70s when

t h e second and t h i r d f i v e y e a r p l a n s

emphasized c r e a t i o n of l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l

u n i t s , e s p e c i a l l y b a s i c i n d u s t r i e s .

I n d u s t r i e s are being e s t a b l i s h e d ou ts ide the

metropol ise many small i n d u s t r i a l towns have

came into ex i s tence . There has been l i t t l e

a n a l y s i s of such d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of

i n d u s t r i e s a f f e c t i n g r u r a l g rowth and

development.

-, MADRAS

70 . KAMARAJ (K). Madras m a r c h e s i n s t e p w i t h t h e

n a t i o n . AICC Economic R e v i e w . 59 , 6 0 ; 1959,

Jan; 59.

The value of the i n d u s t r i a l products in

Madras was of the order of Rs. 110 crores .

The r i s i n g c rescend of p r o g r e s s which

c rea ted demands a l l round with a view of

economically u t i l i s i n g the raw m a t e r i a l s .

The na tura l resources a l s o find e f f ec t ive

use for t he power and fue l r e s o u r c e s

r e s u l t i n g from the c o s t l y Kundah and Negveli

schemes. The s t a t e i s s p e c i a l l y enveloped

99

with resources and manpower.

, ^ INDUSTRY

71. MAJUMDAR (Sumit K ) . Fall and rise of

productivity in Indian industry. Economic

and Political Weekly. 31, 48; 1996; 30-1.

Economic and industrial growth is the

result of the interaction of investment in

capability which is a function of savings,

and the productivity with which there

capabilities are utilised. The efficiency in

resource utilisation has to be given a

center stage role in policy analysis.

Dynamic efficiencies are critical in

ensuring the industrial performance of a

nations success at industrialisation. It is

as much if not more about resource

utilisation and resource creation. The mode

of utilisation of resource is a critical

determination of economic efficiency.

72. KAUR (Jasvindar). Trends in industrial

deve1opment. Journal of Industry and Trade.

12, 8; 1962, Aug; 3a-5a.

During the first year of the third plan

(1961-62) industrial progress in the Indian

Union remained at a satisfactory level. This

100

i s f u l l y r e f l ec t ed in the continued increase

in the .number of i n d u s t r i a l l i c e n c e s issued

u n d e r t h e i n d u s t r i e s d e v e l o p m e n t and

r e g u l a t i o n Act. The f igure being 4,012 for

the year 1961 as against 3,467 for the

p r e c e d i n g y e a r . Impor t s of i n d u s t r i a l

machinery and t ranspor t equipments are the

i n d i c a t o r of the i n d u s t r i a l p rogress , were

higher a t Rs. 314 crores as aga ins t Rs. 301

c r o r e s . This i n c r e a s e has t aken p l a c e

desp i t e . change in trends of o v e r a l l imports .

I m p o r t s of i n d u s t r i a l - m a c h i n e r y and

t r a n s p o r t equipment amounted t o Rs. 327

c r o r e s and Rs. 279 c ro re s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Another important development r e l a t i n g to

i n d u s t r i a l progress of country has been the

i nc reas ing number 'of foreign co l l abo ra t ion

with Indian f irms.

73. SAMANTA (RN). Indus t r i a l development. Mysore

Economic Review. 6 9, 8; 1984, Aug; 1 - 5 .

Much p r o g r e s s has been a c h i e v e d by

e s t a b l i s h i n g a s t a b l e i n d u s t r i a l and

technolog ica l base bui ld up by the v i s ion

and e f f o r t s of Nehru a f t e r a t ta inment of

independence. Thrust was made in 1950s and

1960s. Thereaf ter , the pace decreased from

101

Ik in 1950s to 6% in 1960s and 5% in 1970s.

The economy has been unable to create more

employment opportunities, owing to its

policy. There has been excessive emphasis on

equality rather than ones growth. Agro-based

industries have a weightage of 33% in the

index of industrial production and saving

income ratio in quite high.

74. RAM (VB). Industrial development: Today and

tomorrow. World Focus. 23,2 7-53; 1985; 21-

3 .

Indian industry today emerged more than

everybody and the nation is looking forward

to a development. This change in outlook

came with the advent of Raj iv Gandhi ont he

political scene. The government appears to

have a definite goal. The process of

development is always complex and is

influenced by an infinite number of

variables. Furthermore, modernisation has to

be seen in the historical as well as global

perspective with particular reference to

social -and economic institutions of the

country. The industrial notions have sunk a

massive amount of resource over the last

century is building on electro-mechanical

102

i n d u s t r i a l s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , h igh e n e r g y

consumption nuc l ea r f a m i l i e s and s o c i a l

t e n s i o n s . I n d i a i s s t i l l n o t d e e p l y

committed to such a growth s t r a t e g y .

75. SHAH ( K a p i l ) . I n d u s t r i a l g rowth . World

Focus. 9, 4; 198 8; Apr; 25-9 .

The development of the i n d u s t r i a l s ec to r

was d e p e n d e n t i m p o r t e d t e c h n o l o g y .

I n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n has been a no tewor thy

f e a t u r e of I n d i a ' s economic development

s i n c e p l a n n i n g was i n i t i a t e d in 1951 .

I n d u s t r i a l production has gone up by more

than f ive t imes. Apart from q u a n t i t a t i v e

inc rease in output, the i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e

has undergone g rea t d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n . The

i n d u s t r i a l sec tor covers a wide range of

consumer, in termediate and c a p i t a l goods.

I n d i a has became a major e x p o r t e r of

i n d u s t r i a l goods in general and engineer ing

products . The share of manufacturing in the

GDP has gone up to 17% and the r e l a t i v e

importance of new i n d u s t r i e s l i k e chemical

and engineer ing has i nc r ea sed .

7 6 . SINGH (DP) . I n d u s t r i a l h e r a l d s g r o w t h i n

1 9 8 4 - 8 5 . Commerce. 150, 3 8 4 6 ; 1 9 8 5 , Feb 16;

314 -6 .

103

Industrial production during 1984-85 has

shown a marked rise of 7.2% as compared to

that of 4.0% in the corresponding previous

year. Sectorwise manufacturing recorded a

rise of 5.5% compared with the rise of 3.7%

in the period of 1983-84. The other sectors,

namely mining, quarrying and electricity

registered rise of 10.7% and 13.5% in 1983.

Data for the first seven month of 1985 was

in respect of six infrastructure industries,

which together have a weight of 23.29% in

the general index. Industries recorded in

increase in the production.

77. SINGH (D Ram). Industrial development.

Indian Industry. 12,1 4; 1967; 64-6.

Industrialization is considered as the

core of economic development. The role of

economic progress .to a very large extent

depends on the growth of industries. It

helps to create varied and numerous

employment opportunities, to increase

national income and to provide alternatives

to export of primary production. It can also

be important for a country to mobilise it's

resources for defence purpose. Agriculture

and industry are complimentary to each

104

o t h e r , i n d u s t r i a l development should be

placed in proper pe r spec t ive in r e l a t i o n to

o the r sec to r s of economy. The i n d u s t r i a l

development during the f i r s t f ive year plan

p e r i o d i s s a t i s f a c t o r y . The r o l e of

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n in I n d i a ' s economic

development i s very impor tant .

•,AGRO FOOD

78. BALDEB SINGH. Development of a self-reliant

agro-food industry. Economist. 23, 14; 1983;

83 .

The shortage of foreign exchange needed

for rapid economic and industrial

development a growing and large population

rural backwardness and unemployment are

facts of life. The impact of imported

technology on self reliant development

would depend on the circumstances and

conditions of it's assessment selection and

acquisition, application and diffusion. The

policies on technology had it's impact on

local development of India.

-, CREDIT CULTURE

79. GOSH (DN) . Development of credit culture in

industry. Laghu Udvog Samachar. 20, 7; 1996,

105

Feb; 17-8

The development of a credit culture in

Indian industry is essential. Industrial

development bank of India (IDBI) while

launched a project for credit assessment of

small industry being undertaken jointly with

the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).

Industry has to grow at 15% for India to

achieve 8% GDP growth. Several changes in

the tax laws had been undertaken to promote

exports and the dynamism of the commerce

ministry would help Indian export growth at

25% by the year. Indian industry has to gear

to such type of competition.

-, DIAMOND

80. SHARMA (Rajeev). the facets of the Indian

diamond industry. Economic Trends. 16, 10;

1980; 1.

The development of diamond industry in our

country has been remarkable from the level

of a cottage industry localised in a few

selected areas employing few thousand

workers. The diamond industry has became a

large export earner of the level of Rs. 695

crores and employing more than 3 lakhs of

106

p e o p l e . A l l t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t h a s b e e n

b r o u g h t a b o u t w i t h i n a d e c a d e . I n d i a h a s

s t i l l m o r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t .

^ ^ ELECTRONICS

8 1 . KAMAL SINGH. E l e c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y . C a p i t a l .

3 , 1 ; 1 9 7 0 , A p r ; 6 0 0 - 4 .

A r t i c l e d i s c u s s a n d f o c u s a t t e n t i o n on t h e

p r o b l e m s f a c i n g t h e e l e c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y i n

g e n e r a l a n d a r e v i e w of d e v e l o p m e n t s s i n c e

t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e B h a b h a C o m m i t t e e

r e p o r t , i n d u s t r i a l a n d i m p o r t l i c e n s i n g

p o l i c i e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s , f o r e i g n f i n a n c i a l

p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d t e c h n i c a l c o l l a b o r a t i o n

i n d i g e n o u s r e s e a r c h , d e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t ,

r o l e o f s m a l l s c a l e u n i t s , s p e c i a l m a t e r i a l s

r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e l e c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y ,

d e v e l o p m e n t o f c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y , m i c r o ­

e l e c t r o n i c s a n d t e l e v i s i o n i n d u s t r y e t c .

•,FIVE YEAR PLAN

8 2 . SAIBABA (G) . I n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e

f o u r t h f i v e y e a r p l a n , I n d i a n I n d u s t r i e s .

1 1 , 1 1 ; - 1 9 6 7 ; 3 2 - 5 .

I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e

c o r e o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e r a t e o f

e c o n o m i c p r o g r e s s t o a v e r y l a r g e e x t e n t

107

depends on the growth of industries.

Industrial development has many advantages

over development in other sector like

agriculture. It helps to create varied and

numerous employment opportuni t ies to

increase national income and to provide

alternatives to export of primary products

like raw materials. Industrialization is the

high road to rapid economic development.

83. SINHA (Ravi). Industrial development in

three five year plans. Journal of Industry

and Trade. 12, 6; 1962; 41-4.

The industrial policy resolution stated

that state must play a progressive role in

the development of industries. The second

five year plan accorded high priority to the

development of basic and heavy industries.

In this plan period industrial programme was

based on the revised industrial policy

resolution of 1956. Industrial development

includes the development of village and

small scale industries. These industries are

an integral part of the Indian industrial

economy. To achieve the employment targets

and d i s t r i b u t e p rosper i ty from

industrialization as between industrial

108

c e n t r e s and v i l l a g e t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s a r e

u s e f u l . The t h i r d f i v e y e a r p l a n b o t h

a g r i c u l t u r e a n d r e c e i v e d e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e

f o r b o t h i n a g r i c u l t u r e and i n d u s t r y . The

i n d u s t r i a l p rogramme in t h i s p l a n was b a s e d

on t h e i n d u s t r i a l p o l i c y r e s o l u t i o n of 1 9 5 6 .

^ , GROWTH

84 . AHLUWALIA ( I s h e r J u d g e ) . I n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h

i n I n d i a . J o u r n a l of Development E c o n o m i c s .

2 1 , 1; 19 8 6 , S e p ; 1-4 .

I n v e s t i g a t e s t h e t r e n d s i n i n d u s t r i a l

g rowth s i n c e t h e mid f i f t i e s and e x a m i n e t h e

f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e d t o i n d u s t r i a l

s t a g n a t i o n a f t e r t h e m i d - s i x t i e s . The

a r t i c l e f o c u s e s on t h e p a t h o l o g y of t h e

o r g a n i s e d i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r . W h i l e a l s o

d o c u m e n t i n g t h e b r o a d t r e n d s i n t h e t

unorganised sector it reviews to the long-

term trends in the growth of value added and

productivity in the industrial sector.

Industrial strategy for the economy of

independent India was in the industrial

policy resolution of 1956. Overall growth in

the economy was of the order of 4% per

annum; industrial growth was 5̂% per annum

109

w h i l e a g r i c u l t u r e grew a compound r a t e of

a l i t t l e l e s s t h a n 2/2% p e r annum.

8 5 . ROY (GC) . Khad i and v i l l a g e i n d u s t r i e s i n

economic d e v e l o p m e n t . Economic T r e n d s . 19 ,

10 ; 1 9 8 3 ; 4 7 0 - 1 .

Two d e c a d e s of I n d i a n p l a n n i n g h a s

a c t u a l l y f a i l e d t o h e l p up l i f t t h e p o o r and

b a c k w a r d s e c t i o n s of p o p u l a t i o n a n d t o

a c h i e v e t h e s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . The remedy

l i n e s a d o p t e d a p l a n n i n g p r o g r e s s c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h r e a l i t i e s o f , I n d i a n l i f e . I n s u c h a

p r o g r e s s t h e l a b o u r i n t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s

p l a y e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e .

, , KHADI, RATNAGIRI

8 6 . PEERZADE (SEN). Development of k h a d i and

v i l l a g e i n d u s t r i e s i n R a t n a g i r i . L i n k . 2 5 ,

6; 1989 ; 2 9 5 - 6 .

The d e v e l o p i n g s i t u a t i o n d e m a n d s t h a t

b a s i c c h a n g e s a r e b r o u g h t a b o u t i n o u r

a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s l i f e . Khadi and v i l l a g e

i n d u s t r i e s c a n p l a y a dynamic r o l e i n new

ways of l i f e i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s . The

b a c k w a r d I n d i a n e e d n o t r e m a i n b a c k w a r d

f o r w e e k . More s o , i f p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e s .

no

e n o u g h t o t u r n i n t o a r e m a r k a b l e s p o t on t h e

i n d u s t r i a l map of t h e c o u n t r y . R a t n a g i r i ,

w e l l known f o r i t ' s s u p p l i e s o f t h e f r u i t s

i t h a s v a s t s c o p e t o b e p r o m i s e d i n t h e

i n d u s t r i a l f i e l d a s w e l l .

-, MAHARASHTRA

8 7 . KHANA ( D e e p a k ) . M a h a r a s h t r a ' s y e a r o f

s p e c t a c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t : B e n e f i t s o f p l a n n e d

d e v e l o p m e n t t o t h e p o o r . C o m m e r c e . 1 4 2 ,

3 6 5 2 ; 1 9 8 1 , J u n e 1 3 ; 1 2 3 2 - 4 .

The S a n j a y G a n d h i N i r a d h a r A n u d h a n Y o j n a

w a s a u n i q u e s c h e m e f o r p r o v i d i n g f i n a n c i a l

a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e p o o r a n d t h e d e s t i t u t e s

u n d e r t h i s y o j n a a sum o f R s . 5 , 2 2 , 6 9 , 0 0 0

w a s d i s b u r s e d t o y o u n g s e n t e r p r e n e u r s . C r o p

i n s u r a n c e s c h e m e f o r w h e a t h a s b e e n

i n t r o d u c e d , c o t t o n p r o c u r e m e n t s c h e m e was

c o n t i n u e d w i t h g u a r a n t e e f r o m R s . 90 t o 135

p e r q u i n t a l R s . 150 c r o r e h e a v y v e h i c l e s

p r o j e c t s p r o v i d i n g e m p l o y m e n t t o a b o u t

3 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n s i s b e i n g s e t u p i n B h a n d a r a

d i s t r i c t . A d a i r y d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t was

s t a r t e d i n M a r a t h w a l a a n d t h e o p e r a t i o n

f l o o d p r o g r a m m e i m p l e m e n t e d i n A u r a n g a b a d ,

O s m a n a b a d a n d b e e d d i s t r i c t . The f i v e p o i n t

p r o g r a m m e f o r Kokan d e v e l o p m e n t e n v i s a g e s

/ / /

t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f R s . 9 0 0 c r o r e s .

