AE 610: Survey of Art Education

Fall 2011

Agenda Legislation No Child Left Behind Current activity in Washington TN Legislation Pedagogy Presentation Peer Check Reminders

No Child Left Behind

What led up to NCLB?

NCLB has to date been the most far-reaching piece of legislation to impact education, but it’s roots began in other key pieces of legislation which enabled the federal government to become more involved in what had traditionally been a state issue.

What led up to NCLB?Group Assignment Instructions: Read the slide that your group is

given. Prepare a brief presentation that tells the name of the legislation, the date it was passed, and what is was about.

Preparation time: 3 minutes Presentation time : 1 minute

NDEA-1958

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Public Law 85-864, is a United State Act of Congress, passed in 1958 providing aid to education in the United States at all levels, both public and private. NDEA was instituted primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages; but it has also provided aid in other areas, including technical education, area studies, geography, English as a second language, counseling and guidance, school libraries and librarianship, and educational media centers. One of its purposes was to keep the United States ahead of the Soviet Union during the space race through education. Sputnik

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, July 2, 1964) was landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin: in voting, employment, and public services, such as transportation. Originally conceived to protect the rights of African-Americans, the bill was amended prior to passage to protect the civil rights of everyone, and explicitly included women for the first time. It also started the Equal Employment Opportunity group.

ESEA-1965

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Pub.L. 89-10, 79 Stat. 77, 20 U.S.C. ch.70) is a United States federal statute enacted April 11, 1965. The Act is an extensive statute which funds primary and secondary education. As mandated in the Act, the funds are authorized for educators’ professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and parental involvement promotion. The Act was originally authorized through 1970, but it has been reauthorized every five years since enactment.

Title I Funding-to distribute funding to schools and school districts with more than 40% of students from low-income families.

A Nation at Risk-1983

A Nation at Risk was the popular title of the 1983 report of American President Ronald Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education. The report called for greater federal support of education and included the claim that the nation was threatened by "a rising tide of mediocrity." A Nation At Risk is a reform based on the development of standards-based curricula. The focus is on outcomes of education in relation to standards of achievement, the idea being that student achievement and instructional programs were likely to improve. Ironically, President Reagan used the occasion of the release of the report to introduce a series of education reforms, including many that were later adopted by Congress, although they were not specifically included in the report.

IDEA-1990

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a United States federal law, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., (October 30, 1990) most recently amended in 2004, meant to ensure FAPE , a free appropriate public education) for students with disabilities, designed to their individualized needs in the Least Restrictive Environment. The act requires that public schools provide necessary learning aids, testing modifications and other educational accommodations to children with disabilities. The act also establishes due process in providing these accommodations. Children whose learning is hampered by disabilities not interfering with their ability to function in a general classroom, may qualify for similar accommodations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1975 or the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

Goals 2000 (1994)

The National Education Goals were set by the U.S. Congress in the 1990s to set goals for standards-based education reform. Many of these goals were based on the principles of outcomes-based education, and not all of the goals were attained by the year 2000 as was intended. This is seen by many as the predecessor to No Child Left Behind which mandated measurable improvement in student achievement across all groups. Goals 2000 established a framework in which to identify world-class academic standards, to measure student progress, and to provide the support that students may need to meet the standards. The Goals 2000: Educate America Act (P.L. 103-227) was signed into law on March 31, 1994. The Act provides resources to states and communities to ensure that all students reach their full potential. It is based on the premise of outcomes-based education that students will reach higher levels of achievement when more is expected of them. Congress appropriated $105 million for fiscal year 1994. States submitted applications to develop school improvement plans, and make subgrants to local schools, and awards for preservice and professional development

*National Standards are presented to the US Secretary of Education

NCLB-2001

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110), commonly known as NCLB, is a United States federal law signed on January 8, 2002 that reauthorizes a number of federal programs that aim to improve the performance of U.S. primary and secondary schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which schools their children will attend. Additionally, it promotes an increased focus on reading and re-authorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). NCLB is the latest federal legislation (another was Goals 2000) which enact the theories of standards-based education reform, formerly known as outcome-based education, which is based on the belief that high expectations and setting of goals will result in success for all students. The act also requires that the schools distribute the name, home phone number and address of every student enrolled to military recruiters.

Major ideas of NCLB The most sweeping revision and reauthorization of the

Elementary and Secondary Act (ESEA) signed on Jan. 8, 2002. (However there are some differences. Primarily ESEA allocated grant money to low–income schools to acquire supplies, more capable personnel and other educational materials, NCLB offers grant money as an incentive driven primarily by test scores.)

