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AP Human GeographyUnit 5- Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Do Now: What is the message behind Chipotle’s video “Back to the Start”?

Field Note: Changing Greens

_____________________________________: Economic activities that involve the extraction of economically valuable products from the earth, including __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Secondary economic activities: Activities (e.g., __________________________) that take a primary product and change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings.

Tertiary economic activities are those service industries that-

Some analysts separate specialized services into ___________________and ______________________________, distinguishing between those services concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods (quaternary) and those tied to research or higher education (quinary).

In the United States, In the United States, total agricultural production is at an all-time high,

but the proportion of the labor force in agriculture is at an all-time low. The drive toward economic efficiency has meant that the average size of

farms (acres in production) in the United States has been growing, regardless of the kind of agricultural good produced.

Where Did Agriculture Originate? Invention of Agriculture

Prior to the advent of agriculture, all humans probably obtained needed food through _______________________.

Origins of agriculture cannot be documented with certainty, because it began before recorded history.

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• Before the advent of agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing were the most common means of subsistence throughout the world.

• The size of hunting and gathering clans varied according to climate and resource availability.

• Hunting and gathering communities in areas of _____________________could support larger populations.

Terrain and Tools• The first tools used in hunting were simple _______________—tree

limbs that were thin at one end and thick and heavy at the other.• The use of bone and stone and the development of

_______________made hunting far more effective.• The first opportunities to control _________ were offered by natural

conditions.• In addition to hunting game on land, humans harvested shellfish,

trapped fish by cutting small patches of standing water off from the open sea, and invented tools to catch fish, including __________, hooks, and ________________.

• Using tools and fire, human communities altered their environments, which helped to establish more reliable food supplies.

Agricultural Revolution The time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and

no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering was known as the __________________________.

Agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world:o Crop Hearths:

Southwest Asia: Early crops:

East Asia: Early crops:

Sub-Saharan Africa: Early crops:

Latin America: Early crops: Beans, cotton, _______________, and most

importantly ____________________.

Animal Hearths: Southwest Asia:

o Early domesticated animals:

Central Asia:

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o Early domesticated animals:

The First Agricultural Revolution Geographer Carl Sauer: the experiments necessary to establish

agriculture and settle in one place would occur in lands of plenty. Sauer suggested that ______________________________ may have been

where the first tropical plant domestication occurred, more than 14,000 years ago.

__________________: crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants.

__________________: plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds. The cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning of what has been

called the ___________________________________. The majority view is that the first domestication of seed plants took

place in the ____________________________. Some scholars believe that _________________________ began earlier

than plant cultivation, but others argue that animal domestication began as recently as ______________________—well after crop agriculture.

The advantages of animal domestication—their use as beasts of burden, as a source of meat, and as providers of _______________—stimulated the rapid diffusion of this idea among interlinked places and gave the _______________________ of Southwest Asia and elsewhere a new measure of security.

____________________________________ only five domesticated mammals are important throughout the world:

Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture ____________________________is the production of food primarily for

consumption by the farmer’s family.o Practiced primarily in ____________________.

____________________________ is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm.

Practiced primarily in _______________________.o Features that distinguish itself from subsistence agriculture

include: lower percentage of farmers in labor force, highly mechanized, and larger farm size.

Second Agricultural Revolution • Would move agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of

surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields.

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• Great Britain’s Enclosure Act:

• New technologies -• Mechanical ______________ perfected in 1831 by farmer

______________________.• Advances in breeding livestock.• Innovations in machinery that occurred with the Industrial Revolution in

the late 1800s and early 1900s helped sustain the Second Agricultural Revolution.

Understanding the Spatial Layout of Agricultureo Who was von Thünen?

1826 wrote down his ideas Noticed that one crop or commodity gave way to another

as one moved away from the market (city) Also noticed that farmers near the market produced very

different things than farmers far from the market

The Von Thünen model (including the ring of forest) is often described as the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.

Even when agricultural production does not conform to the concentric rings of von Thünen’s model, his underlying concern with the interplay of land use and transportation costs frequently still explains agricultural patterns.

Assumptions of the Model• The market is a central • The Isolated State is surrounded by forest• The terrain is homogeneous, flat, isotropic plane and has no rivers or

mountains. There are no ______________________ for farmers to bring their goods to market

• Soils and climate are even and consistent•

A “modernized” look

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Modern usefulness of von Thünen:What has changed? Preservatives –

Modern transport systems – containers, trucks, ships, planes - flowers flown into NYC from the Caribbean

Factories/Agribusiness or Industrial Agriculture Where do Farmer’s Markets fit into von Thünen?

