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D e f i n i t i o n

by Joshua J. Markpublished on 28 April 2011

The Aegean Sea lies between the coast ofGreece and Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). It contains over2,000 islands which were settled by the ancient Greeks; the largest among them being Crete (Kriti) and

the best known and most often photographed, Santorini (Thera or Thira). Both of these islands ha ve

strong associations with ancient Greek history and myth in that Crete fea tures significantly in the myth of

Theseus and the Minotaur while the des truction of Santorini by a volcano eruption has long been

considered a probable source for Plato's description of Atlantis in his dialogues of the Critias and Timaeus .

In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. It was s aid to have been named

after the Greek town of Aegae, or after Aegea, a queen of the Amazons who died in the sea, or Aigaion,

the "sea goa t", another nameof Briareus, one o f the archaic Hecatonchires, or, especially among the

Athenians, Aegeus, the father of Theseus, who drowned himself in the sea when he thought his son had

died on his famous expedition to Crete to defeat the Minotaur. A poss ible etymology is a derivation from

the Greek word aiges = "waves" (Hesychius ofAlexandria; metaphorical use of (aix) "goat"),

hence "wavy sea", cf. also (aigialos) "coast".

The early inhabitants of Greece, the Mycenaens, relied heavily on the Aegean for trade and, it seems,

traveled as far as Spain and Egypt. Commercial sea trading became their main source of income and, in

time, they colonized the various islands o f the Aegean archipelago and produced various commodities such

as figs, grapes, w ine, raisins, honey, wheat, assorted vegetables, and herbs. Marble, especially, became an

important export in trade . This produce, a long with that ofthe mainland, went to make the merchants of

ancient Greece wealthy but the same waters on which they relied for their wealth and livelihood became

the avenue for their downfall.

In about 1200 BCE the Mycenaean civilizationcollapsed and, while no one cause is universally agreed

upon, it is considered very likely that they succumbed to the same mysterious invaders w ho ravaged Egypt

and Anatolia: The Sea Peoples. Whoever the Sea Peoples were, they are documented as harrassing the

Egyptians, the Hittites, the Greeks, and the Phoenicians (Canaanites) until finally settling along the coas t

of Canaan and acquiring the name Philistines. There is no doubt among scholars, based upon primary

sources, that the Sea Peoples came to Greece from the south on the Aegean Sea and ravaged the

coastline, making incursions on to the mainland and seizing islands . Shortly after their arrival, the Dorians

descended from the north of Greece and the Mycenaean civilization was over (though some scholars have

speculated that Mycenaen culture was kept alive through those Greeks who would eventually found Athens

while Sparta proudly claimed Doric ancestry). Greek civilization as recognized today grew out of the

aftermath of the Dorian invasion. It is interesting to no te, if one believes tha t the Mycenaean culture

survived through Athens, that the Greek colonies of Asia Minor were largely settled by Athenians. The poet

Homer is said to have come from one of these Greek colonies and the famous heroes of his Iliad, arguably

the most popular and influential work of its time, are all Mycenaeans.

The Aegean Sea features prominently in many of the most famous Greek myths (Icarus and Daedelus,

Theseus and the Minotaur, Jason and the Argonauts, The Odyssey, among others) and Plato made ample

use o f the islands in his dialogues . In his Euthyphro, for example, Plato purposefully has the young man

who claims to know everything come from the island ofNaxos which was known be the most prosperous

and the residents quite wealthy and condescending. According to Herodotus, the island of Naxos was the

most prosperous in trade c. 500 BCE and w as ea sily able to pay tribute to Athens in the form ofgold rather

than military aid after the islands ' failed attempt to leave the Delian League in 476 BCE. In the Golden Age

of Greece and beyond, the Aegean Sea continued to serve an important function in trade and in war,

helping the Greek culture and civilization to flourish until the Romans, like the Sea Peoples before them,

employed the waterways for conquest and subdued Greece.

Written by Joshua J. Mark, published on 28 April 2 011 under the following license: Creative Commons: At tribut ion-NonCommercial-

ShareAlike . This lic ense lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they c redit the author and

license their new creations under the identical terms.

Donate and help us!

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BibliographyWill Durant. The Life of Greece. Simon & Schuster, 2011.

Plato. The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Princeton University Press, 2005.

A d v e r t i s e m e n t

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T i m e l i n e

Visual Timeline

c. 5000 BCE

The Cyclades are first inhabited by settlers

from Asia Mnior.

c. 4500 BCE

First settlement on Thera.

3000 BCE - 2200 BCE

The first archaeological evidence of organised

communities in the Cyclades.

3000 BCE - 2000 BCE

Distinctive minimalistic standing marble

figurines a re produced in the Cyclades.

2300 BCE

Bronze is used in the Aegean.

2200 BCE - 1700 BCE

Evidence of town planning and more

sophisticated architecture in the Cylades.

c. 2000 BCE

Akrotiri becomes an important Aegean trading

centre.

2000 BCE - 1650 BCE

Akrotiri on Thera reaches its peak of

prosperity and becomes a flourishing

Mediterranean trading centre.

2000 BCE - 1450 BCE

Minoan civilization in Crete and the Aegean.

1700 BCE

Minoan Linear A script.

1700 BCE

Second Palace ofKnossos on Crete.

1700 BCE - 1400 BCE

The culture in the Cyclades is increasingly

influenced by Minoan Crete.

A e g e a n

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Edith Hamilton. The Greek Way. W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.

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centres.

c. 1600 BCE

Rhodes has s ignificant contact with Minoan

Crete.

1500 BCE - 1200 BCE

Mycenaeancivilization in Greece and the

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c. 1400 BCE

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1400 BCE - 1100 BCE

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1100 BCE

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c. 1100 BCE

Evidence of settlement destruction and

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700 BCE - 600 BCE

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c. 499 BCE

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c. 467 BCE

The island ofNaxos rebels against Athenian

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431 BCE - 404 BCE

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417 BCE - 415 BCE

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377 BCE - 355 BCE

The Cycladic city states join Athens in the

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363 BCE

A rebellion aga inst Athenian dominance of the

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166 BCE

Rome gives dominion over the Cyclades to

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88 BCE

Mithridates attacks and detroys the island of

Delos.

69 BCE

The pirate Athenodoros sets up his base in the

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Mycenaean Pottery

by Mark Cartwrightpublished on 01 October 2012

The pottery of the Mycenaean civilization (1550-1050 BCE), although heavily

influenced by the earlier Minoans based on Crete, nevertheless, added new

pottery shapes to the existing range and achieved its own distinctive decorative style which wasstrikingly homogenous across Mycenaean Greece. Mycenaea n wares typically display stylized

representations... [continue reading]

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