aer 309 lab manual

AER : TL M

pres

sure

, p

specific volume, vtemperature, T

by

J. V. Lassaline

Ryerson UniversityDepartment of Aerospace Engineering

Copyright ©

http://www.ryerson.ca/\char '176\relax jvl

Copyright © September , J. V. LassalinePermission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the termsof the GNU Free Documentation License, Version . or any later version published bythe Free Soware Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and noBack-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU FreeDocumentation License”

History. Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-

versity. Initial publication. Source for this version available at:http://www.ryerson.ca/~jvl.

. Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-versity. Minor modifications and corrections.

. Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-versity. Font changes, safety information, minor modifications and corrections.

. Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-versity. Formatting changes, removal of fixed mark scheme, minor corrections.

. Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-versity. Formatting changes, font changes, minor corrections.

i

http://www.ryerson.ca/\char '176\relax jvl

http://www.ryerson.ca/~jvl

Acknowledgementsis document is based upon the laboratory manuals produced for Ryerson Universitycourses MEC ermodynamics, MEC Applied ermodynamics and MEC Heat Transfer. e author is indebted to the (alphabetically listed) authors R. Churaman,J. Dimitriu, J. Karpynczyk, D. Naylor, R. Pope, and J. C. Tysoe for their work on theseprevious manuals.

Contents

Instructions . Organization of is Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pressure . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Airflow . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Temperature . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Temperature-Pressure Relationship . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

Bomb Calorimeter . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Steam Quality . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diesel Engine Test . Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculations and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A Errors and Corrections A. Error Estimation and Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Barometer Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GNU Free Documentation License

iv

List of Tables

A. Temperature correction for Hg and brass barometers in BG units. Cor-rections in [in]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Temperature correction for Hg and brass barometers in SI units. Cor-rections in [mm]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

List of Figures

. Bourdon gauge diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Air conditioning apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Norwood steam chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Oxygen bomb calorimeter apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. A p-v diagram for a throttling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schematic of the steam quality apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steam quality apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Diesel thermodynamic cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Friction-band brake and flywheel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

Chapter

Instructions

. Organization ofis Bookis book is divided into several sections, including instructions for writing lab reports,the background and procedure for each lab experiment, and a set of appendices. It is rec-ommended that you review the guidelines for completing the written lab reports priorto your first laboratory session. You are also expected to have read and be familiar witheach experiment before attending your scheduled lab. e appendices include valuableinformation regarding estimating the errors associated with your experimental observa-tions and calculations. ese skills are useful not only for the laboratory component ofthis course, but for future experimental reporting as well.

. ReportsYou are reminded that all of the required course-specific written reports, assignments,and labs will be assessed not only on their technical and academic merit, but also on thecommunication skills exhibited through them. You should make note of the followingrequirements regarding the formal laboratory reports.

• Reports must demonstrate your understanding of the experiment and backgroundtheory. A clear presentation of your observations and results is critical. Anyonereading your report with a similar education to your own should be able to repro-duce your results using the same equipment.

• Lab reportswill normally be completed by small groups andmust reflect the contri-bution of each group member. It is up to you to ensure that every group membercontributes equally. In the event of an unresolvable conflict, students may onlyswitch groups mid-term with prior instructor approval.

• You must attend the laboratory session in order to receive credit for the lab report.Missed labs will require adequate proof presented to the department office. You arealso expected to arrive promptly for your scheduled laboratory session. Remember,

R U AER ermodynamics Fall

if you are going tomiss a laboratory session, test, or exam, always contact your instructorimmediately!

• Reports must be typeset (e.g. prepared with a word processor.) Reports that arehandwritten will not be accepted, though some sections of the reportmay be hand-written as noted below. Reports should be formatted with ” margins and a ptfont on standard .” by ” paper. Reports must be at least stapled to form onecohesive report. No special binding is required however loose-paged documentswill not be accepted.

• e style and organization of a written report may vary, but as a minimum, eachlab report must contain:

– A title page indicating the title of the experiment, the name(s), student num-ber(s), section and date the experiment was performed.

– e body of the report consisting of the following sections:Objective Describe the purpose of this experiment in one paragraph.eory Concise discussion of the background theory governing this exper-

iment.Apparatus Briefly list the equipment used. A simple diagram of the equip- If it’s not your

figure, cite thesource.

ment is advisable. You may reproduce diagrams from this manual but youmust cite the source!