, , SEVENTH PLAN

8 8 . SAKHALKAR ( S B ) . M a h a r a s h t r a s e v e n t h p l a n

a c c e n t on i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t . C o m m e r c e .

1 5 2 , 4 8 7 3 ; 1 9 8 5 , A u g ; 3 2 5 - 8 .

M a h a r a s h t r a a c c o u n t s f o r o n l y 9 .5% o f t h e

n a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n b u t i t c o n t r i b u t e s 1 3 . 1 %

t o t h e n a t i o n a l i n c o m e . P e r c a p i t a s t a t e

i n c o m e i n M a h a r a s h t r a was h i g h e r b y 34% f o r

t h e p e r c a p i t a ' n a t i o n a l i n c o m e . T h e

i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h i n s t a t e a c c e l e r a t e d

f u r t h e r i n s e v e n t i e s . T h e n u m b e r o f

f a c t o r i e s i n c r e a s e d b y 62 .0% d u r i n g 1 9 7 1 - 8 1

a g a i n s t 2 4 . 3 % i n 1 9 6 1 - 7 1 o u t p u t i n c r e a s e d b y

7 5 . 3 % i n s e v e n t i e s . P r o d u c t i v e c a p i t a l

g r o w t h o f 2770% i n s e v e n t i e s a g a i n s t 2 0 4 . 0 %

i n s i x t i e s . T h e c a p i t a l o u t p u t r a t i o

i n c r e a s e d a n d o u t p u t p e r r u p e e o f p r o d u c t i v e

c a p i t a l r i s e s f r o m ' R s . 1 .59 i n 1 9 6 1 t o 1 . 6 4

i n 1 9 7 1 a n d R s . 202 i n 1 9 8 1 .

-, NON-FERROUS

8 9 . MEHTA (N J i v r a j ) . P r o g r e s s of n o n - f e r r o u s

i n d u s t r y . J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r y a n d T r a d e . 1 5 ,

1 0 ; 1 9 6 5 , A u g ; 1 5 2 3 - 5 5 .

G o v e r n m e n t p r o p o s e t o p a y s p e c i a l

112

attention to development of some basic and

essential industries in which iron and

steel, heavy chemicals fertilisers, oil and

engineering industries were included. Third

plans target, fixed at 400 thousand tonnes

was revised to 500 thousand tonnes. Capacity

and that covered by foreign exchange came to

272 thousand tonnes. 150,000 tonnes of

small-scale sector and 86,740 tonnes

sanctioned under iron and steel control

order. Capacity for templates which stood at

70,000 tonnes has doubled to 140,000 tonnes

besides 20,000 tonnes covered by foreign

exchange is 90,000^ tonnes excluding that in

public sector.

, , PETROCHEMICAL

90. SHAH (Manubhai). Development of

petrochemical industries in India. Journal

of Industry and Trade. 16, 4; 1966, Apr ;

412-15.

The development of the petroleum refining

industry in India and the increasing

availability of raw materials like Naptha

and refinery gases have given an impetus for

starting of petrochemical industry in India

in the forth five year plan. More than 6% of

113

total requirements of organic products with

carbon content is derived from petroleum raw

materials. The production of low cost

ammonia and heterogenous fertilisers to meet

the requirements of country's agricultural

crop has to rely to a great extent on

petroleum raw materials.

, , PLANING.

91. SATYANARAYAN(B).Planning in India with

reference to industrial development. Asian

Journal Of Economics And Social Studies. 12,

2; 1993; 123-5.

As the prepare incomes rises the share of

the industrial sector in the total output

also rises. The increasing share of the

industrial sector is generally explained in

term of the opetation of Engel's law.

India's seems to be characterised by self-

per- peculating inequalities. As regards

it's industrial production , market signals

seem to be in favour of the production of

the non-essential types of goods. India's

industrial development has not proceeded on

the proper lines. Whatever development has

taken place, major proportion of industrial

output has benefi'ted only the relatively

114

r i c h e r s e c t i o n s of t h e s o c i e t y .

^ , PROJECT MANAGEMENT.

92 . RAVI KUMAR-Projec t 'management a n d i n d u s t r i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t Anvesak . 1 3 , 1 ; 1 9 7 8 ; 2 - 4 .

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d axon t h a t a company

must e i t h e r grow o r be l o s t t h e s h u f f l e of

economic a f f a i r s i n t h e I n d i a n economy

w i t h t h e a c c e n t o r r a p i d i n d u s t r i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t g r o w t h many w e l l d e p e n d on

p r u d e n t d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n p l a n n i n g . The

s u c c e s s of d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n p rog ramme d e p e n d s

a g r e a t d e a l on t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l b u s i n e s s t o s u s t a i n t h e new

p r o j e c t o v e r t h e p e r i o d of g e s t a t i o n

d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n a l s o depend l a r g e l y on t h e

company c u l t u r e and an i n d e p t h e x a m i n a t i o n

of t h e c o m p a n i e s s t r e n g t h . A m a j o r r e a s o n

f o r t h e low s u c c e s s r a t e of new p r o j e c t s

t h a t p r o j e c t s e l e c t i o n i s l a r g e l y a c c i d e n t a l

and d o e s n o t f i t i n t o a p a t t e r n of p l a n n e d

s t r a t e g i c g r o w t h and t h a t b e e n i f p r o j e c t s

do f rom p a r t of a w e l l t h o u g h t h r o u g h

management p rogramme.

, , PROGRAM, RURAL DEVELOPMENT,

BIJAPUR.

9 3 . KULKARNI ( g n ) . BHATTA ( R a m a c h a n d r a ) .

lis

Integrated rural development programme in

Bijapur: An evaluation of dairy scheme.

Social change. 19, 10, Mar 1989; 72.

The study seeks to examine socio economic

aspect of the impact of IRDP in backward

district of Karnataka, Bijapur Repayment

performance of the' beneficiaries was more

dependent upon the socio-economic factors

rather than the institutions from which they

borrowed. The consumption expenditure

constituted lower proportion of the total

expenditure among beneficiaries concerned to

non-beneficiaries. Nearly 40% of the

beneficiaries had income above the poverty

line which was only 3.33% among non

beneficiaries .

-, RURAL.

94. RAI (C. Chawla). Developing rural

industries. Productivity. 25, 1; 1984; 49-

53 .

The^ concept of district industries centres

was on outcome of the new industrial policy

of the government of India. The idea behind

this was to reduce'unemployment and ensure a

more rapid bridging of the existing

disparities in income and wealth, to provide

116

workable s o l u t i o n s to the n a t i o n ' s endemic

problems. D i s t r i c t s i n d u s t r i e s c e n t r e s have

been designed as comprehensive agenc ies with

most of t h e f u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t s and

func t ionar ies t h a t was necessary for speedy

r u r a l e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l and i n d u s t r i a l

development.

, , STEEL.

S. SURENDER KUMAR. Higher steel output.

Journal of Industry and trade. 16,12; 1967;

1297-9.

Second five year plan was emphasis on

industrial growth. The steel heins the basic

ingredient of industrial activity. The

development of steel industry became the

core of the second plan. During the five

year period, the steel production capacity

was to be raised to six million tonnes by

1961. This target was to achieved by

constructing three steel plants in public

sector and increasing the capacities of the

existing steel plants, namely, Tata iron &

steel CO. Indian iron and steel co. and

Mysore iron and steel works. The production

of iron and steel in 1961 was appreciably

higher. Finished steel production increased

117

f o r 2 , 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 m e t r i c t o n n e s t o 2 , 2 2 8 , 0 0 0

m e t r i c t o n n e s .

-, TEA,

96. SHARMA (Vinod). India's tea industry.

Journal of Industry and trade. i5,ll; 1965;

1616-18 .

Tea plays a very significant role in

India's economy. It earns valuable foreign

exchange for the country. Total all India

production in 1964 was nearly 376 m.kg in

the end of July 1965 the total production of

tea in India was higher than 1964. Export of

tea in 1964-65 amounted to 217. 8 m.kg. The

higher exports in 1964-65 resulted from

higher production. During the period of

1965, exports totalled 43.2 m.kg. Exports in

1965-66 are likely to be substantially

higher than in 1964-65. The scheme for tax

credit on export has already been put in to

operation. It provided for a tax credit of

5% on exports of tea in packets up to 1 k.g.

-, TELEPHONE .

97 MEHTA (Ashok). Indian telephone i n d u s t r i e s .

Indus t ry and t rade 1 5 , 1 ; 19 63, May; 3 3-4.

The Indian telephone i n d u s t r i e s has been

118

making a steady progress both in terms of

operational achievements and financial

results. The increased sales of the company

reflect higher production in 1962-63. A very

important achievement was the development of

four channel carrier portable equipment for

the defence purpose, i.e. working on land

line and radio. A committee was setup by the

government of India to negotiation with

foreign firms for the manufacture of cross

bar type switching equipment in the country.

During 1963-64 the instrument division

showed steady progress and 1637 measuring

instrument of various types wee manufactured

and supplied mainly to the post and

telegraph department.

, , THJRD PLAN.

98. SHARMA (Anil). Industrial progress

programmes of major industries in both the

public and private sectors were undertaken.

The third plan had provided on investment of

Rs 2, 570 crores in organised industries.

The estimated outlay of Rs 2,800 crores of

which the outlay in the public sector is

expected to be Rs. 1,300 crores. For the

first three years' of progressive rise. It

119

was 6.6% in 1961-62, 8.1% in 1962-63 9.0% in

1963-64 .

-, UTTAR PRADESH

99. RAJENDAR SINGH. Industry development in

uttar pradesh commerce. 141 3648; 1980; 12-

15 .

The industrial sector in UP has grown at an

average annual rate of 6% per annum during

the period 1960-79 The state's share in the

secondary sector of the country is % the two

decades. The industrial structure of UP in

heavily weighted in favour of traditional

agro based industries, food contribution of

9.5% in the country as a whole. Modern

industry has a share of 5.9% in Indian

industrial output 47% state's output is 34%.

-, INFRASTRUCTURE

100 GHOSH (Jayati) and SEN (Abhijit). State and

infrastructure development Laghu Udyog

Samachar.. 32, 16; 1997, Ap 19;803-4.

The role of private investment in

infrastructure development is a major

departure from the axiomatic reliance on

the government in fulfilling this role,

that has market both economic theory and

120

policy practice over this century. Many

infrastructure investment have positive

consequence. The basic strategy proposed

in the India's infrastructure report

prepared by the export group on the

commercialisation of infrastructure

projects to provide space for private

participation even while continuing to

facilitate and provide numerous financial

crutches for the private sector.

,INFRASTRUCTURE.

101. JOSHI (BK) . Infrastructure & development

in the hill areas. Social Change. 22,1-4;

1992;112-3 .

The Giri institute had conducted

studies in infrastructure investments as

to the benefits occurring to the local

economy'. It was found that roads seem to

encourage consumption behavior and in the

long run encourage the people to migrate

out and seek jobs elsewhere. The impact

of electrification also seemed to be

minimal and except for a few productive

industries, electricity was mainly use

for lighting in houses.

121

102. RAJU ( S u n i t h a ) ., F e r t i l i s e r u se and

development of i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .

Economic and p o l i t i c a l weekly. 4 0,25; 1990;

A79-80.

A g r i c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i s e s s e n t i a l for

unde r s t and ing the dynamics of f e r t i l i s e r

use . The present level of f e r t i l i s e r use

helped in s t reng then ing of i n s t i t u t i o n a l

f a c i l i t i e s l i k e e x t e n s i o n , c r e d i t ,

d i s t r i b u t i o n and m a r k e t i n g such t h a t

f a rmer ' s p o t e n t i a l demand for f e r t i l i s e r s

can be made e f f ec t ive . However in r e a l i t y

many of these ru ra l i n s t i t u t i o n s are not

equal t o a l l sec t ions of the p l e a s a n t l y and

l a t t e r i n d i c a t e s the impor tance of the

region f ac to r s in the development of such

i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .

103. RAVI KANTH (D). A new impetus to the

development of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e P roduc t iv i ty

64 ,11 ; 1996, Aug; 27-30.

E c o n o m i c g r o w t h i s n e e d e d t o

g e n e r a t e funds to upgrade i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

q u a l i t y , but the e x i s t i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

a c t s as a drag and i n h i b i t s t he economic

growth n e c e s s a r y to a t t r a c t t he r e q u i r e d

funds . For i n s t a n c e funds a r e r e q u i r e d to

122

b u i l d 10,000 km of e x p r e s s ways and an

a d d i t i o n a l 3 0 , 000 km of n a t i o n a l

h i g h w a y s , and 200 m i l l i o n t o n e s of

a d d i t i o n a l ca rgo hand ing c a p a c i t i e s a t

t h e p o r t s by 2 0 0 2 . 0 3 . In t h e power

s e c t o r , where a t p r e s e n t a 20% d e f i c i t

e x i s t s b e t w e e n he p e a k demand and

a v a i l a b i l i t y of power t h e n e e d f o r

a d d i t i o n a l g e n e r a t i o n c a p a c i t i e s of

32,068 MW . The common minimum programme

wh ich was a u t h o r e d by t h e f i n a n c e

m i n i s t e r has u n d e r s c o p e d t h e need t o

f a c i l i t a t e a c o n d u c t i v e f i s c a l and

banking framework t o a t t r a c t #200 b i l l i o n

inves tments over t h e nex t f i v e y e a r s .

,IRRIGATION.

104 PURI (GG) Development of i r r i g a t i o n

Commerce. 1 4 , 3 6 5 1 ; 1981, June 13; 3 2 - 5 .

Madhya Pardesh has r i c h wate r r e s o u r c e s

wi th seven major r i v e r systems Narmada,

T a p t i , Mahi, Godawari , Mahanadi, sone and

Champat In 1972 . A d r i v e was l a u n c h e d

aimed to ach ieve t h e n a t i o n a l ave rage 22%

in f ive y e a r s . The s t a t e p e r c e n t a g e of

i r r i g a t i o n a f t e r 10 y e a r s i s 16.4 w h i l e

the n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e has gone up t o 30%.

123

There i s a massive e f f o r t , w i t h 29 major

77 medium and 2,169 minor p r o j e c t s . The

budget a l l o c a t i o n for i r r i g a t i o n which

was of t h e o rde r Rs 10 c r o r e s in 1969-70

was Rs 20 l akhs per year and i n c r e a s i n g

every y e a r .

105. BAGI ( F a q i r S ingh) . Economic development

wi th s u r p l u s l abour : A wel fa re c r i t e r i o n .

I nd i an J o u r n a l Of Economics. 6 1 , 2 4 0;

1981, J u l y ; 61-74.

The m a t e r i a l development s h o u l d not be

ach ieved a t the cos t of the q u a n t i t a t i v e

a s p e c t s of l i f e . The most l o g i c a l t h i n g

fo r I n d i a l i k e most of o t h e r l a b o u r

s u r p l u s economics , i s to f i r s t develop

i t ' s a g r i c u l t u r e . This p r o v i d e d food for

i t ' s p e o p l e i n c r e a s e r u r a l i n c o m e ,

r e c i p r o c a l demand f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l

i n p u t s , and o the r n e c e s s i t i e s , produced

by t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r . Employment

i n c r e a s e i n bo th a g r i c u l t u r e and t he

i n d u s t r y , t h e r e f o r e a r e m u t u a l l y

complementary demand for each o t h e r ' s

p r o d u c t s . Careful p lanning p r o v i d e s the

r u r a l a r e a s necessa ry i n f r a s t r u c t u r e and

e f f i c i e n t p u b l i c s e r v i c e s a t a much

124

lowercost. This results in an increase in

the individual utility as well as the

national welfare. Such development

increased local employment, income,

living standard without leading to

urbanization.