Redefines the federal role in education Goal is to close the achievement gap among children NCLB was passed right after the Sept 11 attack when Bush’s

popularity rating was very high.

Intent of NCLB

According to the U.S. Department of Education, NCLB is intended to hold schools accountable for student achievement, return control of education to local authorities, and encourage instruction methods to be based upon research. NCLB’s main premise is to: Provide all children with a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education.

Four Pillars of NCLB1) Accountability

2) Flexibility

3) Research-based education

4) Parent options Key terms: Best Practices, Standards, Assessments, Adequate

Yearly Progress, Report Cards Core academic subjects are: Mathematics, English, Reading,

Language Arts, Science, Foreign Language, Civics and Government, Economics, Arts, History or Geography.

Proponents maintain that NCLB ...

improves the quality of teachers in public schools closes the racial gap with common expectations across the board

increased the test scores of certain demographic groups

Critics maintain that NCLB ... •is not fully funded, which forces states to saddle the extra costs or risk losing federal grant money. According to an estimate by the National Association of State Boards of Education, federal funds only cover 69% of the testing costs associated with NCLB which is estimated to be between$1.9 billion and $5 billion.

Critics maintain that NCLB ...

•uses standardized testing as the main variable used in assessment forcing teachers to teach to the test, which produces lopsided lesson plans.

•Challenges states’ autonomy. Education has historically been a local and state responsibility, and federal regulation.

•Targets low-performing students; gifted children are being ignored and are migrating to private schools, which are exempt from the act.

Critics maintain that NCLB ...

•Emphasizes certain subjects at the expenseof others

Five Main Performance Goals of NCLBGoals are admirable, but are they feasible?Performance goal 1: By 2013-2014, all students will reach high standards, at

minimum attaining proficiency or better in reading/language arts and mathematics. Do all children (no matter their ability) learn at the same rate?

Performance goal 2: All limited English proficient students will become proficient in English and reach high academic standards, at a minimum attaining proficiency or better in reading/language arts and mathematics. Is this feasible with the number of immigrants (both legal and illegal) coming into this country?

Performance goal 3: By the 2005-06 school year, all students will be taught by highly qualified teachers in the 10 “core” subjects. Consider students with special needs.

Performance goal 4: All students will be educated in learning environments that are safe, drug free, and conducive to learning. Fundable?

Performance goal 5: All students will graduate from high school. Feasible?

Ten Major Effects of NCLB from the Center on Education Policy-March ‘07

1. State and district officials report that student achievements on state tests is rising

2. Schools are spending more time on reading and math sometimes at the expense of subjects not tested.

3. School are paying more attention to the alignment of curriculum and instruction and are analyzing test score data.

4. Low performing schools are undergoing makeovers rather than radical restructuring.

5. School and teachers have made progress in showing HQ, but teachers are skeptical that this has improved education

6. Students are taking a lot more tests.7. School are paying much more attention to achievement gaps and the

learning needs of particular groups of students.8. The percentage of schools on state “needs improvement” lists has

been steady, but is not growing. (About 10%) 9. The federal government is playing a bigger role in education.10. NCLB requirements have meant that state governments and school

districts also have expanded roles in school operation but without adequate funding.

Reauthorization of NCLB• 2007 - Both the House and Senate passed the Labor-

HHS- Education appropriation bill which included reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act. However, the bill was vetoed by President Bush because it exceeded his budget request.

• Has been on hold due to other Congressional concerns

What is happening right now:

Flexibility for No Child Left Behind• http://www.ed.gov/esea

NEA/ Real-World Effects of NCLB

What HURTS our ability to educate kids? Measuring school success exclusively by test scores narrows

the curriculum by making schools teach to the test-"If it's not on the test, kiss it good-bye."

Testing that crowds out learning. Failure to acknowledge educators' success, when they take

on the tough work of helping students who start out below grade level and whose students make significant academic gains-"NCLB punishes teachers working in at-risk schools."

One-size-fits-all formulas that do not recognize the individual needs of students-"Our school's goal was to help only those who may be able to pass."Inflexible "highly qualified" teacher and education support professional provisions hinder the recruitment and retention of quality educators.

NEA/ Real-World Effects of NCLB

What would HELP us educate kids better? Measuring school success based on assessment of student

learning over time using multiple indicators. Small class sizes to improve student achievement and close

achievement gaps. Assessments that measure higher-order thinking and problem-

solving skills to help students prepare for life in the 21st century.

Tools and resources such as relevant professional development planned with the input of educators that broadens and deepens knowledge, skills, and abilities and provides continuous professional growth.

Mentoring that provides time for new teachers to meet and work with their mentors.

