ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN RESISTANT DESIGN

ContentsContents IIntroductionntroduction seismologyseismology What is earthquakeWhat is earthquake What causes earthquakeWhat causes earthquake Zone of earthquakeZone of earthquake How earthquake causes damageHow earthquake causes damage Construction method Construction method Protection against earthquake damageProtection against earthquake damage Dampers & earthquake resistant expansion jointDampers & earthquake resistant expansion joint Engineering structure Engineering structure conclusionconclusion

IntroductionIntroduction Whenever there is an earthquake related Whenever there is an earthquake related

disaster in the news with collapsed disaster in the news with collapsed buildings &other structure all over the buildings &other structure all over the place, one may think that earthquake place, one may think that earthquake resistant design(EQRD) of structure are resistant design(EQRD) of structure are still in dark age. Thus we desperately still in dark age. Thus we desperately need advanced earthquake resistant need advanced earthquake resistant design to make structure less vulnerable design to make structure less vulnerable to earthquake even for large earthquake.to earthquake even for large earthquake.

Seismology is the branch of Geophysics concerned with the study and analysis of Earthquakes and the science of energy propagation through the Earth's crust.

Engineering Seismology is concerned with the solution of engineering problems connected with the Earthquakes. Seismology is extremely important because:

Study of earthquakes gives us important clues about the earth’s interior

Understanding earthquakes allows us to minimize the damage and loss of life

What is an earthquake?What is an earthquake?An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of accumulated energy in elastically strained rocks

Energy released radiates in all directions Energy released radiates in all directions from its source, the from its source, the focusfocus Energy propagates in the form of seismic Energy propagates in the form of seismic waveswaves Sensitive instruments around the world Sensitive instruments around the world record the eventrecord the event

What causes an earthquake?What causes an earthquake?Movement of Tectonic Plates

Earth is divided into sections called Tectonic plates that float on the fluid-like interior of the Earth. Earthquakes are usually caused by sudden movement of earth plates

Rupture of rocks along a faultFaults are localized areas of weakness in the surface of the Earth,sometimes the plate boundary itself

Release of Accumulated energyRelease of Accumulated energy

How Earthquake CausesHow Earthquake CausesDamageDamage

The severe shaking produced by The severe shaking produced by seismic waves can damage or seismic waves can damage or destroy building & bridges , topple destroy building & bridges , topple utility poles & fracture gas and utility poles & fracture gas and water mains.water mains.

S wave can put stress on building to S wave can put stress on building to tear them apart. Also trigger tear them apart. Also trigger landslide or avalanches.landslide or avalanches.

Construction MethodsConstruction Methods Base-isolation are designed in Base-isolation are designed in

buildings . It is a building designed buildings . It is a building designed to reduce amount of energy that to reduce amount of energy that reaches the building during reaches the building during earthquake.earthquake.

Flexible joints and automatic shut off Flexible joints and automatic shut off valves can be installed.valves can be installed.

PROTECTING AGAINST EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

Prepare a Seismic Risk Map for the globe which identifies rock types, liquefaction potential, landslide potential.

Extensive geologic surveying has to be done to identify all active faults, including hidden faults.

Earthquake Resistant Design of StructuresEnact building codes to design and build earthquake-resistant structures in high seismic risk areas. wood, steel and reinforced concrete are preferred as they tend to move with the shaking ground (unreinforced concrete and heavy masonry tend to move independently and in opposition to the shaking, battering one another until the structure collapses)

Earthquake resistant Earthquake resistant expansion joint(ERJ)expansion joint(ERJ)

Engineered StructureEngineered Structure Buildings need Buildings need to be designed and constructed to be designed and constructed

as per the building by laws to withstand ground as per the building by laws to withstand ground shaking. Architectural and engineering inputs shaking. Architectural and engineering inputs need to be put together to improve building need to be put together to improve building design and construction practices. The soil type design and construction practices. The soil type needs to be analyzed before construction. needs to be analyzed before construction. Building structures on soft soil should be Building structures on soft soil should be avoided. Buildings on soft soil are more likely to avoided. Buildings on soft soil are more likely to get damaged even if the magnitude of the get damaged even if the magnitude of the earthquake is not strong . Similar problems earthquake is not strong . Similar problems persist in the building constructed on the river persist in the building constructed on the river banks which have alluvial soil.banks which have alluvial soil.

ConclusionConclusion In the coming years the work in the In the coming years the work in the

field of EQRD is very important to field of EQRD is very important to have safe structures which can take have safe structures which can take the effect of earthquake with less the effect of earthquake with less damage to the society.damage to the society.

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