106 . DESHPANDE (LK) . Economic development and

labour market interface in India. Indian

Journal Of Labour Economic. 33,1,•1990; 1-

4 .

Economic development is a process by

which people of a country attain higher

material and cultural levels, produce

their own elites and participate in the

formulation of value through active inter

change between them and the new

functional and social elites. It briefly

outlines the familiar impact of economic

development on development of labour.

Economic development change the

structure of employment not only between

sectors but within each sector as well.

Economic development has been accompanied

by urbanization brought about by a

location shift of labour and capital from

125

p r e d o m i n a n t l y r u r a l p r e d o m i n a n t l y u rban

a r e a s .

,LABOUR.

107 . DHOLAKIA ( JL) I n d u s t r i a l l a b o u r and

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t in I n d i a . I n d i a n

J o u r n a l Of I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s . 1 , 3 ;

1966; 5 1 4 - 5 .

A n a l y s e s t h e r o l e of i n d u s t r i a l l a b o u r

i n e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n I n d i a .

I n d u s t r i a l l a b o u r can be an e f f e c t i v e

g r o w t h a g e n t u n d e r a f a v o u r a b l e

i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e t t i n g . T r a n s f e r of a

s e c t i o n of u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r f rom

a g r i c u l t u r e t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r i s

t h e t h e m e . The l e v e l of wages and i t s

d e t e r m i n a n t s i n such a s i t u a t i o n were

a n a l y s e d a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l l e v e l s .

T r a d e u n i o n s a r e f r e e f r o m o u t s i d e

i n f l u e n c e , w e l l o r g a n i z e d , s e l f

s u p p o r t i n g s e r v i c e o r i e n t e d and have

a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c o u n t r y .

,LABOUR FdRCE.

1 0 8 . BANERJEE ( S ) . Labour f o r c e and I n d i a n

economic d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of

126

Labour Economics.' ll, 10 1976; 15-26.

The labour force is an important

variable in the economic development of a

country. As a determinant of development

emergence of such a labour force has a

great significance failure. India has got

a longer and more varied tradition of

modern industries The modern Jute and

cotton textile industries dates back to

the seventies of the last century and

the country, has been fortunate in having

an indigenous entrepreneur class from the

very beginning the labour force has been

pushed towards industries, their ties

with the villages and agriculture

remained strong. The sense of security

and protection thus helps in the

evaluation of a strong stable disciplined

labour force which is so vital for rapid

economic development.

,LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY.

109. ARIF KHAN. Role of non-wage benefits in

increasing labour productivity in Indian

industries The Journal Of Industrv And

Trade. 12,6;1962; 3 7_9.

127

I n d i a h a s e m b a r k e d u p o n r a p i d

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e f i v e y e a r

p l a n s . I n d i a h a s l a u n c h e d t h e f o u r t h f i v e

y e a r p l a n , i n w h i c h i n d u s t r i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e x p o r t p r o m o t i o n h a v e

r i g h t l y b e e n g i v e n a p l a c e of p r i d e . The

s u c c e s s of o u r d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n s d e p e n d s

u p o n i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y . A

c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m m e of n o n w a g e

b e n e f i t s a l o n e w i t h i n c r e a s e d t h e

p r o d u c t i v i t y i n i n d u s t r y . P r o d u c t i v i t y

h a s two c o n t r i b u t i n g s i d e s . One d i r e c t

a n d o t h e r i n d i r e c t . T h i s d i r e c t s i d e a i m s

a t i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y t h r o u g h

t e c h n o l o g i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t s , s y s t e m a t i c

p l a n n i n g of w o r k , t e c h n i c a l know how and

m a n a g e r i a l a c u m e n . The i n d i r e c t a s p e c t

r e l a t e s t o t h e e l i m i n a t e of w a s t a g e i n

l a b o u r , m a t e r i a l and t i m e .

,MACHINE TOOLS

1 1 0 . SUBHRAMANIUM ( K S ) . F i v e f o l d i n c r e a s e i n t

machine tools. The Journal Of Industry

And Trade. 12,6;1967;13-5.

The company product Rs 11.20 crores

worth of machine tool in 1964-65 and

accounts for about half the production of

128

machine tools which was placed at Rs 30

crores -is likely to be achieved within a

span of five year the production of

machine tools, an important item of

machinery manufacturing capacity, would

have increased from about Rs 6 crores to

Rs 30 crores. In spite of this remarkable

progress the capa'city of this industry

is still rising demand. Machine tools

worth Rs 50 crores were imported in 1963

and even larger imports were necessary

for 1964. Improvement in production was

achieved by other public sector units

such as Hindustan teleprinters Hindustan

cables, Indian telephone industries and

Bharat electronics. A further expansion

of hindustan teleprinters from a capacity

of 1,400 nos to 8,000 nos . s

,MAHARASHTRA

111. KAMAT (AR) Politico-economic developments

in Maharashtra. : A review of the post-

independence period. E conomi c And

Political Weekly. 65,40; 1980, Oct 4;

1669-71.

The two main political developments of

the past 1947 period in Maharashtra were

129

e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s t a t e a n d t h e

d i s p l a c e m e n t o f o l d u r b a n - d o m i n a t e d

p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p i n r e g i o n . T h e

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t of M a h a r a s h t r a w i t h

a g r e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of i n d u s t r y a n d

b u s i n e s s . The s e r v i c e s e c t i o n i n Bombay

s h o w s t h a t i n s p i t e o f t h e i r

c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c o u n t r y , t h e

p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p f rom s e c t i o n s of t h e

r u r a l a r e a s h a s made i t ' s p l a c e w i t h t h e

I n d i a n b i g b u s i n e s s a t t h e e x p e n s e of t h e

common p e o p l e i n t h e c i t y of Bombay .

,METHODOLOGY.

1 1 2 . ROBINSON ( S h e r m a n ) . T h e o r i e s of e c o n o m i c

g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t m e t h o d o l o g y a n d

c o n t e n t . E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t And

C u l t u r a l C h a n g e . 2 1 , 1 3 - 1 4 ; 1 9 7 2 ; 7 3 .

E c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i s d e f i n e d t o

i n c l u d e s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l c h a n g e s w h i c h

o c c u r i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s . The

g e n e r a l t h e o r y of e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t

i s c e r t a i n l y n o t a t h a n d , b u t , i t i s t i m e

t o w o r r y a b o u t t h e l i m i t a t i o n of a n a r r o w

e c o n o m i c a p p r o a c h and t o t r y t o d i s c u s s

w h a t non e c o n o m i c e l e m e n t s of d e v e l o p m e n t

a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d mus t be i n c l u d e i n a n y

130

t h e o r i z i n g a b o u t t h e p r o c e s s .

, MIGRATION, GUJRAT.

113 . CUMBER (Ani l Kumar) s e c t o r a l l e v e l of

d e v e l o p m e n t and m i g r a t i o n i n G u j r a t : A

d i s t r i c t l e v e l a n a l y s i s . A n v e s a k 1 3 , 1 ;

1 9 8 3 ; 2 5 - 6 .

T h e m o v e m e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y from r u r a l a r e a s has been

an e s s e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t of e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t and s o c i a l c h a n g e . The

d i f f e r e n c e i n e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s

l i k e i n c o m e s o c i a l s e r v i c e s and

i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n r u r a l

and u r b a n a r e a s a're t h e ma in r e a s o n s f o r

r u r a l - u r b a n m i g r a t i o n . D e s p i t e e f f o r t s a t

b a l a n c e d r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e

r e s o u r c e endowments of d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s

make i t i n e v i t a b l e t h a t some of r e g i o n s

w o u l d grow f a s t e r a n d a t t r a c t more

i n v e s t m e n t t h a n o t h e r s . T h i s r e s u l t i n

r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s i n r e g a r d t o

employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s and e d u c a t i o n a l

and s o c i a l f a c i l i t i e s i t i s an a t t e m p t t o

s t u d y t h i s p r o c e s s of m i g r a t i o n i n a

d e v e l o p i n g economy c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a

h i g h d e p e n d s on a g r i c u l t u r e . To i d e n t i f y

131

relatively less or more developed regions

and to examine the inter1ectora 1

disparities among regions the

relationship between migration and level

of development of the sectorial

distribution of migrant workers and level

of development of each of the sector .

,MONETIZATION.

114. LAUMAS (S) a'nd HUDAK (Porter) .

Monetization, economic development and

the exogeneity of money. Journal Of

Development. 21,l; 1986, 35-6.

The exogeniety of money in India

during it's period of most rapid

monetization (1950-75) . The demand for

money function with the narrow stock of

money can be estimated but not with broad

stock of money. Discusses the importance

of monitory policy in increasing the pace

of economic development. However, the

success of monitory policy depends

considerably on the extent to which the

demand for money function can be

estimated and the extent to which the

demand for money function is stable.

132

,OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE.

1 1 5 . BANERJEE (V A b h i j i t ) . O c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e

a n d t h e p r o c e s s of d e v e l o p m e n t J o u r n a l Of

P o l i t i c a l Economy 2 , 1 0 1 ; 1993 , A p . , 6 4 - 6 .

Economic d e v e l o p m e n t a s a p r o c e s s of

i n s t i t u t i o n a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n by f o c u s i n g

o n t h e i n t e r p l a y b e t w e e n a g e n t s .

O c c u p a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n s a n d t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e a l t h . B e c a u s e of

c a p i t a l m a r k e t i m p e r f e c t i o n s p o o r a g e n t s

c h o o s e w o r k i n g f o r a wage o v e r s e l f

e m p l o y m e n t a n d w e a l t h a g e n t s b e c a m e

e n t r e p r e n e u r s who m o n i t o r w o r k e r s . I n

s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m t h e o c c u p a t i o n a l

s t r u c t u r e depend on d i s t r i b u t i o n . In c a s e

t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t s e i t h e r

w i d e s p r e a d c o t t a g e i n d u s t r y o r f a c t o r y

p r o d u c t i o n d e p e n d e d on t h e i n i t i a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n ; i t d e v e l o p t o p r o s p e r i t y o r

s t a g n a t i o n .

,OIL SEEDS ' PROJECTS

1 1 6 . HUGAR (LB) O i l s e e d s d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t .

Economic T r e n d s 6 6 , 2 ; 1987 , J a n ; 5 .

I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e o i l s e e d s

p r o d u c t i o n t a r g e t o f 180 l a k h t o n e s

133

during the seventh plan. A national

oilseeds development project was

implemented at the cost of Rs 17 crores

to be shared equally between the centre

and the state. The project would cover

180 districts in 17 states. A programme

for oilseeds production processing

programme and marketing through the

national dairy development board was

implemented in seven states.

,PLAN ALLOCATION.

117. KURAIN (NJ) and RAJEEV (PV) Priorities

in plan allocation in major Indian

states. Yoina. 40,7; 1996, July; 5-7.

The percentage share of rural

population below the poverty line is the

best known measure of rural poverty. The

state having higher percentage of rural

poor can be expected to provide

relatively higher share of plan outlay to

rural development programmes. Most of the

rural development programmes are

centrally sponsored. The cost of the

programme is shared between the centre

and state. A relatively higher share of

Maharashtra in rural development

134

programme could be due to the employment

guarantee scheme 'implemented as part of

the state plan.

,POLICIES.

118. REES (P COLIN). Envi ronmenta l P o l i c i e s

and e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t A s i a n

Development Review 4 ,12 ; 1986; 63 -77 .

N a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e a

s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t in s h a p i n g a g iven

e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c y sys tem, t h e y g r e a t l y

i n f l u e n c e t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

a p p r o p r i a t e measures fo r improv ing the

e f f i c i e n c y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s and t h e i r by

t h e f u t u r e d i r e c t i o n of a c o u n t r y ' s

e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s f i n a l l y because

government i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s or

o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s c a n n o t be

r e a l i s t i c a l l y involved in e v e r y a s p e c t of

t he env i ronment in economic development ,

e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l i c i e s d e p e n d l a r g e l y

upon t h e i n t e r n a l i z a t i o n of t h o s e

p e r c e p t i o n s v a l u e s and a t t i t u d e s t h a t

w i l l g u i d e an i n d i v i d u a l c o n d u c t in

r e l a t i o n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l o n g

g e n e r a l l y b e n e f i c i a l l i n e s . A major

r e q u i s i t e of e f f e c t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l

135

policy is, therefore intelligent and

informed self control.

,POPULATION

119. DANDEKAR(VM). Population front of

India's economic development. Indian

Economic Journal. 23,14; 1988; 683-4.

The long-term perspective in the first

plan was to double the per capita income

in 27 years. But even in 1985-86 NDP at

1970-71 prices was estimated at Rs 605-48

billion and the population at 754 million

so that per capita NDP amounted to Rs

803.02. This was an increase of 71.62%.

In 35 years, equivalent to an increase of

1.55% per annum at this rate it would

take 45 year to double percentage per

capita NDP .

120. GHOSH (BN). Birth rate and economic

development: An empirical exploration.

Margin 14,3; 1980, April; 77-9.

It is a well known proposition that

economic development influence population

growth in turn influences on econometric

exploration is to find out the

relationship between economic development

136

and population dynamics. per capita

income is a weak and significant

determinant of birth rate. When per

capita income variable is eliminated the

regression gives a better fit and yields

more significant result. Education is a

developing economy can be an important

instrument of socio-economic change.

121. HUSAIN (IZ) Population and economic

development. Indian Journal Of Economics

44; 1963-64; 23-4.

The demographic features change along

with the level of economic development.

The current relationship between per

capital income and demographic feature

birth and death rates and natural

increase of population country having a

per capita income and demographic

feature birth and death rates and natural

increase of population country having a

per capita income of over 500 are taken

to be the developed countries. The

standard of living as judged by the

nutritional standards is not related to

density but to the level of development

thus the criterioij of over population in

137

terms of shortage of food is really an

index of lack economic development.

122. RAY (Manashi). Economics of population

and development. Economic And Political

Weekly. 30,36;1995, Sep; 2263-4.

India is the second most populous

country in the world. However population

growth is not simply a problem of number,

it is a problem of human welfare and

development. Population growth is

conjunction with other determinants of

development has a many instance promoted

social change and in the recent past has

been a boon to economic growth in the

newly industrialized countries, it is

therefore an issue of management and

optimum utilization of present and future

human resources. The rapid population

growth since 1965 may have created

problems for economic development in the

more difficult climate of the 80's

,POWER

123. MAHATME (DB) . Power development.

Commerce. 149, 3824; 1984; 427-9..

World bank study has emphasized the

power as a vital part of the

138

infrastructure of the Indian economy. The

performance of the electricity supply

industry and the economy are closely

linked About 10% of the overall public

sector outlay in every five year plan has

been invested in the power development

programme. The first plan of 1951-56

spend Rs 35,000 crores to build an

installed capacity of nearly 39,500 MW

consisting Rs 24, 500 MW of thermal and

13, 1900 MW of hydro. The world bank and

the associations right from the beginning

have taken a keen interest in India's

power development programme and

contributed the assistance of #4,369

million.

124. PATEL (SK) Development of India's water

and power resources AICC Economic Review.

1,1; 1958, Sep; 21-2.

In keeping with the priority accorded

of irrigation and power development, a

target' of 8.5 million acres of additional

irrigation from major and medium

irrigation scheme^, and 1.3 million KW of

additional power was setup in the plan.

The successful implementation of the

first five year plan laid the foundation

139

for a bolder programme of development in

all the sectors under the second plan.

This plan has brought about a certain

shift in emphasis toward

industrialization. Third plan the total

irrigated area in the country is expected

to be about 36.5 million acres

, BIHAR.-.

125. SAHU (9N). Power development in Bihar

AICC Economic fievi,ew 14; 1962-63; 27-9.