Programs that foster parent involvement and community engagement.

Current Legislation and Art Education

Arts Education FundingIn May, the “Setting New Priorities in Education Spending Act” (HR 1891) was introduced for the purpose of eliminating 43 existing federal education programs, including Arts in Education, within the U.S. Department of Education (USDE). On May 25, the House Education & Workforce Committee approved HR 1891 by a party-line vote of 23 Republicans to 16 Democrats. This eliminates, at the committee level, the only discrete arts education program funded by the USDE. Citing redundancies and ineffectiveness, the subcommittee stated that arts education funds are available in the other titles of No Child Left Behind making the professional and model development grants unnecessary or duplicative. An amendment sponsored by Reps. Rush Holt (D-NJ), Susan Davis (D-CA), David Wu (D-WA) and Lynn Woolsey (D-CA) sought to restore those specific program activities but was defeated on a party line vote.

• For the latest information Operational Resources, Federal Arts Funding, Arts Education Policy, Federal Tax Policy, Artist Visa Immigration, House and Senate Caucuses visit http://artsusa.org/get_involved/advocacy/advocacy_013.asp

2007-What the public thinks… The 2007 Phi Delta Kappa International Gallup on Poll on the Public’s Attitudes Toward the

Public Schools: Public Opinion Shifts Against NCLB-25% of Americans believe that NCLB is helping

their local schools. 3 of 4 believe the law is either making no difference or hurting schools. For the first time since 2003, more Americans have an unfavorable view (40%) of NCLB than a favorable one (31%). Similarly, for the first time, more Americans (49%) would blame the law if large numbers of schools fail to meet the requirements than would blame the schools (43%).

Testing- In just the last five years, the number of Americans who believe there is too much emphasis on testing in their local schools has jumped by 12%. 80% of Americans prefer that school effectiveness be measured by improvement in student achievement rather than the current method that calculates adequate yearly progress (AYP).

Narrowing the Curriculum-50% of Americans believes that NCLB’s focus on reading and mathematics has reduced instructional time in other subjects. Nine in 10 of those who feel that NCLB has resulted in a narrower curriculum are concerned about it.

Improve NCLB Treatment of Special Needs Students- Nearly 80% of Americans feel that English-language learners should be required to pass an English proficiency test before their reading and math scores are used to measure school performance. Seven in 10 Americans question holding special education students to the same standards as all other students.

Globalization-Nearly 60% of Americans think that students need to spend more time learning about other nations and cultures. Nearly 90% of Americans believe that all children should become proficient in a second language in addition to English; 70% believe that foreign language instruction should begin in elementary school.

High Marks for Our Public Schools-Nearly 5 in 10 Americans grade the schools in their community with an A or B, and nearly 7 in 10 public school parents give the schools their children attend an A or B.

2008-What the public thinks… The 2007 Phi Delta Kappa International Gallup on Poll on the Public’s Attitudes Toward

the Public Schools: Presidential Candidates- Americans view Democratic presidential candidate

Barack Obama as much more supportive of public schools than Republican presidential candidate John McCain.

Federal Funding-Americans support an increased use of federal funds to maintain local public schools.

No Child Left Behind-Fewer 20% of Americans believe the No Child Left Behind legislation should be continued without significant change.

Biggest Problems- Lack of funding for schools tops the list of “biggest problems facing schools” for the sixth year in a row.

International Comparisons-Americans’ impressions of public schools in Europe and Asia are very positive with almost 50% assigning grades of A’s and B’s, as compared with lower grades assigned to our nation’s schools.

College Courses for High School Students-Americans are supportive of high school students taking college level courses and earning college-level credits while still in high school.

Paying for College-Even though college costs have increased significantly, 7 of 10 American parents believe they will be able to pay for college for their oldest child, a finding consistent with the response 13 years ago when it was last asked .

Assessment-In a change from 9 years ago, Americans believe written observations by teachers, as opposed to scores on standardized tests, are a superior way to document student academic progress.

Teacher Pay- Almost 75% of Americans believe teachers should be paid higher salaries as an incentive to teach in schools identified as ‘in need of improvement.’

2010-What the public thinks… The 2010 Phi Delta Kappa International Gallup on Poll on the Public’s Attitudes Toward

the Public Schools: Presidential Candidates- Grades assigned to President Obama for his

performance in support of public schools are down by 11% since last year. Federal Funding-Americans believe state government is the responsible agency for

public education in the United States. No Child Left Behind-Less than one in four Americans believe NCLB has helped

their local schools. Biggest Problems- Thirty-six percent of Americans said school funding tops the list

of the biggest problems facing the schools in their community (8 years in a row) National Comparisons-This year, only 18% of Americans give the nation’s schools

either an “A” or “B.” College Courses for High School Students-Americans are supportive of high

school students taking college level courses and earning college-level credits while still in high school.