Procedure Discuss the procedure used to complete the experiment. De-scribe the process taken during your experiment and not just a regur-gitation of the lab manual. Using your lab report and the equipmentdescribed in the Apparatus section, anyone should be able to reproduceyour results. Note any anomalies in your procedure relative to the in-structions in this manual.

Observations Clearly indicate all values measured during this experimentincluding an estimate of the error. Use tables and/or graphs when ap-propriate. Always indicate the errors (if any) present in yourmeasurements!

Results Based upon the formulae presented in your eory section, presentthe results of the calculations outlined in the lab manual. Discuss yourresults and answer any discussion questions indicated in this manual.Tabulate and/or graph your results as appropriate. Always calculate andindicate the errors present in your calculations as indicated in this manual!Methods for determining error propagation are shown inAppendix A..

Conclusions Provide a brief summary of your experiment and results.References Cite all references, including this lab manual using proper cita- Don’t use footnotes

to cite references.tions. A preferred citation method is the author-date format (Universityof Chicago ), although numbered references are acceptable.For example, a citation to this lab manual using the author-date systemwould appear in the text as follows

…as presented in the lab manual (Lassaline ). Blah blahblah…

http://www.ryerson.ca

http://my.ryerson.ca


and the References section would contain the following:Coyote, W. E. . Application of the ACME rocket booster.Modern Rocketry. Los Angles: WB Press Ltd.Lassaline, J. V. . AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Man-ual. Ryerson University.

Alternatively, numbered references should be presented in the text asfollows

…as presented in the lab manual []. Blah blah blah…with the References containing the corresponding enumerated list ofsources.

[] C, W. E. Application of the ACME rocket booster. Mod-ern Rocketry. Los Angles: WB Press Ltd. .[] L, J. V. AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual.Ryerson University. .

– An appendix which should contain the following section(s):Sample Calculations Demonstrate all the calculations necessary to obtain

your results. If one type of calculation is repeated many times onlyone sample is required using your experimental values. May be hand-written.

Graphs/Tables (optional) If you have a large number of graphs or tables ineither your Observations or Results section, you may optionally placethem in the appendix and refer to them by either page number or label(e.g. Table A-, Fig. A., etc.)

• Equations should follow a clear nomenclature (e.g. density ρ v.s. pressure p) andshould be numbered at either the right or le hand margin. For example,

pρ+ 12V 2 + gz = const (.)

If your word processor is capable of writing equations clearly then use this fea-ture. Alternatively, it is acceptable to leave adequate space and add the equationsby hand.

• e technical writing of lab. reports is expected to be of high quality and concise.Excluding the title page, figures and tables of values, the main body of your reportshould not exceed four pages.

• Graphs and tables must be clearly presented and must be labelled (e.g. Table , Caption andintroduce all tablesand figures.

Fig. ) including an appropriate caption. Axes labels, a title, error bars (if applica-ble) and a legend (if appropriate) must be present. Computer generated plots arepreferred, but hand-drawn plots on graph paper are acceptable.

• Lab reports will normally be marked out of , divided into technical writing andtechnical content components.




. CommonMistakesEvery year students will miss an opportunity to maximize their mark by making needlessmistakes. Some hints as to how you can avoid making the same mistakes are as follows.

• Showup for each and every lab on time. e penalties formissing a lab are outlinedby your instructor at the beginning of the year. e experiments are set so that youmay improve upon your understanding of what you have learned from the lectures.Don’t waste your time or, worse, the time of your classmates.

• Answer all the discussion questions and perform all the requested calculations asoutlined in the lab manual. e calculations and discussion questions are clearlylisted for each experiment. Check that your lab report is complete before you sub-mit it.

• Provide suitable references and make proper citations. ere is some flexibility inhow you present your references, but it is best to use a common scientific citationstyle. If in doubt, use the same style as used for references in this lab manual.An excellent reference on accepted writing styles is e Chicago Manual of Style(University of Chicago ). Don’t forget to reference the source of your figures.A good rule of thumb is: if it’s not yours, cite the source!

• Don’t use footnotes for citations. Footnotes should only be used for adding extra-neous information that would interfere with the flow of your text or occasionallyto reference an unusual source.¹

• Web sites are poor (and volatile) references. While the Internet may be useful forgeneral information and handy diagrams, the information presented on most Websites is not peer reviewed as are text books, encyclopedia, journal papers, or con-ference proceedings.

• Check your grammar and spelling. Most word processors have at least a spell-check feature. Note that part of your lab report mark is based upon your technicalwriting skills.