In 1948 a full -fledged department of

electricity under the government of Bihar

was created with a view to take up

various power development projects in

public sector The total expenditure in

curried by the state electricity

department by march 1951 for development

of power in the state was Rs 30.54 lakhs

and its achievements were rather merger

in the sense that the department has

constructed 200 miles of sub-transmission

lines and has 50 miles of low tension

lines and about 2,400 consumers. The

progress made during the first five year

plan has virtually overshadowed the

achievements made before the plan. A

140

l a r g e number o t new s c h e m e s w e r e

u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e f i r s t p l a n which became

t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e b a l a n c e d and

s y s t e m a t i c g r o w t h of e l e c t r i c a l power in

the s t a t e u n d e r p u b l i c s e c t o r .

,PRESS.

126. NARESH KUMAR. Role of press in economic

development. Mysore Economic Review 90;

64; 1979; 1-12.

Role of press in economic development

efforts should be made to take up

objective study of different sectors of

economic activity like agriculture,

industries, small scale industries,

education trade etc. should be regularly

given in the newspaper and periodicals.

Newspaper should voice public opinion

they must avoid the difference in any

class then alone the fourth estate can

should vast public opinion and command

affection of the masses. Result of

general election can be swayed by

newspapers a greater degree than money

or other influence of caste party. The

editors/reporters function independently

with self respect and deviation to the

141

public press play a important role in

economic development .

,PRICE EXPECTATION.

127. GHANI (E Jazm) . Rational expectations and

price behavior: A study of India. Journal

Development Econnmics . 36, 2; 1991; 294-

5 .

Studies the impact of large informal

sector where prices are generally

flexible since rnost economic transactions

do not take place under formal and fixed

contracts. This policy makes the price

equation to be constant with the money

demand and output equation. It evaluates

the rate of rational expectation in price

setting behavior of India.

,PRODUCTIVITY.

128. GOSH (Buddhadev). Productivity efficiency

and new technology: The case for Indian

industry. Link . 31,3; 1993; 302-2.

Examines the impact of advance

technology in Indian industries on the

efficiency of labour use and factors

influence labour productivities across

industries. Suggests well developed and

142

t e c h n o l o g i c a l p o t e n c y f o r i n d u s t r i a l

development and e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of

r e s o u r c e s .

129. JASPAL- SINGH. P r o d u c t i v i t y b a s e d

i n d i c a t o r s of development. S o c i a l Change.

2 1 , 4 ; 1991 , Dec; 4 - 5 .

An a p p r o p r i a t e i n d i c a t o r i s supposed to

c o v e r a l m o s t a l l d i m e n s i o n s of

deve lopment . The concept of development

i s d e f i n e d in terms of p e r c e n t a g e of

working p e r s o n s g e n e r a t i n g more than or

a t l e a s t e q u i v a l e n t -to t h e n a t i o n a l

a v e r a g e . i n c a s e of . e q u i - m a r g i n a l

p r o d u c t i v i t y of l a b o u r t h e t o t a l

p r o d u c t i o n was supposed to be maximum and

a t t he same time r e g i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n a l

income d i s p a r i t y minimum. Accord ing t h i s

i n d i c a t o r b o t h the o b j e c t i v e s , growth and t.

s o c i a l j u s t i c e c a n be c o m b i n e d t o g e t h e r .

T h i s d e f i n i t i o n of d e v e l o p m e n t s e e m s t o

b e a b e t t e r a n d a c c e p t a b l e i n d i c a t o r .

,PROGRAMME.

130. NATH(V). Evaluation of development

programmes. • Indian Journal Of Public

143

Administration. 2,5; 1956; 339-40.

Need for evaluation exists in all the

fields of development and more especially

in those in which expanded activities are

being undertaken. In all planned

development many unknown factors have to

be reckoned with understanding of the

interaction of different elements that

enter into programmes which bear closely

on the life of people can be of material

help in enhancing their contribution to

the welfare of the community. Evaluation

has, therefore, to increase orientated

towards studies of a selective and

intensive type motirated leading to

purpose action.

,PUNJAB.

1 3 1 . BHARGAVA ( G o p i c h a n ' d ) . E c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t i n P u n j a b . J o u r n a 1 Of

I n d u s t r y And Trade.- 12 ; 9; 1962 ; 1 4 2 4 - 6 .

The magn i tude of t h e f i r s t f i v e y e a r

p l a n f o r t h e i n t e g r a t e d P u n j a b was of t h e

o r d e r of Rs 147 .55 c r o r e s D u r i n g t h e

f i r s t p l a n , t h e g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s was l a i d

on a g r i c u l t u r e . The e x p e n d i t u r e on

a g r i c u l t u r e , i r r i g a t i o n a n d p o w e r

144

projects formed 77% of the total

expenditure. Punjab is primarily an

agricultural state and more than 50% of

it's income comes from agricultural

sector. The programme for agricultural

development in the state touches all the

major aspects of agricultural

development. Development of industries

in the second five year plan was the

major emphasis as industrial programme.

It providing employment and assure a

broad base to the economy. A sum of Rs

9.34 crores was provided for industrial

development during the second plan as

against Rs 1.30 crores during the first

plan .

,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

132. SUNDARAM (KV) . New economic reforms and

their implications for local and regional

development . Economic Development And

" Cultural Change. 28,4; 1992; 150-1.

The direction of liberalization and

market oriented system for almost a

decade has intensified the macro

economics crises of 1991. The

introduction of policy reforms entailing

145

e c o n o m i c s u b n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s . The r o l e

of t h e s t a t e in r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e

p e o p l e a n d l o c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s was

i n c r e a s i n g R e g i o n a l and l o c a l communi t i e s

m u s t f i n d t h e i r own d e v e l o p m e n t c e n t r e s

i n o r d e r t o r e s p o n d t h e new p o l i c y -

c h a n g e s ' t h a t have e m e r g e d .

1 3 3 . VIDWANS (MS) . R e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t

d i s p a r i t i e s . J o u r n a l Of I n d i a n School Of

P o l i t i c a l Economv. 7, 3 ; 19 96, J u l y ; 409-

11 .

P a n d e c o m m i t f e e 1 9 6 8 , C h a k r a v a r t y

c o m m i t t e e 1 9 8 1 , t h e n a t i o n a l commi t t ee on

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of b a c k w a r d a r e a s 1981

a n d t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i s s i o n a t t a c h e d

g r e a t e r w e i g h t t o d i s p a r i t i e s i n

d e v e l o p m e n t among s t a t e s . The t h i r d f i v e

y e a r p l a n s p e c i a l l y t o o k c o g n i z a n c e of

t h e p r o b l e m of r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t a l

d i s p a r i t i e s In I n d i a o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e

d e c a d e s and government of I n d i a a t t e m p t

t o i n t i g a t e t h e p r o b l e m of t h e s e

d i s p a r i t i e s .

,BANK.

134. MURARI (Ballal. N . ) . Role of banks in

regional development Eastern Economist.

146

7 5 , 2 3 ; 1960, Dec ; 1 2 4 3 - 8 .

By s p r e a d i n g a l a r g e number t h e i r

b r a n c h e s i n b a c k w a r d r u r a l r e g i o n ,

commerc ia l bank i n c u l c a t e d s a v i n g h a b i t

among t h e r u r a l p e o p l e and made them more

b a n k i n g c o n s i q u e n c e s . By a c t i n g a s a

g r o w t h bank b r a n c h e s have t r i g g e r e d t h e

l o c a l e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e i r

r e s p e c t i v e a r e a of o p e r a t i o n and c a u s e d

a u t o m a t i c g r o w t h of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g

a r e a s . The have a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e

m o n o t i z a t i o n of t h e v i l l a g e economy.

,RAJASTHAN

1 3 5 . MANOHAR (MS) . R e s e a r c h n e e d s o f

o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t i n

R a j a s t h a n . Y o i n a . 4 0 , 6 ; 1996, J u n e ; 1 6 - 9 .

The e f f o r t s m a d e f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l

deve lop .men t i n R a j a s t h a n have b r o u g h t

a b o u t s e v e r a l e n c o u r a g i n g r e s u l t s . These

h a s b e e n a t h r e e - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n

a g g r e g a t e p r o d u c t i o n from 2 8 . 8 8 l a k h s

t o n n e s i n 1952-53 t o 90 .30 l a k h s t o n n e s

i n 990-91 and t h e f o o d g r a i n s p r o d u c t i o n

h a s i n c r e a s e d from 3-4 m i l l i o n t o n e s i n

1952-53 t o 1 0 . 9 5 m i l l i o n t o n n e s in 1990-

9 1 . The s t a t e r e c o r d e d p h e n o m e n a l

147

i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n o f o i l s e e d s f r o m

a n a v e r a g e p r o d u c t i o n o f 2 . 0 9 l a k h s

t o n n e s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t p l a n .

,RURAL DEVELOPMENT

136 . GYAN SINGH. I n t e g r a t e d r u r a l deve lopment

p r o g r a m m e . Mysore Economic R e v i e w . 6 9 . 8;

19 8 4 ; 6 - 8 .

I n t e g r a t e d r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t programme

(IRDPjwas f o r d e v e l o p m e n t of t a r g e t i n a

s p e c i f i e d a r e a . P o v e r t y l i n e i s

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o consumer e x p e n d i t u r e of

Rs 76 p e r c a p i t a p e r month i n r u r a l a r e a s

and Rs 88 in Urban a r e a s s m a l l f a r m e r s

d e v e l o p m e n t a g e n c y c o n c e n t r a t e d i t s

a t t e n t i o n on t a r g e t g r o u p s of s m a l l and

m a r g i n a l f a r m e r s a n d a a g r i c u l t u r a l

l a b o u r e r s . IRDP i n s i s t on m o n i t o r i n g t h e

p r o g r e s s of e a c h b e n e f i c i a r y e f f e c t i v e

u t i l i z a t i o n of l o a n a n d c r o s s i n g t h e

p o v e r t y 1 i n e .

137 . MEAT (0 D a v i d ) . M a n a g e m e n t of r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t i n d e v e l o p i n g economics A:

s u g g e s t e d p o l i c y a p p r o a c h . P r o d u c t i v i t y -

2 3 , 2 ; 1982; 1 3 9 - 4 1 .

T h i s a r t i c l e a n a l y s e s t h e c o n c e p t and

f i n a n c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s of r u r a l

148

d e v e l o p m e n t and p o s s i b l e p o l i c y g u i d e l i n e

f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e l e v e l of s t a n d a r d of

l i v i n g of t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n w i t h

r e g a r d t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r which

t h e m a i n s t a y of - the r u r a l economy. The

l e v e l p r o d u c t i o n i s b a s e d on t i m e f a c t o r ,

v a r i e t y of s e e d , s u p p l y of f e r t i l i z e r ,

l a c k of c a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t . R u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t i n a p r o g r e s s i v e p o l i c y of

r e d u c i n g t h e economic and s o c i a l d u a l i s m

e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n r u r a l and u r b a n a r e a s a

d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n .

1 3 8 . RAMAMURTY (SV) . I n t e g r a t e d r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of P u b l i c

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 4 , 1 ; 1 9 5 8 ; 2 7 5 - 6 .

V i l l a g e l i f e i n I n d i a was b u i l d - u p on

t h e s o c i a l e c o n o m i c a l p a t - t e r n s a v a i l a b l e

i n p r e - s c i e n t i f i c a g e b u t i t was

d i s i n t e g r a t e d by t h e i n d u c t i o n of s c i e n c e

a n d t e c h n o l o g y . i t r e c o g n i z e s t h a t

s c i e n c e s h o u l d be u s e d n o t o n l y f o r l a r g e

i n d u s t r i e s i n towns b u t a l s o f o r medium

a n d s m a l l - s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s i n v i l l a g e s .

A g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e v i l l a g e has b e n e f i t e d

w i t h t h e h e l o p of s c i e n c e . The community

p r o j e c t o r g a n i s a t i o n h a s g i v e n t o

149

v i l l a g e t o v i l l a g e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o

t a k e mass a c t i o n i n t h e v i l l a g e f o r

i n c r e a s e d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ,

deve lopmen t of c o t t a g e i n d u s t r i e s and

b e t t e r m e n t of s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s by t h e

combined e f f o r t s of v i l l a g e r s .

139 . VITHAL ( C P ) . P a n c h a y a t i r a j a n d r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t : some b a s i c i s s u e s .

K u r u k s h e t r a . 6 2 . 4; 19 94, J a n ; 3 3 - 4 .

The o b j e c t i v e t o c r e a t e PRIS h a s been

t o g ive , e f f e c t t o community p a r t i c i p a t i o n

in d e v e l o p m e n t programme a t t h e g r a s s

r o o t l e v e l f a c i l i t i e s t h e i r t r u e

p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e l o c a l s e l f -

g o v e r n m e n t u n i t s . The t e r m r u r a l

deve lopmen t r e f e r s t o a wide a r r a y of

deve lopmen t programmes aimed t o d e v e l o p

r u r a l a r e a s t h r o u g h t h e c r e a t i o n of i n

r e s t r u c t u r e f a c i l i t i e s t o a m e l i o r a t e t h e

c o n d i t i o n s of t h e r u r a l p e o p l e . PRIS have

t o b e a r t h e m a j o r b r u n t of R.. D . P .

P a n c h a y a t i r a j i s c o n s i d e r e d a s an a g e n c y

f o r r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

.AGRICULTURE.

140 . SETHURAMAN ( S ) . A g r i c u l t u r e a n d r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . K u r u k s h e t r a . 6 4 , 1 1 ; 1 9 9 6 ,

ISO

Aug; 19-21

The i m p o r t a n c e of common min imum

programme a t t a c h e d w i t h a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t , F i n a n c e m i n i s t e r Mr .

Chidambaram a n n o u n c e d t h e i n c r e a s e d

s h a r e c a p i t a l of t h e n a t i o n a l bank f o r

a g r i c u l t u r e and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t and

p r o v i s i o n of Rs 2 , 5 0 0 c r o r e t o t h e r u r a l

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t e s t a b l i s h e d

some f u n d s . Th i s f u n d s g i v e s l o a n s t o t h e

s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t s f o r c o m p l e t i o n of

p r o j e c t s i n i r r i g a t i o n , s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n

and w a t e r s h e d managemen t . Mr. Chidambaram

h a s a l s o p r o p o s e d on a c c e l e r a t e d

i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t p r o g r a m m e w i t h

a l l o c a t i o n of Rs 800 c r o r e . The c e n t r a l

gove rnmen t , t h e r e s e r v e bank of I n d i a and

f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s have c o n t r i b u t e d

t o t h e s h a r e c a p i t a l .

,PI ODUCTION

1 4 1 . RANA (SD) . R u r a l e conomic d e v e l o p m e n t .

The J o u r n a l Of I n d u s t r y And T r a d e 1 2 , 7 ;

19 62 , J u n e ; 41-2 .

R u r a l economic d e v e l o p m e n t i n b e i n g

a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of t h e

c o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t s . P r o g r a m m e s o f

151

a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n l a y o u t t h e b a s e

of t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e a p p r o a c h t o t h e

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e r u r a l e c o n o m y . S c h e m e s

f o r i n c r e a s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n

a r e c l o s e l y bound up w i t h t h e s u c c e s s of

a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y a n d d a i r y i n g a n d t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f f i s h e r i e s a n d r u r a l

i n d u s t r y i n s u p p o r t of t h e r e p r o g r a m m e s ,

t h r o u g h c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t m o v e m e n t ,

t h e e n e r g i e s of e a c h v i l l a g e c o m m u n i t y a s

a w h o l e a r e s o u g h t t o b e h a r n e s s e d a n d

i t ' s m a n p o w e r a n d o t h e r r e s o u r c e s

e f f e c t i v e l y m o b i l i s e d . T h i r d f i v e y e a r

p l a n d u r i n g t h e y e a r 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 , s p e c i a l

e f f o r t s h a v e b e e n made t o d e v e l o p t h e

v i l l a g e a n d s m a l l s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s

p r o g r a m m e .