Paying for College-Three of four parents believe they are very or somewhat likely to be able to pay for their child’s college education, an increase from when this question was asked just two years ago

Assessment-Parents moderately agree that their child’s teachers make schoolwork relevant with real-world examples and that their child has an opportunity to do what he or she does best every day.

Teacher Pay- Almost three of four Americans believe quality of work and not a standard scale should determine teacher pay.

2011-What the public thinks… The 2011 Phi Delta Kappa International Gallup on Poll on the Public’s Attitudes Toward

the Public Schools: Presidential Candidates-Grades assigned to President Obama for his performance

in support of public schools up from 34% in 2010 to 41% Federal Funding- Not mentioned No Child Left Behind- Not mentioned Biggest Problems-44% of Americans said school funding tops the list of the biggest

problems facing the schools in their community (9 years in a row) National Comparisons-This year, only 17% of Americans give the nation’s schools

either an “A” or “B.” down by 1% from 2010 College Courses for High School Students-Not mentioned Paying for College-Not mentioned Assessment-Not mentioned Teacher Pay- Consistent with past findings, Americans believe teacher salaries

should be based on multiple factors including advanced degrees, experience, and the principal’s evaluation of the teacher. While Americans support using student scores on standardized tests, that factor received a significantly lower approval rating.

Major topics covered in 2011: Teaching as a career, Unions, Salaries, Layoffs, Quality, Choice, E-Readers, Finances, Perceptions of Quality

What has happened in TN 80 art teachers hired with MCS

(Bredeson Funding, 2007-2008)

”Cooper Bill” Signed May 6, 2008- Approved by Gov. Bredeson, May 21,

2008 Public Chapter No. 983, Senate Bill No. 2920 by Cooper,

Hardaway, Towns, Frayley. John DeBerry, Coley, Gilmore and Pruitt

“Section 49-6-1025 (a) The course of instruction in all public schools for

kindergarten through eight shall include art and music education to help each student foster creative thinking, spatial learning, discipline, craftsmanship, and the intrinsic rewards of hard work.

Local boards of education are encouraged to fully implement the art and music curriculum adopted by the State Board of Education through both art and music classes, as well as integration into other core academy subjects.”

Effective July 1, 2008

References

Americans for the Arts (Fall,2011)

Center on Education Policy. (2007). Ten big effects of the NCLB act on public education. Retrieved October 12,

2008, from http://www.education.uiowa.edu/cea/documents/NCLB-TenBigEffects.pdf

Cooper, Hardaway, Towns, Frayley. John DeBerry, Coley, Gilmore and Pruitt (2008). Public Chapter No. 983,

Senate Bill No. 2920

Gallup, A and Rose, L. (2007). The 39th Annual phi delta kappa/gallup poll of the public’s attitudes toward the

public schools. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://www.pdkmembers.org/members_online/publications/e-

GALLUP/kpoll_pdfs/pdkpoll39_2007.pdf

Gallup, A and Rose, L. (2007). The 39th Annual phi delta kappa/gallup poll of the public’s attitudes toward the

public schools. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://www.pdkmembers.org/members_online/publications/e-

GALLUP/kpoll_pdfs/pdkpoll39_2007.pdf

http://www.artsusa.org/get_involved/advocacy/advocacy_013.asp

http://www.nea.org/home/13340.htm

Sass. E. (May 4, 2008). American educational history: A hypertext timeline. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from

http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html

Phi Delta Kappa International (2007). The American public speaks. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from

http://www.pdkintl.org/gallup/07Gallup_Poll_Flyer.pdf

References

Phi Delta Kappa International (2008). Highlights of the 40th pdk/gallup poll. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from

http://www.pdkintl.org/gallup/08Gallup_Poll_Flyer.pdf

Phi Delta Kappa International (2010). The 42nd annual phi delta kappa gallup poll of the public’s attitudes towards

public schools Retrieved October 3rd, 2010, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/142661/phi-delta-kappa-gallup-

poll-2010.aspx

Smith, S. E. (n.d.). What is no child left behind? Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-

is-no-child-left-behind.htm

Smith, S. E. (n.d.). What are some criticisms of no child left behind? Retrieved October 12, 2008, from

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-some-criticisms-of-no-child-left-behind.htm

Swain, G. (Nov. 2007). State responses to federalism. Trends in America: The Council of State Governments.

Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://www.csg.org/pubs/Documents/TIA_StateResponsestoFederalism.pdf