Field Note“The technology of refrigeration has kept pace with the containerization of seaborne freight traffic. When we sailed into the port of Dunedin, New Zealand, I was unsure of just what those red boxes were. Closer inspection revealed that they are refrigeration units, to which incoming containers are attached. Meats and other perishables can thus be kept frozen until they are transferred to a refrigerator ship.”

Regional and Local Change• Shifts from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture have had

dramatic impacts on rural life.• Dramatic increases in the production of export crops have occurred at

the-

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• Environmental, economic, and social changes have affected local rural communities.

The Impacts of Agricultural Modernization on Earlier Practices Unlike hunting and gathering, subsistence farming continues to be a

relatively common practice in Africa, Middle America, tropical South America, and parts of Southeast Asia.

From 1500 to 1950, European powers sought to “_________________” the economies of their colonies by ending subsistence farming and integrating farmers into colonial systems of production and exchange.

The colonial powers would demand that farmers pay some __________.

The colonial powers would conduct soil surveys, build irrigation systems, and establish lending agencies that provided loans to farmers.

The Third Agricultural Revolution

o Also called the ____________________________o Dates as far back as the 1930s, when agricultural scientists in the

American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated-

o 1960s: o 1982: _____________ was produced, bred from 13 parents to achieve

genetic resistance against 15 pests and a growing cycle of 110 days under warm conditions.

o The Green Revolution also brought new high-yield varieties of _________________________ from the United States to other parts of the world, particularly South and Southeast Asia.

o Environmentalists have speculated about the impacts of pollen dispersal from genetically modified plants and the potential for __________________________ to spur the evolution of __________________.

o The large-scale ________________________ that is often part of Green Revolution agriculture can make farms vulnerable to changes in climate or the infestation of particular pests.

o Higher inputs of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and ______________ associated with Green Revolution agriculture can lead to reduced ______________________ in the soil and to ____________________________.

o Scientific American (2005) explains that the Green Revolution has done little to alleviate poverty in areas where most farmers still work small plots of land.

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o The need for capital from the West to implement Green Revolution technologies has led to a shift away from production for local consumers toward ________________________________.

• New Genetically Modified Foods• ________________________________________ are found in ___________

percent of all processed foods in the United States• Many of the poorer countries of the world do not have access to the

necessary _________________________________________________.• Ideological resistance to genetically engineered foods• In regions where seeds are a cultural commodity, reflecting agricultural

lessons learned over generations, many resist the invasion of foreign, genetically engineered crops.

• What imprint does agriculture make on the cultural landscape?• True farm villages, in which farming or providing services for farmers

are the dominant activities, are disappearing• ______________________________________: individual farmhouses lie quite

far apart and the land is intensively cultivated but by machine rather than by hand Ex:

• Nucleated settlement: the most prevalent rural residential pattern in agricultural areas

• Linear village: In many low-lying areas of Western Europe, villages are located on dikes and levees.

• Cluster village may have begun as a small hamlet at the intersection of two roads and then developed by accretion.

• Round village or rundling was first used by Slavic farmer-herdsmen in eastern Europe and was later modified by Germanic settlers.

• _________________________: as a means of protection.• Grid village:

• Functional Differentiation within Villages• ______________________________: reflected in the range in size and quality

of houses, representing their owners’ wealth and standing in the community.

• The functional differentiation of buildings within farm villages is more elaborate in some societies than in others.

• Protection of livestock and storage of harvested crops are primary functions of farm villages.

• ____________________________

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•

• ____________________________: The prevailing survey system throughout much of the United States, the one that appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields• The pattern of farms on the landscape in the interior of the

United States reflects the township-and-range system, with farms spaced by sections, half sections, or quarter sections.

• ____________________________: natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land.

• ____________________________: divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

• Boston and Phoenix-

• Examples of what this looks like on maps as the US expanded

• The World Map of Climates• Wladimir Köppen: _________________________________________________ for

classifying the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.

• Köppen’s map provides one means of understanding the distribution of ________________________ (areas with similar climatic characteristics) across the planet.

• The “no dry season” (Af) regions are -• The “short dry season” (Am) climate is known as the- • BW is desert and BS is-• “Dry summer” (C) climates are known as -• ____________________, where tundra and ice prevail, are found poleward

of (D) climates.

