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Addressing Radial Feeder Challenges with Microgrids

Prof. SP DANIEL Chowdhury (NRF C1 - Rated)

C.Eng, FIET, FIE, FIETE, SMIEEE, PrEng, SMSAIEE

Contact: +27 (0) 713519332 (Cell)

Email : [email protected]

[email protected]

Prof. SP DANIEL Chowdhury (NRF C1 - Rated)

C.Eng, FIET, FIE, FIETE, SMIEEE, PrEng, SMSAIEE

Contact: +27 (0) 713519332 (Cell)

Email : [email protected]

[email protected]

Agenda

1. Background at a glance

2. Current Practice

3. Hybridisation Paradigm

4. Performance Improvement

5. Way forward – HESS ??

Prof SP Daniel Chowdhury

Live your life. Create your destiny.

Tshwane University of Technology

Pretoria West, South Africa

Technikons



Main Campus Administrative Building

Covering 4 provinces by 12 campuses




Teaching and Learning

Research and Innovation

Community Engagement

2700

Permanent

Staff

855 Academics


7 Faculties

Prof. SP DANIEL Chowdhury (NRF Rated)Finalist of dti Technology Award 2013


P.K. Sadhu

Professor

Application of High Frequency Inverter in Induction Heating. 2002

J.K. Das

MD, DVC

Development of a Complete Restoration Plan for An Interconnected Power

System through Knowledge Based Algorithm

2004

S. Bhuyan

Professor

Development of Application Tools for Power System Operation and Planning 2006

P. Mitra, ABB

Sr Manager

Neuro-Fuzzy Based Power System Stabilizer and Automatic Voltage

Regulator in Small Signal Stability

2007

K. Mitra

Professor

Competitive Strategies in the Marine Transportation Industry : Case of the

Kolkata Port Trust

2007

A.K. Saha

Sr Lecturer

Fuzzy Neural Network Based Computing Models for Electric Load

Forecasting

2009

A.K.Basu

Assoc Prof

Microgrid : Design of its Energy Management System 2012

P. Basak

Asst Prof

Distributed Energy Resources Integration : An Emerging Power Scenario 2012

A. Sinha, MD

Cape Gemini

ERP- based Power Plant Management 2013

L Ramesh

Assoc Prof

Distribution system management and loss minimization 2014


Simplice Noubissie An efficiency control algorithm for building automation systems in government buildings in South Africa (CSIR Scholarship holder)

2018

Nhamo Dhlamini The impact of large penetration of photovoltaic generation on the utility grid: A case study for South Africa.

2018

Maxwell Sibanyoni A Study on Synchronization of single phase inverters in South African grid with high degree of penetration of renewable energy

2018

Macdonald Nko Investigation of storage facility for renewable energy system using solar power plant as base source: A case study for South Africa

2018

Hugues Kazeza Optimization of a Solar PV based Water Pumping Systems 2018

Prosper Tembe A study on the residential energy efficiency programme framework in South Africa.

2018

Banjo Aderemi Dynamic Energy Saving for Hybrid Powered Mobile Cellular Base Station

2018

Mpho Lencwe Performance enhancement of Lead Acid-Super Capacitor hybrid battery

2018

Raymond Kene Performance Prediction of Photovoltaic Arrays 2018

Agenda


2. Current Practice





Distributed Generation

Distributed Generation (DG)/Distributed Energy Resources (DER)

: Generating power locally at distribution voltage level through non-

conventional/renewable energy sources.

Accepted attributes of DG :

- not centrally planned by the power utility, nor centrally dispatched

- small to medium capacity DERs (w.r.t. generating capacity of the

utility) connected to MV and LV utility grid

Generation Technologies: Wind turbines, Solar Photovoltaic, Fuel

Cells, Microturbines

Energy sources : wind power, sunlight, hydrocarbons, biofuels, natural

gas, landfill gas, geothermal energy, etc.

Why Distributed Generation? Gradual depletion of fossil fuel,

Poor energy efficiency, Environmental pollution, Global warming and

climate change

Active Distribution Network


Major Transition

Passive distribution networks with unidirectional power flow

Active distribution networks with bidirectional power flow

Passive and Active Distribution Networks

Presence of DG/DER in Distribution networks

Why Active Distribution Networks?

Better power quality and reliability

Integrating renewable DERs & energy storage devices

Carbon commitment in reducing emissions

Asset utilization and management by deferral of new

investment

Microgrids


Small scale, LV, CHP, Active Distribution

Networks:

-Conglomerate of DERs and loads at LV

- Small scale DERs are called Microsources.