,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.

1 4 2 . GHADGE ( A l k a ) . D e v e l o p m e n t a n d

p a r t i c i p a t o r y d e m o c r a c y . S o c i a l C h a n g e

1 1 , 2 ; 1 9 8 1 ; 3 8 - 4 0 .

D e v e l o p m e n t s t a n d s f o r q u a l i t a t i v e

c h a n g e i n e v e r y w a l k of l i f e . D e v e l o p m e n t

i s e l i m i n a t i o n o f p o v e r t y , s o c i a l

i n e q u a l i t y and u n e m p l o y m e n t .

The c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e was

152

launched in 1952 with the specific

objective to bring about all around rural

development. The major components of

rural development programmes was

agriculture and allied disciplines,

education, health, cottage and small

industries, roads and communication

social education was a nationwide

programme imparalled in the history of

any developing country.

143. GOPAL (MACA) Rural development in

perspective. Kurukshetra 26,1; 1977, Oct;

9- 12 .

The community development scheme was

the first important programme for the

betterment of the lots of villagers. The

panchayats and the village cooperatives

has the two basic institutions and third

was the village school. The ministry of

community development look over the

village school to provide the

infrastructure for the rapid development

of villages. Jawaharlal Nehru, the

supporter of the community development

programme passed away and the ministry of

community development became department

153

of rural development in the ministry of

agriculture.

144. MAHAPATRA (D) . C D Programme and rural

economic development. Rural India. 31, 8;

1968, Oct; 292-6.

The community development programme

combines nations extension service and

community organisation for overall

development it was started with the hope

to bring about a new transformation of

the socio economic matrix of the five and

half lakh villages in the country. The

community development block comprises 100

villages, each with a population ranging

from 600 to 2,500 approximately. The

community development block several as

effective agencies for spreading as it

was reported in the basic motivations to

dispense guidance and assistance to

cultivators and to restricting the

environment conditions essential for

economic development.

145. PATEL (VJ) . Rural development: shifts in

strategy. Eastern Economist 73, 4; 1979,

July 27; 174-7.

154

The a t t e m p t s of r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t were

made i n I n d i a w i t h t h e l a u n c h i n g of t h e

c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e s i n

1952 . Scheme r e m a i n e d in o p e r a t i o n w i t h

some m o d i f i c a t i o n s in e a r l y s i x t i e s ,

t i l l i t was c o n v e r t e d i n t o an i n t e g r a t e d

r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t programme i n 1976-1977

i n t h e l a t e r y e a s of t h e c o m m u n i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t programme, some o t h e r s p e c i a l

s c h e m e s s u c h a s t h e s m a l l f a r m e r s

d e v e l o p m e n t a g e n c y was i n t r o d u c e d . The

b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s of a l l t h e r e p l a n s was

t o i m p r o v e t h e p o o r e r s s e c t i o n s of t h e

r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d t o p r o v i d e

employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o t h e m .

,PANCHAYATIRAJ.

146 . GILL ( S S ) . R u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t : Some l e s s o n

from p a s t e x p e r i e n c e s . K u r u k s h t r a . 6 2 , 6 ;

1994, March ; 1 1 - 2 .

The f i r s t e f f o r t f o r r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

was t h e s t a r t i n g of t h e c o m m u n i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t a l programme on t h e 2nd Oct

1 9 5 2 . The a c t i v i t y of t h e d e p a r t m e n t

c o n c e r n e d w i t h r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,

i n c l u d i n g a g r i c u l t u r e were c o - o r d i n a t e d

by t h e b l o c k d e v e l o p m e n t . I n o r d e r t o

155

increase the participation of people in

the development efforts the three tier

panchayatiraj system was introduced in

1959. The three levels were Zill parishad

at the district level, Block Samiti at

the block level and panchayati village

level. The intensive agriculture district

programme was started in 1960 with an

objective of resource development in the

potential area. The addition of

administrative infrastructure by way of

increase in the number of agriculture

extension officers and village level

worker in the mid sixties, the high

yielding varieties of wheat came on the

scene. The nationalization of commercial

banks in 1969 gave a momentum of the

rural credit programmes.

,DAIRYING.

147. GANGADHARAN (TPT. D a i r y i n g and r u r a l

development . E a s t e r n Economis t . 75, 10;

1990; 602-5 .

Trace as the d a i r y has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l

f o r p r o v i d i n g emp loymen t and s t a b l e

income t o the weaker s e c t i o n of our r u r a l

p o p u l a t i o n s e t s out t o i d e n t i f y backward

156

regions in the realm of dairy development

to see new regional distributions can be

corrected. Their study rivals that the

north -western region hold a dominant

concentrated attention if we mean to

correct the regional imbalances in rural

development.

148. GEORGE (KM) . Dairying and rural

development. Kurukshetra. 26,5; 1988; 7-

9 .

Dairying has always accepted an

important place in rural India and now

when technological means for its

development on modern lines are

available, it offers a great potential as

subsidiary occupation. It can help in

generating additional employment

opportunities and also in supplementing

small farmers income. It has examined the

role of dairying presently playing in

helping the rural poor and new, this role

can be made even more meaningful .

,EMPLOYMENT.

149. SWAMINATHAN (MS). Rural development old

cry but new approach. Indian Journal Of

Marketing. 10, 6; 1980; 23-4.

157

A r t i c l e d i s c u s s e s t h e i m p a c t of

i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n on r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t and h i g h l i g h t s v a r i o u s

methods t o r e s t r u c t u r e fo r g a i n f u l

employment and i n c r e a s i n g o u t p u t . The

p o p u l a t i o n would be s c o r i n g t o 800

m i l l i o n in t h e 8 0 ' s among whom 600

m i l l i o n would be l i v i n g in r u r a l I n d i a .

The b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t fo r t h e r u r a l

p o p u l a t i o n , work and w a t e r food and

f o l d e r and energy can be ach ieved o n l y by

a p rope r approach t o the whole c o n c e p t

of r u r a l deve lopment . Rural development

means t h e u p l i f t m e n t of t h e m a s s e s .

Approach towards them must i n v o l v e s e l f

employment and wage deve lopment . Rura l

development must aim t o r e d u c e human

drudger and p r o v i d e for i n p u t o u t p u t

s u r p l u s as w e l l as o f f e r p r o m i s i n g

remundera t ion and wages.

,INDUSTRIALIZATION.

150. JAIN (SK) I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and r u r a l

development . E a s t e r n Economist 12,4 , -1979;

4-5 .

The o b j e c t i v e s of r u r a l development and

r u r a l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n was t o a l l e v i a t e

158

poverty. Employment and income in rural

a reas can be improved through the

promotion of small scale manufactring

enterprises based on the resources of

earning and throuh the manufactuare and

consumer goods based on the demands of

the area. The significant part of the

labour force could be absorbed, the

growth and productivity of the small

s ca l e sector would r equ i r e a wide

dispersion of capital across industries .

The growth of large scale engineering and

chemical industri'es on the other hand,

would be characterised by dependence on

capital investment in industr ial branches

and consequent i nc reases in

productivity.

151. PATHAK (CR). Rural industr ia l izat ion as a

development strategy. Social Change. 8,

4; 1978; 14-6.

Though the small scale indus t r i e s

sector was considered as a source of

providing more employment opportunities

and was given importance in f i r s t plan.,

All the suggested potential industries of

these d i s t r i c t s . Agra, Bijnore, Faizabad

based on local raw material local labour

J59

and l o c a l m a r k e t . None of t h e s e d i s t r i c t s

i s e x p e r i e n c i n g any s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e i n

f a v o u r of modern i n d u s t r i e s . An h a n c e a

p r o p e r p l a n n i n g i s c a l l e d f o r a s p r o d u c t

d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e

needs of t h e f u t u r e marke t .

,INFRASTRUCTURE.

152. BROADWAY (AC) . A p p r o p r i a t e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

f o r r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n I n d i a ; A c a s e

s t u d y . I n d i a n J o u r n a l Of E c o n o m i c s . 58 ,

228 ; 1977 J u l y ; 3 9 - 4 0 .

R u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n v o l v e s c h a n g e i n

t h e p h y s i c a l , s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c

e n v i r o n m e n t . A g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i s

t h e p l a n e d p r o c e s s which u s e s a n y t y p e of

a c t i o n o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n d e s i g n e d .

Economic d e v e l o p m e n t means an i n c r e a s e

in p e r c a p i t a income u n d e r t h e p l a n n e d

and non p l a n n e d programme e n o u g h h a s

b e e n d o n e t o b r i n g i m p r o v e m e n t i n

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e l e a d i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t r e s u l t i n g in i m p r o v e m e n t i n

a g r i c u l t u r e p r q d u c t i o n . A r e a u n d e r

c u l t i v a t i o n and p r o d u c t i o n of d i f f e r e n t

c r o p s f o r 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 , 1965-66 and 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 .

160

Increase and production under major crops

like rice and wheat has increased over

time. This has been made possible through

the development efforts resulting in

progress of infrastructure national

income has grown substantially growth the

combined contribution of all sectors of

the economy. Since the contribution of

agriculture and allied industry is more

than 50% of the national income.

^ ^ MANAGEMENT .

153. SRIVASTAVA (KB). Management of rural

development in India. The case of

decentralised planning. Journal Of Rural

Development 9,2,-1990; 397-400.

India's developmental performance since

the inception of the initiated planned

process has several achievements to it's

credit. There were achievements of self

sufficiency in food, significant changes

the structure of economy, increased in

the share of non-agricultural sectors,

the expansion and diversification of the

industrial sector and the growth

scientific and technical manpower.

India's performance with regard to rural

161

development has been very impressive.

There has been an improvement in overall

inequlity of income distribution and with

the help of strategy for rural

development. Rural development has been

on the main on the main agenda of the

five year plans of the country.

,NAGALAND

154. RAO (JS Narayan) . Revita 1isation and

recognisation of rural development

programme in Nagaland. Journal Of Rural

Development. 4 4,3; 1995; 9 .

The ultimate aim of rural development

is self reliable development of rural

community.

The village development board (VDB)

should be encouraged to participate

effectively in the process of plani.ing

and implementation of programmes and

projects meant for their own development.

They should be encouraged to compete

among themselves.

,NEW ECONOMIC POLICY.

155. SEBASTIAN (M). Rural development in new

economic policy. Asian Journa1 Of

162

Economics And Social Studies. 13,4; 1994;

321-5 .

The eight plan document reconises human

development as the core of all

development efforts. The healthy and

educated people , can contribut to the

economic growth and such a growth with

inturn contribute to human welfare. An

ecceleration of employment is necessary

both for poverty alleviation and

effective utilisation of human resources

for economic and social development of

the country During the last two decades,

the growth rate of development had been

2.2% per year, while labour force had

been growing at the rate of 2.5% per

year.

,RURAL PRODUCER'S ORGANISATION

156. SHARMA (Subash) and SINGH (Katar). non-

conventional organisation for development

: A theoretical analysis of rural

producers organisation in India. Indian

Journal Of Public Administration

27,2,-1991; 170-1.

Rurar producer's organisations are a

unique set of institutions that deal with

163

precurement, processing and marketing of

agricultural product. Rural producer's

organisation are owned and controlled by

producers. Producers are both the

supplies of the commodity as well as the

share holders in the organisation. The

dairy industry in India is largely

organised in the form of milk producers .

Co operative producer's organisations

can be conceived, as interlocking system

of several interdependent institutions.

The government of India has a policy to

promote the establishment and growth of

rural producer's organisations in several

sub-sectors of the agricultural sector.

^ ^ SECTORAL CO-ORDINATION.

157. GEROGE (ND) . Rural development planning

sectoral coordination vs integration.

Yo-Jna .38,18; 1994; 14-5.

The complex nature of development

problems in the rural . areas demand a

multi disciplinary, multi sectoral and

multi agency approach to development^ ^

planning. Rural development plan may

contain some elements which are capable

of being independly implemented

164

i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n i n g i s

n o t o n l y a n i d e o l o g y i t h a s a m e t h o l o g y

o f i t ' s own w h i c h i s g e t t i n g m o r e r e f i n e d

a n d s o p h i s t i c a t e d l e a r n i n g f r o m t h e

e x p e r i e n c e i n v a r i o u s l e s s d e v e l o p e d

c o u n t r i e s .

,SEVENTH PLAN

1 5 8 . ATHRE ( H V R ) . R u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n s e v e n t h

p l a n . M y s o r e E c o n o m i c R e v i e w . 6 9 , 5 ;

1 9 8 4 , M a y ; 1 .

R e s u l t o f s e v e n t h p l a n p r o g r a m m e s

r e v e a l e d s h o r t c o m i n g b e t w e e n t a r g e t s a n d

a c h i e v e m e n t s i n p r o g r a m m e s o f p o v e r t y

a l l e v i a t i o n , o v e r a l l o u t l a y f o r 8 0 - 8 4

w a s 8 1 . 9 3 % o f o u t l a y a t 7 9 - 8 0 p r i c e s .

E s p e c i a l a r e a p r o g r a m m e s 7 7 . 5 % v i l l a g e

a n d s m a l l i n d u s t r i e s , 7 4 . 8 % s o c i a l

s e r v i c e s , 7 9 . 8 % t h r o u g h p r o n e a r e a

p r o g r a m m e , n a t i o n a l r u r a l e m p l o y m e n t

p r o g r a m m e , n a t i o n a l s c h e m e o f t r a i n i n g o f

r u r a l y o u t h a s s i s t a n c e t o a l l o t t e e s o f

s u r p l u s l a n d s i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n

p r o g r a m m e .

,VILLAGE INDUSTRY

1 5 9 . A2AD (RN) . R u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h

v i l l a g e i n d u s t r i e s . M y s o r e E c o n c m i c

765

Review. 25, 1; 1988; 16-7.

The purpose of the creation of these

centres is laudable and they work to

plan, the results too would be remarkable

with the provision of various facilities

to help artisan overcome their

financial, technical and other problems

their the centres'. It is bound to bring

about a social reformation in the country

side .

160. SHAMA (SS) . Village industries as main

plank of rural development. Mys ore

Economic Review. 26, 9; 1990; 420.

The five year plan, has accorded

sufficient importance to the development

of village industries as a tool to bring

about rural development. Specially during

the sixth plan a major shift in this

direction has been made and it ^would go

a long way in bringing prosperity to the

village of local level with plans

requiring emphasis on weaker sections

with proper implementation.

,VOLUNTRY AGENCIES.

166

161. JAIN (BKS). Rural development : Scope of

work f o r v o l u n t r y a g e n c i e s . Economic

Times 1978, Ju ly 20; 5-6.

The government l a y i n g emphas is on r u r a l

deve lopmen t t h i s has c r e a t e d a more

f a v o u r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r v o l u n t r y

s e r v i c e o r g a n i s a t i o n s t o p a r t i c i p a t e in

r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i v i t i e s more

a c t i v e l y and v i g o r o u s l y . Development of

r u r a l a r e a s i s a g r e a t e r c h a l l e n g e . The

community r e p r e s e n t a s e p a r a t e , because

of i t ' s i s o l a t i o n and r e m o t e n e s . I t

demands s p e c i a l s e r v i c e s and

c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , b e c a u s e of

a p p a l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s , s p e c i f i c n e e d s ,

h a b i t s and l i t e r a c y l e v e l which in most

r e s p e c t s were d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e of the

urban community.

162. SEN ( A b h i j e t ) . R u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

i n v o l v e m e n t of v o l u n t a r y a g e n c i e s

Economic Times. 1980, Feb 2 9; 5 - 6 .