• Where is Agriculture Distributed?o Geographer Derwent Whittlesey identified _____________ agricultural

regions, plus an area where agriculture was nonexistent.o 5 present in developing countries

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o 6 present in developed countries

Agriculture in Developing Regionso

Pastoral nomadism-

Various approaches combine some reliance on sedentary agriculture with the herding of livestock.

Some pastoral nomads obtain grain from sedentary subsistence farmers.

More commonly, ____________________________ of a nomadic group tend to crops at a fixed location.

Nomads may hire worker to practice sedentary agriculture.

Some nomads will remain in a place and cultivate the land only when __________________ is abundant.

Shifting cultivation is characterized by two distinctive

features:1.

2. Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow for many years so the soil can recover.

o Farmers return to a __________________ as few as 6 years later or as many as 20 years later.

Land Ownership Today, private individuals now own land,

especially in Latin America.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

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Feeds most of the __________of the world’s people who live in developing countries.

Farmers work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land.

Virtually all available land is used for production. Parcels of land are much smaller than elsewhere in

world. Example

o Wet rice:

Intensive wet-rice farming is the dominant type of agriculture in the following places:

oo East Indiao Much of Southeast Asia

Climate prevents farmers from growing wet rice in portions of Asia, especially where summer precipitation levels are too low and winters are too harsh.

Cash Crops and Plantation Agricultureo Cash farming continues to provide badly needed money, even

if the conditions of sale to the urban industrial world are unfavorable.

o Occasionally, producing countries consider forming a ________________in order to present a united front to the importing countries and to gain a better price, as oil-producing states did during the 1970s.

o ________________________________: When cash crops are grown on large estates:

Plantations are colonial legacies that persist-

Political Influences on Agriculture

Cash crop: Colonial powers established a trading network that led to the

globalization of the cotton industry. Cotton cultivation expanded greatly when the Industrial

Revolution produced machines for ____________________, spinning,

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and weaving that increased productive capacity, brought prices down, and put cotton goods within the reach of mass markets.

Even as countries emerged from colonial control, they were left with a legacy of-

Tax regulations and subsidies favoring certain land uses.

Drug Agricultureo Because of the high demand for drugs—particularly in the

global economic core—farmers in the periphery often find it more profitable to cultivate _________________________________________ plants than to grow standard food crops.

o Drug cartels that oversee the drug trade have brought crime and violence to the places where they hold sway.

o Mexicans now control _________________________ largest drug markets in the United States.

Socio-cultural Influences on Agricultureo _________________, such as coffee:o In most cases coffee is produced on enormous, foreign-owned

plantations, where it is picked by local laborers who are hired at very _____________________________

o Fair trade: guarantees coffee producers a “fair trade price” of $1.40 per pound of coffee (plus bonuses of $0.30 per pound for organic)

o People’s changing tastes also shape the geography of agriculture (e.g., _________________)

Agriculture in Developed Regionso Commercial agriculture in developed countries can be divided

up into six main types: Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Dairy Farming Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming Grain Farming Mediterranean Agriculture Livestock Ranching

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o Agribusiness -

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmingo Most distinctive characteristic is the integration of crops and

livestock.

o Typical example devotes nearly all land area to growing crops but derives more than ¾ of its income from the sale of animal products. e.g.

o Permits farmers to distribute the workload more evenly through the year, because crops require less attention, aside from planting and harvesting them.

o Typically involves ______________________, practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

___________________________o Most important type of commercial agriculture in the first ring

outside the large cities because of transportation factors.o Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied is

known as the _____________________ Advancements in modes of transportation have

increased the radius of milksheds to 500 km. (__________________

o Process Dairy farmers typically sell their milk-

Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farmingo Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S.o Commonly referred to as __________________ from the Middle

English word, truck, meaning “bartering” or “exchange of commodities.”

o Grow many of the following fruits and vegetables that consumers in developed countries demand:

Asparagus Cherries Mushrooms

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o Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing.

o Truck farms are highly efficient large-scale operations that take full advantage of _______________________at all stages of the growing process.

o Labor costs are kept down by hiring __________________________.

o Specialization in a few crops is common.

Grain Farmingo Distinguished from mixed crop and livestock farming, because

crops are grown primarily for __________________________.o Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products,

such as _________________________________.o Characteristics of a Typical Grain Farm

Farms large in areal extent Oriented to consumer preferences

Mediterranean Agriculture Every site practicing this form of agriculture borders a sea, and

most are on west coasts of continents.o Prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate the

winter temperatures. Farmers derive a smaller percentage of income from animal

products. Most crops are grown for human consumption.

o _______________________, which is the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and tree crops form the commercial base.