-Microsource Controllers and power electronic

interfaces maintain power quality and energy

output.

- Microgrids are single controlled units that meet

local energy needs for reliability and security.

Typical Microgrid Structure

Transactive Energy through Justgrids by Prof SP Daniel Chowdhury

415V

Microgrid 415V

CB4 CB2

CB1

FEEDER B

41

5V

MIC

RO

GR

ID B

US

FR

OM

6K

V M

AIN

GR

ID B

US

CHP

SOURCE

MC

HEAT

LOAD

STORAGE

DEVICE

MC

NON-CHP

SOURCE

MC

CB3

CHP

SOURCE

MC

HEAT

LOAD

NON-CHP

SOURCE

MC

STORAGE

DEVICE

MC

MICROGRIDMAIN GRID

FEEDER A

FEEDER C

CC

6K

V/4

15

V

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N

TR

AN

SF

OR

ME

R

IN M

AIN

GR

ID

CC – Central Controller

MC – Microsource Controller

CB – Circuit Breaker

SCB – Sectionalising Circuit Breaker

CHP – Combined Heat and Power

SCBSCB

SCBSCB

Network Management Needs


Microsource Generation Control

Load Balancing, Maximum energy saving, Load Prioritizing

Thermal Process Control

Control and monitoring, Joint optimization of heat and

electricity, Heat recovery from the sources

Energy Storage

Controlling energy storage devices for uninterruptible supply

during contingencies and disturbances

Regulation and Load Shifting

Smoothing out the electrical load with storage devices and

Load Shifting

Ancillary Services

Voltage regulation, spinning reserve, peak shaving, riding

through grid voltage

Microgids Operation



hury


LAB CharacteristicsBattery

Technology Advantages Disadvantages

LABs

Low cost Heavy and bulky

Available in large quantities Unsuitable for fast charging

Abuse-resistant Short lifespan

High tolerance to overcharge

High self-discharge during high

temperature

In-built self-balancing mechanism

Limited energy density (30 -

40Wh/kg)

Low internal resistance consequently

deliver very high current Not good for the environment

Amenable to float-charging and trickle-

charging


LIB CharacteristicsBattery


LIBs

Smaller and lighter Moderate initial cost

High charging rate Degrades at high temperature

High energy and power density per unit

mass Need for protective circuitry

High energy efficiency

Sensitive to overcharge and

deep discharge

No memory effects

Relative long lifespan

High capacity

High rate and High [power discharge

capability

Low self-discharge

No maintenance required

Broad temperature range of operation


SC CharacteristicsBattery


SCs

Virtually Unlimited Life Cycle Low Energy Density

High power density, Low resistance, High

Load Current Quite High Cost per Watt

Super Fast Charging (in Seconds), No End-

of-Charge Requirement

Linear Discharge prevents Full

Energy Spectrum

Simple Charging, No Problem of

Overcharging High Self-Discharge

Safe, Forgiving if Abused Low Cell Voltage

Excellent Low Temperature

Charge/Discharge Performance


Comparison of LAB-LIB-SC BESS

Energy

Density

(Wh/kg)

Power

density

(W/kg)

Nominal

Voltage ( V)

Cycle

life

life-

span

(year)

Self-

discharge/

Month

Cost

($/kWh

)

LAB 30 -50 100 - 250 2 200-

300

2 – 5 2% 50 – 65

LIBs 100-200 100-28k 3.7 500-

1000

7 -12 2 -10% 500-600

SC 5-15 >10k 2.5 600-

1400

8 -15 2 -10% 1000-

5000


Comparison of HBESS

Agenda


2. Current Practice






hury

Battery Management Strategy


Agenda


2. Current Practice





What Africa needs for Energy Poverty

Alleviation

Probably the answer is embedded in the

recent activities of the Department of

Energy!

Tapping Energy from Hybrid

Distributed Energy Resources

With Hybrid Battery Energy Storage

Systems

Prof. SP DANIEL Chowdhury (NRF Rated)

Courtesy: California Public Utilities Commission Policy & Planning divison

Microgrid Bricks

Community Grids in Pretoria Townships


Courtesy:- Waldemar Bussiahn

Prof. SP DANIEL Chowdhury (NRF C1-Rated)Finalist of dti Technology Award 2013

addressing radial feeder challenges prof. sp daniel ... · prof sp daniel chowdhury lab...

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