The r u r a l poor has became p o o r e r and

w i l l c o n t i n u e i t s d e s c e n t i n t o

d e s t i n a t i o n u n l e s s a d e l i b e r a t e , p o s i t i v e

and f o r c e f u l p o l i c y of development for

t h e w e a k e r s e c t i o n s of t h e r u r a l

167

p o p u l a t i o n i s u n d e r t a k e n . B u r e a u c r a c y h a s

a l w a y s b e e n an a g e n t of r e g u l a t i o n a n d

e n f o r c e m e n t v e r y < r a r e l y of d e v e l o p m e n t

a n d c h a n g e . I t c a n c o n t r i b u t e p o s i t i v e l y

t o d e v e l o p m e n t a l c h a n g e h o w e v e r , i t was

t r u e t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e s t a t e p o l i c y

was f a v o u r a b l e t o d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a t m o s p h e r e c o n d u c t i v e t o

i n v o l m e n t o f v o l u n t a r y a g e n c i e s i n

d e v e l o p m e n t .

,SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

1 6 3 . BANERJEE ( D e b d a s ) . S c i e n c e , T e c h n o l o g y

a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n I n d i a :

A n a l y s i s of d i v e r g e n c e i n h i s t o r i c a l

p e r s p e c t i v e . E c o n o m i c And P o l i t i c a l

W e e k l y . 3 3 , 2 0 ; 1 9 9 8 ; 1 6 - 2 2 .

I n d i a i s o n e of t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t

d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y . I n d i a ' s e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t t r a i l b e h i n d many o f t h e

d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . The c o l o n i a l r u l e

p r o v i d e d c l u e s t o t h e p r o c e s s o f

d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n p u r e a n d a p p l i e d

s c i e n c e a n d , b e t w e e n r e s e a r c h a n d

d e v e l o p m e n t .

The w e a k n e s s o f t h e p o s t c o l o n i a l

s t a t e , of p o l i t i c a l l y r e s o l v e c r u c i a l

168

economic issues and the undertaken

strategic development policies gave way

to the technocratic solutions that

entrench the earlier trend. The weakness

of the harnessing science to commercially

viable and competitive technology is

better explained by the receiving system

than the human formation as postulated in

the growth theory.

,SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY.

164. KAPOOR (RC). Development of small

enterprises . Monthly Commentary On Indian

Economic Conditions. 16,8; 1965; 1395-6.

Nearly 40,000 small scale industrial

enterprises, registered as factories,

account for as much as 3% of industrial

production in India. The value of output

from these small scale factories was Rs

1, 400 crores annually. 84,000 small

units registered with the directory of

industries in the various states

production from these manufacture units

also, the share of the small sector in

the total industrial output in the

country would be higher.

169

1 6 5 . VERA (Rank.) S m a l l i n d u s t r y d e v e l o p m e n t .

R e s t r u c t u r i n g t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l f r a m e .

Economic And P o l i t i c a l Weekly. 2 2 , 3 5 ;

1987; 7 8 - 8 2 .

Small i n d u s t r y h a s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e t o

p l a y in t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e

c o u n t r y p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r u r a l a n d

backward r e g i o n s of t h e c o u n t r y .

The p r o m o t i o n a l e f f e c t w i l l have t o be

d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s d e v e l o p m e n t o f

a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y and s u p p l y of

i n p u t and c a s h paymen t .

,CHITTOR

1 6 6 . KAMARAJA (N) . D e v e l o p m e n t of s m a l l s c a l e

i n d u s t r i e s in C h i t t o r d i s t r i c t . Economic

T r e n d s . 2 3 , 1 1 ; 1 9 8 8 ; 5 0 4 .

Examine t h a t w i t h i t ' s v a s t f o r e s t

w e a l t h C h i t t o r d i s t r i c t of A n d r a

p radesh (AP) i s s t i l l a backward o n e . So

i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e n a t u r a l w e a l t h

of t h e a r e a i s p r o p e r l y s u r v e y e d a n d

a t t e m p t s made by t h e v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s a r e

examined and e v a l u a t e d and on t h e b a s i s

of e x p e r i e n c e t h e p l a n s a r e p r e p a r e d a n d

e x e c u t e d .

170

, , u p .

167. VERMA ( G o v i n d Das ) . S m a l l s c a l e

e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r i e s in UP' s i n d u s t r i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . I n d i a n I n d u s t r i e s . 1 3 , 7 ;

1969; 1 7 - 2 1 .

U t t a r p r a d e s h i s l a r g e l y an

a g r i c u l t u r a l s t a t e h a v i n g a p o p u l a t i o n of

a b o u t 8 c r o r e s , a b o u t 80% of wh ich l i v e s

in r u r a l a r e a s . A g r i c u l t u r e c o n t r i b u t e s

a b o u t 65% of i t ' s n a t i o n a l i n c o m e s a s

a g a i n s t t h e a l l I n d i a s h a r e of 45%. UP i s

an e c o n o m i c a l l y b a c k w a r d s t a t e s m a l l

s c a l e i n d u s t r i a l * u n i t s a r e l i k e l y t o

r e c e i v e an i m p o r t a n t p l a c e i n i t s v a r i o u s

schemes of d e v e l o p m e n t . The s m a l l s c a l e

e n g i n e e r i n g u n i t s p r o d u c e m e t a l p r o d u c t s ,

l i g h t m a c h i n a r y and t h e i r p a r t s and o t h e r

e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t w h i c h a r e t h e

b a c k b o n e of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of o t h e r

l a r g e i n d u s t r i e s .

,SOCIAL MOBILITY, PUNJAB.

168 . DHESI (S) and S I N G H ( S u r j i t ) . The r o l e of

s o c i a l m o b i l i t y i n P u n j a b ' s d e v e l o p m e n t .

Anvesak . 1 2 , 1 ; 1982 , J u n e ; 1 2 7 - 3 0 .

At t h e t ime of i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1947

e a s t Pun jab w h i c h f e l t i n t o I n d i a ' s

171

share was one of the industrially and

agriculturally backward area. Since 1965-

66. it has occupied the top position in

percapita income among the states of the

India. One of the major component of

economic development was the contribution

of mobility to development and even

Punjabi society facilitated the

introduction of necessary institutional

changes .

^̂̂ STOCK EXCHANGE, KERALA.

169. PAUL (Samuel) . Cochin stock exchange and

Kerala's development Economist. 25, l ;

1990; 576-77.

The development of a capital market and

well functioning, financial institutions

are a prerequisite for the healthy

development of a mixed economy. Stock

exchange is just one institutions. It is

government's duty to regulate and

superwise their operations. India has

the advantage that it has already a

functional set of financial institutions

while they are instruments which can be

used to aid development, if properly

regulated they are not substitutes for

172

the lack of local entrepreneurship of the

absence of an enabling environment for

industrial development.

,STRATEGY.

170. PARIKH (S Kirito) . A development strategy

for the 1990's Eastern Economist 23, 12;

19 8 8; 597.

Growth of the Indian economy over the

four decades has been inadequate.

Poverty, hunger .and illiteracy persist

amidst abundent food stocks , much of our

industry remains internationally non

competitive and requires import of

technology; and public sector does not

generate significant surplus and remain

inefficient.

,STRUCTURAL CHANGE.

171. SAXENA (KK) . and DHAWAN (Sangeeta).

Structural changes and growth in India:

An input output approach. Asian Journal

Of Economics And Social Studies. 12,4;

1993 ; 289-92.

The importance of structural change in

economic development has been recognised.

A number of studies in the development

173

literature have accepted the strong

general relationship between structural

change and economic growth. The shift of

employment and production from

agriculture to other industries as

development proces the connections

between development and the growth of the

service sector which is another structure

phenomenon of universal occurrence. Gross

national product (GNP) as the measure of

economic growth. GNP was computer by

taking the sum of gross value added at

constant 1983-84 prices of all sectors of

a particular year.

,SUGAR FACTORY.

172. RAO (D Naga Vardhan) . Sugar, yesterday,

Today and Tomorrow. Indian Industry 10,

11; 1965; 53-5.

From 1932 sugar industry made

remarkable progress when the government

granted protection to It. After 18 years

(1932-1950). Protection was withdrawn.

There was phenomenal expansion of the

industry so that by 1936-37 India became

self sufficient in the field of sugar

supplies. In order to meet the demand,

174

the government had to import sugar from

foreign countries: The condition

thereafter improved and India became self

sufficient. There was 105 sugar factories

in the country and the capital invested

were 120 crores. The revenue earned by

the central government from the sugar

was about Rs 55 to 60 crores every year.

India has export- 38,000 tones of sugar

during 1957-58.

,RURAL

173. RAGHAVACHARI (Vimla). The sugar factory

and rural development Productivity. 23,

1; 1982; 9-12.

Development and economic growth of

India has no meaning without development

of rural areas. The rural

industrialisation programme of the

government of India envisaged small scale

and cottage units. This article studies

the economic impact of the establishment

of a sugar factory on the area . The

successful sugar factory is one of the

means of rural transformation. The

sugarmanufacturing activity may well

initiate development of backward regions

175

for example Andoman and Nicobar islands

are well suited agro-elimatically for

sugar can cultivation.

,SURVEY.

174. SATYA NARAIN. Economic s u r v e y 1 9 9 1 - 9 2 .

L i n k . 9 1 , 4 ; 1992 ; 14 .

I n d i c a t e s a s h o r t a g e of f o r e i g n

e x c h a n g e a n d d e c l i n e i n i n d u s t r i a l

p r o d u c t i o n , r i s i n g i n f l a t i o n a t a l e v e l

of 1 6 . 7 % A u g u s t 1 9 9 1 H i g h l i g h t t h e

m e a s u r e s a d o p t e d by t h e g o v e r n m e n t s u c h

a s e x p a n s i o n i n p u b l i c f i n a n c e ,

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e money s u p p l y and bank

c r e d i t r e v i e w s , c r e d i t p o l i c y , t r e a d s i n

p r i c e s , f o r e g n t r a d e , e x t e r n a l a s s i s t a n c e ,

t h e b a l a n c e of p a y m e n t , f o r e i g n t r a d e ,

e x t e r n a l t r a d e s e c t o r and i n t e r n a t i o n a l

r e f o r m s .

,TAXATION.

1 7 5 . B H A T T ( V V ) . . T a x a t i o n e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t . D e v e l o p m e n t D i g e s t 1 1 , 4 ,

1 9 7 3 ; 1 1 - 5 -

The t h r e e major t a x e s , p e r s o n a l income-

t a x , c o r p o r a t i v e a n d i n d i r e c t t a x e s .

C o l l e c t e d f rom m a n u f a c t u r e s h a v e an

176

i m p a c t - on d e v e l o p m e n t and t h e i r

c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s t a t e r e v e n u e . T h e i r

s t r u c t u r e and r a t e s must be made

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e m a j o r p o l i c y

o b j e c t i v e s of the governments. There w i l l

be an i n c r e a s e in the r e c a l l r e s o u r c e s of

t he economy and ' government r e v e n u e i s

l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e . The t a x e s a r e

i m p o r t a n t f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s

b e c a u s e of t h e i r impact on economic

development as w i l l as t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o governmenta l r evenues .

176. RANGARAJAN (C). Taxat ion as a t o o l of

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n in deve loping economics .

Economic Development And C u l t u r a l Change.

1 9 . 1 : 1970; 74.

One of t h e s t andard way of measur ing

t h e i m p a c t income t a x a t i o n on

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s t o c o m p a r e t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n of income before t a x and the

d i s t r i b u t i o n a f t e r t a x . The p o s s i b i l i t y

of t a x a t i o n in income or c o n s u m p t i o n

e x p e n d i t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of d e v e l o p i n g

economics a p p e a r s t o be l i m i t e d . This

dose not mean t h a t t ax p o l i c i e s should

not t ake t h i s o b j e c t i v e in t o a ccoun t i t

must however be r e a l i z e d t h a t t a x a t i o n by

777

itself would not be of much help.

,TEA.

177. DAGA (NK). Need for long-term development

in tea.. Commerce . 150, 3845, 1985, Feb

3 ; 3 - 4 .

India continues to be the largest

producer and exporter of tea in the

world. India has emerged as the principal

consumer of tea in the world. Domestic

consumption of tea has a steady grown at

the rate of 5% per annum. The domestic

consumption has increased at about 14 to

15 million kg per annum Indians export

have stagnated at around 200 million kg

in recent year's though their has been

fluctuation from year to year during the

period.

178. SARKAR (CK). Gautam. India's tea economy:

strategy for development. Commerce. 149,

3840; 1984; 107-10.

The attainment of self sufficiency in

production tea sector has to be viewed

in the context of the internal external,

developments. Indian tea in 1980-81 the

quantity exported amounted to 231.7

thousand tonnes. In 1978-79 as regards

178

exchange carries from tea, there was

almost a steady increase from 19 50 to

1973 the range varying from $ 168 million

to $ 190 million, since 1974 there was an

upturned and tea. exports rises to the

level of $ 620 million in 1977.

,TECHNOLOGY.

179 . RAJAN (YS) . Gl impse of t e c h n o l o g i e s :A

v i s i o n f o r I n d i a Economic And P o l i t i c a l

Weekly. 14 , l ; 1992; 1. D i s c u s s e s t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t of t e c h n o l o g i c a l v i s i o n in

I n d i a w h i c h h a s a f f e c t e d a g r o - b a s e d

i n d u s t r i e s , i n t e r - r e 1 a t e d w a s t e

management s y s t e m . A n a l y s e s t h e v a r i o u s

t e c h n o l o g i e s such a s s p a c e t e c h n o l o g y ,

i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , t e c h n o l o g y i n

r e m o t e s e n s i n g d i g i t a l . c a r t o g r a p h y ,

d i g i t a l m o d e s , i m a g i n a t i v e u s e of

t e l e v i s i o n and r a d i o f o r a c h i e v i n g major

s o c i a l g o a l s w h i c h h a s p l a y e d an

i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e e c o n o m i c

d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c o u n t r y .

180 . SEN ( S u d h e r ) . R o l e of t e c h n o l o g y i n

economic d e v e l o p m e n t . E a s t e r n E c o n o m i s t .

7 3 , 6 ; 1 9 7 9 Agu 10; 3 4 0 - 2 .

N u m e r o u s p r o c e s s a n d a p p l i a n c e s

179

p e r f e c t e d by t h e CSIR l a b o r a t r i e s have

a s s i s t e d i n t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e

q u a l i t y of l i f e of t h e I n d i a n p e o p l e . New

t e c h n i q u e s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d f o r

e c o n o m i c c u l t i v a t i o n of many m e d i c i n a l

p l a n t s . A n u m b e r of p e s t i c i d e s a n d

h e r b i c i d e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o

r e g u l a t e t h e p l a n t s g r o w t h . I t ' s

l a b o r a t o r i e s a r e a s s i s t i n g i n d e v e l o p i n g

d e v i c e s f o r b e t t e r t r e a t m e n t of a i l m e n t s

a n d have u n d e r t a k e n work on h a r n e s s i n g

s o l a r e n e r g y f o r e v e r y d a y l i f e

1 8 1 . SINHA (RP). E f f i c i e n c y d i f f e r e n t i a l i n

w h e a t c u l t i v a t i o n and t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n

f o r d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c i e s . J o u r n a l Of

I n d i a Schoo l Of P o l i t i c a l Economy. 4 ,

1 , 19 94 , Jan ; 3 1-6 .

As c o n s e q u e n c e of t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e

t h e r e has , b e e n s i g n i f i c a n t improvement

i n t h e y i e l d of whea t a s w e l l r e d u c t i o n

i n i t s u n i t c o s t . I n t h e p r o c e s s of

t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y d e v e l o p m e n t t h e r e h a s

a l s o o c c u r r e d s t r u c t u r a l change i n t h e

i n p u t - m i x . The use of modern i n p u t s such

a s f e r t i l i z e r s m a c h i n e r y , e t c . , h a s

i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t h e p e r i o d .