Along the Mediterranean Sea, __________________________ are two most important __________________.

o Approximately half of the land here is used to grow cereals.

Livestock Ranchingo Ranching –

o

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o Practiced in developed countries where vegetation is too sparse and soil too poor to support crops.

o Historically, -

o Today, ranching has become part of the meat-processing industry where new methods of breeding and sources of water and feed are embraced.

National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences identifies four major issues that affect food security worldwide:1.

2.3. Increasingly energy-intensive food production methods in a world of

shrinking fossil fuel resources4. Expanding use of food crops for-

Hungry Planet- http://time.com/8515/hungry-planet-what-the-world-eats/

Why Do People Consume Different Foods?o Diet

______________________________ is the amount of food that an individual consumes.

Consumption of food varies around the world, both in total amount and source of nutrients, for two reasons.

o Source of Nutrients Developed and developing regions typically differ most

in their primary sources of protein consumed. Developed Countries

Leading source of protein is ooo

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http://time.com/8515/hungry-planet-what-the-world-eats/


Developing Countries Leading source of protein is

o Nutrition and Hunger ___________________________ is dietary energy

consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

UN estimates __________________ people in world are undernourished.

o 99% located in developing countries Worldwide, the total number of undernourished

people has not changed much in several decades.

The Challenge of Feeding Everyoneo Inadequate distribution systems and widespread poverty.o Some of the most fertile, productive farmlands are lost to

housing and retail developments.o Commercial agricultural areas are converted into regions for

second homes.o Population growth and the loss of agricultural land help to

explain why global food prices have been on the rise for more than a decade.

o Food deserts -

U.S. Obesity-

Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?o Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries

Subsistence farmers must feed an increasing number of people because of ______________________________ in developing countries.

Food supply increased through intensification of production via new farming methods and leaving land fallow for shorter periods of time.

Subsistence farmers must grow food for ____________ instead of for direct consumption due to the adoption of the international trade approach to development.

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Consumers in developed countries are willing to pay high prices for fruits and vegetables that would otherwise be _________________________.

o Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries Overproduction in Commercial Farming

Commercial farmers suffer from __________________, because they are capable of producing more food than is demanded by consumers in developed countries.

o Demand is stagnant in developed countries because of _________________________________.

U.S. Government has formed policies that attempt to address excess production.

o Farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply.

o The government pays farms when certain _________________________________________.

o The government buys _____________ and sells or donates it to foreign governments.

Importance of Access to Markets Geographers use the von Thünen model to help

explain the importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms.

Specific crops are grown in different rings around cities

o 1st ring: o 2nd ring: Items more difficult to transport e.g.

woodo 3rd ring: Various crops and pasture landso 4th ring:

von Thünen’s model can be scaled up for national and global markets.

Strategies to Increase the World’s Food Supplyo Four strategies are being employed to distribute food to

everyone in the world:1.2.

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3.4.

1. Increasing Exports from Countries with Surpluses On a global scale, agricultural products are moving primarily

from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere.o U.S. remains the world’s leading exporter of grain

Global share has decreased from 18 to 19 percent in

the 1970s to _______________ percent in the 21st century because of more rapid increased in agricultural exports from Latin America and Southeast Asia.

2. Expanding Agricultural Land

Farmland in some regions is being abandoned for lack of water. o Other land degradation that makes land resemble a desert-

like state caused by humans is known as __________________________.

3. Expanding Fishing __________________________________________________ is the

cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions, whereas fishing is the capture of wild fish and other seafood.

Human consumption of fish and seas has increased from 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 110 million metric tons in 2010.

Global fish production has increased from approximately 36 to 145 million metric tons.

o Only 2/3 of fish caught from the ocean is consumed directly by humans.

4. Increasing Productivity Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural

techniques during the 1970s and 1980s is called the green revolution.

o Introduced new higher-yield seedso Expanded use of fertilizers

_____________________________ allowed agricultural productivity to outpace population growth.

o “miracle wheat seed”o “miracle rice seed”

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o “miracle high-yield maize (corn)”

Sustainable Agricultureo Sustainable agriculture are agricultural practices that

preserve and enhance environmental quality.o Three principal practices distinguish sustainable picture

(and, at its best, organic farming) from conventional agriculture:

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