Accomplishments of AthensAccomplishments of Athens

II. II. Words to know:Words to know: 1. 1. PoliPoli -independent city-state-independent city-state 2. 2. MonarchyMonarchy -Poli ruled by 1 King-Poli ruled by 1 King 3. 3. AristocracyAristocracy -Poli ruled by rich nobles-Poli ruled by rich nobles 4. 4. DemocracyDemocracy -Poli ruled by the people-Poli ruled by the people

II. II. Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy1. 1. SolonSolon

a. Helped create Greek Democracya. Helped create Greek Democracy

2. 2. Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

a. Most male citizensa. Most male citizens

participate in participate in

decision makingdecision making

Greek Democracy

II. II. Athenian DemocracyAthenian Democracy Continued… Continued…

3. 3. AssemblyAssembly a. Law makersa. Law makers4. 4. Council of 500Council of 500 a. Supervise Greek Militarya. Supervise Greek Military5. 5. 10 Generals10 Generals a. Athenian Military Leadersa. Athenian Military Leaders6. 6. JuryJury a. 200 Aristocrats who a. 200 Aristocrats who vote on trials.vote on trials.*Slaves , women and children *Slaves , women and children were barred from participation were barred from participation in Direct Democracyin Direct Democracy

Greek Architecture in AmericaGreek Architecture in America Left to right:Left to right: Lincoln MemorialLincoln Memorial U.S. Supreme CourtU.S. Supreme Court Jefferson MemorialJefferson Memorial

Greek Architecture

Great Minds of AthensGreat Minds of AthensI. I. SocratesSocrates

1. Learn by questioning1. Learn by questioning

a. “Socratic Method”a. “Socratic Method”

2. Find truth in self2. Find truth in self

3. Question everything3. Question everything

a. Executeda. Executed Corrupting the minds of Students”Corrupting the minds of Students”

II. II. AristotleAristotle

1. Opened Lyceum1. Opened Lyceum

a. School of philosophy a. School of philosophy

b. Logic & Politicsb. Logic & Politics

Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens was seeking to recover from humiliating defeat, the Athenian public court was induced by three leading public figures to try Socrates for impiety and for corrupting the youth of Athens. According to Dr Will Beldam he was the first person to question everything and everyone, and apparently it offended the leaders of this time. He was found guilty as charged, and sentenced to drink hemlock, which cost him his life.

Aristotle differed from Plato in some of his views and beliefs. While Aristotle agreed with Plato that the cosmos is designed in a rational way, Aristotle thought that the universal could be found in particular things, while Plato believed the universal exists apart from particular things. Plato focused on mathematics and metaphysics, while Aristotle focused on physics, mechanics, and biology (nature). Despite these differences, after Plato's death in 347 B.C.E., Aristotle continued in his association with other Platonists.

Great Minds of AthensGreat Minds of Athens Continued… Continued…

III. III. PlatoPlato

1. Opened the “Academy”1. Opened the “Academy”

a. Philosophya. Philosophy

b. Scienceb. Science

c. Mathematicsc. Mathematics

d. Governmentd. Government

IV. IV. HerodotusHerodotus

1. “11. “1stst Historian” Historian”

a. Historical accounts ofa. Historical accounts of

Greek WarsGreek Wars b. b. “Those who wish not “Those who wish not

understand history areunderstand history are

condemned to relive it…”condemned to relive it…”

Plato (428 - 348 BC) Greek philosopher who was the pupil of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle - and one of the most influential figures in 'western' thought. He founded what is said to be the first university - his Academy (near Athens) in around 385 BC. Plato's early works (dialogues) provide much of what we know of Socrates (470 - 399BC). In these early dialogues we see the use of the so called Socratic method. This is a question and answer form of arguing with an 'expert' on one side and a 'searcher' on the other. In the dialogues, the questioning of the expert by the 'searcher' often exposes gaps in the reasoning. Part of this can be put down to Plato's dislike of the Sophists (particularly as teachers of rhetoric) and his concern that teachers should know their subject.

The Greek researcher and storyteller Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE) was the world's first historian. In The Histories, he describes the expansion of the Achaemenid empire under its kings Cyrus the Great, Cambyses and Darius I the Great, culminating in king Xerxes' expedition in 480 BCE against the Greeks, which met with disaster in the naval engagement at Salamis and the battles at Plataea and Mycale. Herodotus' remarkable book also contains excellent ethnographic descriptions of the peoples that the Persians have conquered, fairy tales, gossip, legends, and a very humanitarian morale. (A summary with some historical comments can be found here.)