The most t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y e f f i c i e n t f a r m e r

180

through increasing the intensity of input

were able to harvest much higher yield

with lower estimator of cost of

production as compared to the farmers of

least efficient category. The farmers

belonging to the most efficient category

were also able to realise. Higher yield

with lower cost, the estimates of yield

and cost of production, happied to be

lower in comparison to there of the yield

efficient farmers.

182. TARLOK SINGH. Cooperation and economic

development. Indian Journal Of Public

Administration. 1,2,1955,-25-7.

Technological chang was one of the

essence of economic development. A system

of enterprise based on private property

and system of state ownership was alike

favourable to technological change . In a

society in which property and income

relationship were in the process of

democratic change, there was a special

emphasis on human values and on the

welfare of the community as a whole. It

may be possible for a wel1 -organised

large unit or for a powerful individual

J8I

to adopt improved technology.

Coorperation enables a democratic 'society

to adopt changes in technology from the

point of view of the interest of the

community as a whole and more

specifically for meeting needs of a small

men. The principle of co-operation

enables small units to organise

themselves and in this manner over a

large sector of the economy the community

can achieve technological change.

^ , INTERVENTION, DAIRY, RURAL.

183. ANIL KUMAR, and SINGH (Mohindra) .

Technological intervention in rural dairy

development: a ' study. Kuruk s he t ra .

64,10,1996, July; 49-51.

Dairying is a very important subsidiary

occupation which provides employment. It

plays a vital role in socio-economic

transformation. This article has been

made to have an overview of importance of

dairy development programs launched since

independence. The objectives were to

examine the technology interventions in

rural dairy development , to assess the

impact of rural dairy development on

182

i n c o m e a n d e m p l o y m e n t g e n e r a t i o n of

s e l e c t e d b e n e f i c i a r i e s and t h e m a j o r

c o n s t r a i n s f a c e d by them; and t o s u g g e s t

s u i t a b l e m e a s u r e s f o r r evamping t h e r u r a l

d a i r y d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m t h o u g h t

t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s .

,PRIORITIES

184. CHANDRASHEKAR ( S ) . Techno logy p r i o r i t i e s

f o r I n d i a n ' s d e v e l o p m e n t : N e e d f o r

r e s t r u c t u r i n g . Economic And P o l i t i c a l

Weekly. 3 0 , 4 3 ; 1995 ; 2 7 3 9 - 4 1 . I n d i a n

t e c h n o l o g y d e v e l o p m e n t t h e r e i s a

d i s p a r a t e n e e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e a b s o l u t e

l e v e l of f u n d i n g f o r i m p o r t a n t a r e a s .

While I n d i a h a s a d v a n t a g e of l o w e r wages

f o r s c i e n t i s t i t has t o pay i n t e r n a t i o n a l

p r i c e s f o r e q u i p m e n t c h e m i c a l s o t h e r s raw

m a t e r i a l s I n d i a spend abou t 2 b i l l i o n on

r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t . T h i s i s a v e r y

s m a l l amount in compar i son t o wha t t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t c o u n t s i n v e s t i n R and D

comes from government and a l m o s t a l l of

t h i s 80% i s s p e n t i n g o v e r n m e n t r u n

e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . Funding f o r t h e s e s e c t o r

i s t a k i n g o u t , t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d

i n d u s t r y s h a r e s work ou t be 67%and 33%

183

,TELEVISION.

185. SARABHAI (Vikram). Television for

development. Monthly Commentary On Indian

Economic Condition. 11,3; 1969;17-9.

The introduction of television in India

has enjoyed priority. Television play an

important role in social and economic

development. The krishi darshan programme

was organised in 1967 in collaboration

with AIR, India agricultural research

institute and the Delhi. administration

through the establishment of community

television receiving sets in 80 villages

around Delhi. A national programme which

would provide television to about 80% of

India's, population would be of great

significant to national integration for

implementing schemes of economic and

social development and for the

stimulation and promotion of the

electronics industry.

,TRADE.

1 8 6 . J A I N (LC) P o v e r t y , e n v i r o n m e n t and

d e v e l o p m e n t . E c o n o m i c s t . 7 , 2 3 ; 1 9 8 8 ;

4 0 9 - 1 0 .

184

The Indian economy shows deficits

growth and achievement in many fields. A

tremendous increase in the output of

regarded as development goods,-

considerable expansion in the

communication transport and irrigation

infrastructures: a steep rise in

agricultural and .industrial production.

A high volume of foreign trade buffer

stops and bank deposits, A steady growth

in investment and saving. There are all

achievements to mitigation the problems

of poverty and unemployment.

187. JASPAL SINGH . India's exports of rayon

and synthetic fabrics. Journa1 of

Industry And Trade 16, 11; 1966; 1191-4.

India's exports man-made fabrics

varried from Rs 42 to 67 lakhs during

1952-57. In 1958 an export assistance

scheme was introduced and the silk and

rayon textiles export promotion council

was established. A remarkable rise in

exports, increase touching the figure of

30 million metres valued at Rs 9.13

crores in 1958. Subsquently export in

1^59 and 1960 were and Rs 4.57 crores

185

respectively. The quantity exported was

20% more than in 1958. Since 1961 India's

exports have been going up steadily and

it touched a new peak of 90 million

metres valued at Rs 10.35 crores in 1963.

Along with the marked rise in overall

quantity and value, there was a

considerable diversification in exports

variety of market.

188. KHOLI (PK) . Review of India's export

trade. Indian Indystry. 10, 11; 1965; 53-

5 .

During the first half of the current

financial year, there was a significant

of over 10% in India's export as compared

to the corresponding period of 1963-64.

The rise of Rs 38 crorse was in spite of

some of the unfavourable factors like the

continuance of ban on the export of

vegetable oils, ' drastic reduction in

quota for sugar export etc. Jute

manufactures was the single important

item accounting for an increase of Rs 10

crores, an increase of Rs 5 crores in

respect of cofee. Exports were also

higher by Rs 6 to 4 crores in respect

186

of t e a , c o t t o n t e x t i l e s c a s h e w , k e r n a l

and m a n g e r n e s s o r e . E x p o r t of t o b a c c o ,

i r o n o a r e , c o t t o n y a r n , e n g i n e e r i n g

g o o d s , h a n d i c r a f t s , c h e m i c a l s m i n e r a l o i l

and l u b r i c a n t , e t c . were h i g h e r by Rs l

c r o r e e a c h .

189 . RAJENDAR KUMAR. Terms of t r a d e and

e c o n o m i c deve lopmen t in I n d i a . The I n d i a n

Economic J o u r n a l . 6 , 2 ; 1 9 8 4 ; 1 2 9 - 3 0 .

The t e r m s of t r a d e d i d n o t e f f e c t on

t h e l e v e l of n a t i o n a l s a v i n g s . S a v i n g s

a r e d e t e r m i n e d by n a t i o n a l income and

t e r m s of t r a d e where a s t h e c a p i t a l

f o r m a t i o n i s d e p e n d e n t on s a v i n g s and

i n v e s t m e n t . S a v i n g s a r e m a i n l y

i n f l u e n c e d by t h e consumers p r o p e n s i t y t o

s a v e s a v i n g and c a p i t a l f o r m a t i o n a r e

c l o s e l y l i n k e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e s a v i n g s

and c a p i t a l f r o m a t i o n a r e d e p e n d s on

d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e fo rming s e c t o r i n our

c o u n t r y .

190. SHARMA ( A j a y ) . I n d i a ' s f o r e i g n t r a d e in

1 9 6 1 - 6 2 . The J o u r n a l Of I n d u s t r y And

T r a d e . 12 , 8; 1962; May; 12 9 2 - 4 .

E x p o r t s of I n d i a n m e r c h a n d i s e d u r i n g

r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e b e e n s t e a d i l y

187

increasing due to various export

promotion measures adopted by the

government. From Rs 564.6 crores in 1952-

59 exports rise to Rs 627.9 crores in

1959-60 to Rs G32.42 crores in 1960-62.

The rate of increase was about 5%. Total

exports moved up from Rs 572.76 crores

in 1958-59 to Rs 662.03 crores. The

increase in imports between 1958-59 and

1959-60 was from Rs 906.31 crores to Rs

960.77 or by Rs 54.46 crores. The

different trends in exports and imports

reflected on the size of the adverse

balance of trade between 1958-59 and

1959-60 exports increased at a greater

rate than imports .

,RUBBER

191. MUKHARJEE (R.K)' Export potential of

Indian rubber products. Monthly

Commentary On Indian Economic Conditions.

15,9; 1965; 1327-9.

The export of rubber products increased

significantly from Rs 80.5 lakhs in 1960-

61 to Rs 1.4 crores lakhs in 1964-65.

The export target for the fourth plan

period; was Rs 5 crores. Most of the

J88

exports was being effected by the

directorate general of technical

development. It was obvious that the

major burden of fulfilling the target of

Rs 50 crores small units should also

participate in the export effort so as to

achieve the contemplated target. Most of

rubber manufactured products was being

sold in the developing countries .

,TRADE UNION, WAGE POLICY.

192 VERMA (Jagdesh prasad). Wages and

employment policy of trade union in a

developing economy. Indian Journal Of

Labour Economics 3,1; 1958-59; 38-9.

This article deals with relationship

between wages and employment in the

context of a developing economy with

special reference to India. Planning

involves a great diversion of resources

to forms of production which has just the

same effect as .an increased investment

in a fixed capital a normal times. The

result is that required investment

exceeds the maximum possible amount of

voluntry saving of the community. This

process of saving investment

189

disequilibrium is constant through an

increase in the effective supply of money

for income purpose. This increased

quantity of cash lowers the rate of

interest and simulates the production of

capital goods and at the some time

raises their prices.

,TRANSPORT.

1 9 3 . BHATTACHARYA (AB) . D e v e l o p m e n t of

t r a n s p o . r t and economic g r o w t h . I n d i a n

I n d u s t r i e s . 10; 1966; 5 - 9 .

The economic d e v e l o p m e n t of a c o u n t r y

i s b o u n d up w i t h i t ' s s y s t e m of

t r a n s p o r t . No c o u n t r y c a n a d v a n c e

i n d u s t r i a l l y u n l e s s i t ' d e v e l o p s i t ' s

means of t r a n s p o r t t o an a d e q u a t e e x t e n t .

E c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t p r i m a r i l y i n v o l v e s

i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n of

g o o d s , ' T r a n s p o r t i s e s s e n t i a l i n a l l t h e

s h a p e r s of i n d u s t r y and t r a d e b e s i d e s fo r

t h e g e n e r a l p u r p o s e of movement of goods

and t r a f f i c . The r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e

economy o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e has p l a c e d

demands on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . The

c a p a c i t y of t h e road t r a n s p o r t i n d u s t r y

h a s more t h a n d o u b l e and t h a t of major

p a r t s h a s a l s o i n c r e a s e d by 35%.

190

194. SHARMA (Stish). Development of transport.

The Journal Of Industry And Trade. 12, 6 ;

19 6 2; 4 - 8 .

The rapid development of the Indian

economy- during the last decade has placed

heavy demands on country's

transportation system. The railways were

set the task of developing necessary

capacity for handling 164.6 million

tonnes of originating traffic, a large

part of which wa's accounted for by the

contemplated developments in basic

industries like steel, coal and cement.

The railways, reached the capacity for

' coping with the rate of movement of the

order of 164.6 million tonnes. The total

originating traffic in 1960-61 was

placed at 156.0 million tonnes. During

the whole second plan period the

originating traffic increased by 35%. The

corresponding increases in the available

locomotive, wagon holdings, track and in

the capital investment were of a much

smaller order, indicating clearly more

efficient usage of railway assets .

191

,TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT, MAHARASHTRA

1 9 5 . KULKARNI ( S D ) . P r o b l e m s o f T r i b a l

d e v e l o p m e n t i n M a h a r a s h t r a .

E c o n o m i c And P o l i t i c a l W e e k l y . 1 5 ; 3 7 ;

1 9 6 8 3 , S e p 1 3 ; 1 5 9 8 - 9 . The p r o b l e m of

t r i b a l d e v e l p m e n t i s a c o m p l e x p r o b l e m .

The t r i b a l w o r k e r s a r e c u l t i v a t o r s a n d

a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r e r s . S c h e m e s f o r

d e v e l o p m e n t of t r i b a l a g r i c u l t u r e s h o u l d

b e u n d e r t a k e n m a i n l y i n t h e a r e a s w h e r e

t r i b a l c u l t i v a t o r s a r e i n m a j o r i t y . - I t

i s i m p e r a t i v e t o s e t t l e t r i b a l s i n

c u l t i v a t i o n b u t i r r i g a t i o n h a s l i t t l e

s c o p e i n t r i b a l ^ a r e a s . An e f f e c t i v e

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e e m p l o y m e n t

g u a r a n t e e s c h e m e c a n do a l o t t o i m p r o v e

t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t r i b a l a g r i c u l t u r a l

l a b o u r e s a n d s m a l l f a r m e r s . T r i b a l a r e a

s u b - p l a n h a s b e e n p o o r l y i m p l e m e n t e d .

V o l u n t a r y a g e n c i e s h a v e d o n e g o o d work t o

o r g a n i s e t h e t r i b a l s .

,TUBEWELLS.

196. RAJA (ST). The development of state

tubewells. Indian Journal Of Public

Administration. 3, 1; 1957; 53-5.

192

Indian agriculture has always been at

the mercy of the uncertain mansoon. The

provision of a regular and dependable

supply of water needed for growing crops

has therefore been a pressing problem for

all governments through out the nation's

history. Multipurpose river valley

projects and other large and small

schemes for reserver and canal irrigation

have accordingly found a prominent place

in first and second five year plans

Another method which has been brought

into play consists of the development of

a network of tubewells operated by

electricity. The implementation of the

important administrative achievements

of the first five year plan. As it

provided for the construction of 4,000

tubewells upto 1956.

,URBAN,

197. JOHN{Ti tus ) . I n sear^ch of. u r b a n

development p o l i c y . S o c i a l Change 2 2 , 4 ;

19 92, Aug; 83 .

In t h i s a r t i c l e i t i s emphasized t h a t

urban problems can not be so lved w i t h o u t

r e a l p r o g r e s s a n r u r a l a r e a s . Our

193

n a t i o n a l p l a n h a s o v e r l o o k e d some of t h e

c r u c i a l i s s u e s s u c h a s f o r m u l a t i n g an

u n b a n i s a t i o n , i n v e s t m e n t , e m p l o y m e n t and

new e n t e r p r i s e s a m o n g m a j o r c i t i e s ,

m e d i u m s i z e t o w n a n d s m a l l u r b a n

c o m m u n i t i e s a n d p e o p l e i n l a r g e c i t i e s

a n d t h e ' l a c k of a n y m a r k e t b r e a k t h r o u g h

i n r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

,CONCENTRATION

1 9 8 . MUKHERJEE(C) . U r b a n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d

e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . K h a d i g r a m o d y o g .

1 9 , 1 ; 198 2 ; 5 0 - 1 . '

U r b a n i s a t i o n h a s b e e n on t h e i n c r e a s e

a s a r e s u l t of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d

c r e a t i o n o f more e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s

i n t h e c i t i e s a n d t o w n s . T h i s h a s

r e s u l t e d i n s o c i a l e c o n o m i c a n d c u l t u r a l

i m b a l a n c e s a n d d i s t o r t i o n t h e n b y c a u s i n g

i n c a l c u l a b l e t o b o t h , t h e r u r a l a s w e l l

a s u r b a n s e c t o r s , wha t s h o u l d b e t h e mos t

d e s i r a b l e f o r m o f r u r a l , u r b a n

r e l a t i o n s h i p s , i n e c o n o m i c a s w e l l a s

s o c i a l t e r m s n e e d t o be e v o l v e d f o r t h w i t h

t o e r a d i c a t e t h e e v i l s s o f o r g e n e r a t e d .

A new a p p r o a c h a s t o be a d o p t e d t o e n s u r e

e q u i t a b l e a n d b a l a n c e d r e g i o n a l

194

development, integration the

complementary roles of all types of

Industries big, medium, small and rural

and agriculture.

,WOMEN, ENTREPRENEURSHIP

199. PANTULU (N Kamaraju) and SWARAJYALAKSHMI

(C). Development of women

entrepreneurship in India. The Indian

Journal Of Commerce. 5 0,193; 1997, Dec;

141-4 .

A variety of programmes have been

undertaken in India for developing

entrepreneurship among women in India . A

multitude of institutions have been set

in the private as well as public sector i.

for this purpose . Women have become good

entrepreneurs they have prominent place

in the economic development. There is a

vast scope and area for the development

of women entrepreneur, ag r i cu l tu re

production, dairy industries-, poultry,

art, handicraft, pickle products, woollen

swetors, electronic goods, plastic items

etc. For this purpose various types of

inst i tut ions are providing f a c i l i t i e s

like finance, training and encouraging

195

them fo r s e l f employment f o r example

M a h a r a s t r a c e n t r e f o r e n t r e p r e n e u r

d e v e l o p m e n t , c e n t r a l s o c i a l w e l f a r e

b o a r d , women c o o p e r a t i o n bank , Shree

S h a k t i y o j a n a of SBI scheme of bank of

Maha r s t r a e t c .

^ ^INTEGRATION.

200. DANDEKAR (VM). I n t e g r a t i o n of women in

economic development. Economic And Po l i t i c a l

Weekly. 17; 1982, ,Oct 30; 1782-3.

The p a r t i c i p a t i o n of women in economic

development i s wel l known. This a r t i c l e

p r e s e n t some d a t a r e g a r d i n g women's

p a r t i c i p a t i o n in economic a c t i v i t y in

I n d i a and a g a i n s t t h i s backward d i s c u s s e s

t h e p r o b l e m s of i n c r e a s i n g women ' s

p a r t i c i p a t i o n in e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y .

Women's may c o n t r i b u t e t o and g e t f u l l y

i n t e g r a t e d in ecdnomic deve lopment .

Q^^W-INDEXES

196

AUTHOR INDEX A

Agarwal (Lata) ^ Ahluwalia (Isher Judge) 84 Ahmed (Syed Amjed) >̂̂ Alauddin (Mohammad) °^ Alexander (KC) 26 Alexander (RC) 18.68 Ambiga (P) 41 Anil Kumar 188 Ansari (HM) 52 Arif Khan 109 Athre (HVR) , 158 Azad (RN) 159

B Badar Alam Iqbal 31,32 Bagi (Faqir Singh) 105 Baldefe Singh 27.78,54 Banerjee (Deddas) 163 Banerjee(S) 108 Banerjee (V. Abhijit) 175 Bhadu (Brij) 48 Bhalla (GS) 33 Bharadwaj (Krishna) 40 Bhargava (Gopichang) 131 Bhatia (Pushkar) 44 Bhatt(W) 175 Bhattacharya (AB) . 193 Bhattacharya (Suhrendu) 66 Bhola (Ravi Kumar) 36 Boyce (K James) 30 Broadeway (AC) 152

C Chadge (Alka) 147 Chandrashekar (S) 184 Choudhari (SK) 8

D D Ram Shing 71 Daga(N,K) 179 Dandekar (VM) 200, Dantwala (ML) 09 Dennis (Ray) 56 Deshpande (LK) 106 Deve (Mahendrals) 10,25

197

Dcve (S Mahendra) Deve (SK) Dey (K Bata) Dhesi (AS) Dhesi (S) Dholakiya (JL) DP Singh

Eshy (Mujahid. Mukhtar

Gangadharan (TP) George (KM) George (ND) Ghani (E Jazm) Ghose (DN) Ghosh (BN) Ghosh (BN) Ghosh (Buddhadeb) Ghosh (Jyati) Gill (SS) Gopal (MACA) Gumber (Anil Kumar) Gyan Singh

Hali (R) Harnek Singh Hugar (LB) Husain (IZ)

E

G

H

7 45 3 47 168 107 71

11

149 148

157,63 127 79 120 120 128

67,100 146 143 113 136

59 12 116 121

Jain (BKS) Jain (BKS) Jain (LC) Jain (SK) Jain (SL) Jaspal Singh Jha (LK) John (Titus) Joshi (BK)

Kamal Singh Kamaraj (K) Kamaran (PK) Kamat (AR) Kamraj (N) Kaneda (Hiromtsa)

K

161 28

168 158

12 129,187

53 197 101

81 70 49

111 166

14

198

Kapoor(RC) 164 Khana Deepak 87 Kohli(PK) 164,188 Kothari (Sharti) 15 Kulkarin (SD) 195 Kulkarni (GN) 93 Kumar (Jasvindar) 73 Kumbhare (SL) 50 Kurianj(NJ) 117

L Laumas (S) 114

M M Y (Khan) 37 Mahapatra (D) 147 Mahatme (DB) 123 Majumdar (K) 16,74 Manohar(MS) 135 Mbat(0 David) 137 Mehta (Ashok) 97 Mehta (N Jivraj) 89 Mubherji (C) 198 Mubherji (RK) 191 Mukerji (B) 46 Mukhtar (EM) 11 Murari (Badlaln) 134

Nair (E narayanan) 17

Naresh Kumar 126 Nath (V) 130

O Oza (AN) 57

P Padhy (C Kishore) 38 Pani (BS) 65 Pantulu (M Kumaraja) 197 Papola (TS) 29 Parikh (S Kirti) 170 Patel (SK) 24 Patel (VG) 35 Patel VJ) . 145 Pathak (CR) 151 Paul (Samuel) 169 Peerjade (Sen) 86

199

Prasad (SK) Prikh (Alka) Puri (GG)

R Raghavachari (Vimla) Rai (C. Chanta) Raij Kant (D)

Raipuri (Kalyan) Raipuri Kalyan Raja (ST) Rajan (YS) Rajendar Kumar Rajendar Singh Raju (Sunetha) Ram (Vinay Bharat) Ramamurthi (SV) Raman (PS) Rana (SD) Rangarajan (C) Rao (D. Nagauvardhan) Rao (JS Narayan) Rao (Moheer P) Ravi Kumar Ray (Manshi)

Reddy (V Ratna) Rees (P Colin) Robinsin (Sherman) Roy (GO

S S Surender Kumar S.N. Singh S.P. Singh Sahu (Basudeb) Sahu (BN) Saibaba (G) Sakhalkar (SB) Samanta (RN) Sarabhai (Vikram) Sarkar (K Gautam) Satya-narain(B) Saxena (KK) Sebastian (M) Sen (Abhijet) Sen (Sudhir)

69 104

173 94 103

61,62 61,62 196 179 189 99 102 75 138 60 141 176 172 154 34 92 120 12 118 112 85

95 19 24 4

125 82 88 76 185 178

•0,174 171 155 62 180

200

Sengupta (Sovona) 42 Sethuraman (S) 140 Shah (Kapil) 77 Shah (Manubhai) 90 Shama(SS) 160 Sharma (Ajai) 190 Sharma (Anil) 98 Sharma (Hari Shankar) 51 Sharma (Satish) 194 Sharma (Subhash) 156 Sharma (Vinod) 96 Sharma(Rajiv) 5,80 Sinha (Ravi) 83 Sinha(RP) 181 Srivastva (KB) 153 Subhramaniyam (KS) 110 Sundaram(KV) 132 Swaninathan (MS) 149

T Tarlok Singh 182 Tekade (BT) 20 U Ujagar Singh 55 Uttam Kumar 06

V Vaidyanathan (A) 21 Velayudhan (TV) 39 Vera (Rank) 165 Verma (Govindas) 167 Verma (Jagedish Prasad) 192 Vidswans (MS) 133 Vithal (CP) 139

Y Yujiro 22

Z Zilberman (David) 15

201

TITLE INDEX

A case for global stiagegy 65 of development

A new Impetus to the development 103 of Infrastmcture

Administrative Coordination in 46 Community Development

Agricultural development 20 Agricultural development 21

Imperatives of Institutional Reforms Agricuftural development and 28

Coopration in Tamil Nadu Agricultural development and 12

Demographic Change Agricultural development and 22

International Perepective Agricultural development at 10

State and District level Agricultural development in 26

Ganga Nagar.Rajasthan Agricultural growth in West Bengal «S0

1949-50 to 1980-81 Agriculture and Rural development 170 Agro Industries: Key to Econonmc 33

prosperity Alternative Agricultural Development 17

Strategies and Income Ahemative Agricultural development 107

generation Appropriate Infrastmcture for 152

Rural Development in India Banldng and Economic Development 39 Behavioural Science and 07

Rural Development Birth rate and Economic development: 120

an Empirical explaration Capital Requirements of Bombay Plem 42

for economic development of India CD Programme and Rural 144

Economic Development Cochine stock exchange and 169

Kerela's development Communication channels for ' 43

parttcipatory development

202

Community development and Panchayti Raj

Community development in India

Cooperation and economic development

Cultural diamentions of development

Dairying and rural development Developing rural industries Development and participatoiv

democracy Development banking in India:

Role and problems Development coorporative way

. in Mayghalay Development of credit culture

in industry Development of India water

and power resources Development of irrigation Development of small enterprises Development of small scale

industries in Chittor district Development of transport

and economic growth Development of Khadi and

village industries in Ratnagiri Development of Petrochemical

industries in India Development of self reliant agro

food industry Development of transport Development of women

entrepreneurship in India Development priorities Development priorities: Practical issues of Development savings banks in India's third plan Development scenario:

need for attitudinal dynamics Diamentions and Indicators

of development Directions in agricultural

development Drifts in dairy development

46

44

182

49

147,148 94

154

39

40

79

124

104 164 166

193

86

90

78

194 197

61 methodology and modelling

40 66

68

15

50

62.

203

Early development ^ Eastern region Incentives " '

for developments Ecological impact of ^

dairy development Ecology and developments ^ Economic constraints on 29

development Economic development "^^

in Assam Economic development in Punjab 1>̂ 1 Economic development an 1

alternative approach Economic development and 106

labour increased interace Economic development with 105 surplay labour co welfaie criterion Economic of Population 122

and development Economic Survey 174 Education in Economic 52

development Efficiency diffeential in 181

wheat cultivation and their implication for development policies

Hectronic Industry 90 Elites and marses in .3

developmentparadigms Enviromental policies and 118

Economic development Environment and surteuable 18

aggricukura deve conflicts and Contridictions

Evaluation of development 130 Prograrnmes

Exports potentials of 191 India Rubber product

Fertilizer use and development 100 of institutional infrastmdure

Financial Notes 60 Five fold increase in 110

machine tools for ixiral producers organisation in India.

Full and rise of productivity 74 in India Industry

204

Glimpse of technologies 1 ' " A vision for India

Handloom development Policies 65 (critical apprisal)

Higher steel output 95 Impacr of education on ^^

farm production Impact of economic development "^"^

on mral artisans in Punjab Impact of rural industrialization 69

on village life and economy Improved technology for 24

agricultural development in Bihar In search of urban development 197

policy Increasing productivity in banks ^ 38

India's economic crises: New 4 dispensations and the poor

India's export of rayon and 187 synthetic fabrics

India's foreign trade in 1961 -62 190 India's tea economy strategy 178

for development India's tea industry 96 Indian agriculture markets heading 16 Indian economy since independence 2 Indian telephone industries 116 Industrial growth in India 94 Industrial development 72,76 Industrial development in , 82

the fourth five year plan Industrial development in 83

three five year plan Industrial development in 99

Uttar Pradesh Industrial development: 79 Industrial growth 77 Industrial herals growth in 71

1984-85 Industrial labour and economic 107

development in India Industrial progress during 98

third plan Industrializations and 150

airal development

205

infrastructure and dewloiJmont 1" 1 in tlie hill aiias

Integrated entieprencui-ship ^ ' development progranime

Integrated intensive fai-ming "^ system: Super highway for Asian smaU fai'm development

Integrated of women in 200 economic development

Integrated rural development 1 •'8 Integrated rural development ^^

programme: Role of banks Intensive agriculture development 9 Intergrade mral development 1-̂ 6, 138

progi'amme Khadi and village industries 65

in economic development Labour force and Indian 108

economic development level analysis Madras marches in step with 70

the nation Maharashtra's seventh plan . 88

accent on Industries Maharashtra's yeai- of 87

spectacular achievement: Benefits of planned development to poor

Maharashtra's agricultural 25 development: A blue print

Major constraints in agro 31 industries development in UP

Management of rural development 137 in developing economics: A suggestion policy approach

Management of rural development 153 in India: The case of decentralized planning

Mass media for agricultural 19 development

Mechanization of agricultural in 8 India. Policies issue migration in Gujrat: A district

Monetization, economic development 114 exigently of money

Need economic reforms and their 17 implications for local and regional development

Non conventional organisation for development: As theoretical analysises

Occupational choice and the process of development

Oilseed development project Panchayati raj of rural development:

Some basic issues Planning in India with reference

to industrial development Political economic development

in Maharashtra: A review oi the post independence period '

Population and economic development Population front of India's

economic development Poverty environment and

development Power development Power development in Bihar Priorities in plan allocation

in major Indian states Problem of tribal development

in Maharashtra Productivity efficiency and new

technology. The case for Indian Industry Progress of non-ferrous Industry Project management and industrial

development Promoting an entrepreneurship

development programme Punjab's development Rational expectations and

price behavior: A study of India Regional development disparities Regional disparities in banking

development in Tamil Nadu Report on general issues relating

to backward areas deve Research needs and opportunities

for development in Rajasthan Revaluation and recognitions

of rural development programme in Nagaland Review of India's export tirade Role of banks in regional

development

206

156

115

116 139

91

111

119 121

186

123 125 117

195

128

89 92

58

168 127

132 41

35

135

154

188 134

207

Role of education in ^•^ economic dovvlopmcnt

Role of prees in economic 126 development Role of technology in 180

economic development Rural development in 1^°

seventh plan Rural development in new 155

economic policy Rural development Involvement 162

of Voluntaiv agencies Rural development old ci-y 149

but new approach Rural development in Perspective 143 Rural development Planning 157

sectoral coordination VS integration Rural development through 159

village industry Rural development: Scope 161

of work for voluntary agencies Rural development: Shifts in 145

strategy Rural development: Some lesson 146

from past experiences Rural economic development 141 Rural Industrialization as a 151

development strategy Science, technology and economic 163

development in India: Analysis of divergence in historical perspective

Sectoral level of development in 113 Small industry development restmcturing 165

the institutional frame Specification of production functions 14

for analysing technique change and faster input in agricultural development

State and infrastructure development 100 Stmctural changes and growth in India an 117

input output approach Sugar, yesterday, today and tomonow 172 Taxation as a tool of redistribution in 156

developing economics Taxation of economic development 175 Technical education and 55

economic development

t

208

Technological international in rural 183 dairy development: A study

Technological Intevention in 18 Rural Dairy Development

Technology priorities for India's 184 development: Need for restructujing

Television for development 185 Terms of trade arxi economic 189

development in India The development of state tubewells ' 196 The effect of agricultural 23

development policies on income distribution and technological change in agriculture

The facets of the Indian 80 diamond industry

The green revolution and 64 economic development

The history of two agricultural 11 development and the role of Policy

The role of credit in agricultural 27 development: A case study of a backward Indian district Surendranagar The role of social mobility

The role of entrepreneurship in ' 56 economic development

The sugar factory and 173 rural development

Theories of economic growth & 112 development methodology and contain

Theory of comparative costs and 147 the level of development: Some extension. Today and tomorrow

Trends in Industrial development 73 Urban concentration and 198

economic development Village Industries as main plan of 160

rural development Wages and employment policy of 192

trade union in a developing economy