• Don’t plagiarize this manual verbatim in your lab report. For example, the proce-dure you used during your experiment may differ from that outlined in this man-ual. Use your own words and ideas. You are not given marks on how accuratelyyou can copy the text of this manual. If you wish to quote a section of this manualthen provide a citation.

• Feel free to look at previous years’s lab reports as a guide but do not plagiarize!Plagiarism is a violation of the Student Code of Conduct and will be dealt withharshly.

• If you are part of a group, work together as a group. If different members of yourgroup are responsible for different sections of the report, make sure that everyoneis clear on their respective duties. It is your responsibility to ensure that your reportis a cohesive document and is completed on time.

¹For example, the definition of extraneous, as used in this context, is “not forming an essential or vital part”.



http://innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/search/tThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style

http://www.ryerson.ca/studentguide/

Chapter

Pressure

. Objectivee objective of this experiment is to study various pressure measuring instruments, andto produce a calibration curve for a pressure gauge.

. Apparatuse instruments examined in this experiment include

• a Bourdon pressure gauge,

• a mercury barometer,

• an inclined manometer, and

• a U-tube manometer

e Bourdon pressure gauge (illustrated in Fig. .) is attached to a hydraulic deadweighttester. A number of weights are provided which may be used to load the tester.

. Procedure. For the mercury barometer, measure the atmospheric pressure in [inHg] and[mmHg], using the Vernier scale. Readings should be taken from the top of theHg miniscus. Correct these readings for local conditions using the wall chart pro-vided, or the tables in Section A..

. For both the inclined and U-tube manometer, apply a pressure and take a readingin [inH2O].

. For the Bourdon pressure gauge apparatus


Figure .: Bourdon gauge diagram. Reproduced from Churaman, Karpynczyk, Pope,and Tysoe with permission.

(a) Close the pressure-relief needle valve.(b) Beginning with the smallest weight, load the hydraulic piston.(c) Pump until the piston just lis the load, (but slow the pumping as the ex-

pected pressure is approached). Record the applied pressure from the Bour-don pressure gauge. N: that the pressure gauge needs to be calibrated andmay be off with respect to the expected reading.

(d) Load the next weight increment, and repeat the previous step until all weightshave been applied. If the pump fails to

lift the increment inweight, release thepump pressure andremove theweights. Air maybe trapped in thepump or cylinder.

(e) Beginning with all weights applied, slowly open the pressure-relief needlevalve to reduce the pressure reading by 20 [lb f /in2].

(f) Pump until the cylinder just lis the load, (but slow the pumping as the ex-pected pressure is approached). Record the applied pressure from the Bour-don pressure gauge. N: that the pressure gauge needs to be calibrated andmay be off with respect to the expected reading.

(g) Reduce the pressure reading by 20 [lb f /in2], remove the next weight incre-ment, and repeat the previous step until all weights have been removed.

. Calculations and Discussion• Provide a figure (or sketch) of a barometer and provide a brief description on its Correct your

barometer readingfor thermalexpansion. SeeApp. A..




operation, including how to read theVernier scale and your barometer corrections.

• Include a figure (or sketch) of a Bourdon pressure gauge and provide a brief de-scription of its operation.

• For both the inclined and U-tube manometer, determine the gauge and absolutepressure applied to themanometer, in either [Pa]or [lb f /in2]. Assume themanome-ter fluid is H2O at room temperature.

• Plot a calibration curve for the Bourdon pressure gauge. Plot both the increas-ing and decreasing readings in terms of the pressure gauge reading (in [lb f /in2])versus the true pressure (in [lb f /in2]). Note that the increasing and decreasingresults should be plotted as two separate curves on the same plot. Determine anappropriate calibration formula for the Bourdon pressure gauge.




. Experimental DataRecord yourobservations here.Make note of theunits.

Atmospheric pressure:

Atmospheric temperature:

Inclined manometer reading:

U-tube manometer reading:

Load Pressure[lb f /in2]

Gauge Reading[lb f /in2]

Load Pressure[lb f /in2]

Gauge Reading[lb f /in2]



Chapter

Airflow

. Objectiveeobjective of this experiment is to determine themass flow rate of air using theRyersonair conditioning apparatus.

. eoryFor flow in a duct, we can determine the mass flow rate if we know the average velocityacross any given cross-sectional area in the duct. For a duct with one inlet and one exit, atsteady state the total mass of the flow must be conserved (what enters the duct must alsoleave the duct). us the mass flow rate (eg. [kg/s] or [lbm/min]) of air entering theductmust equal themass flow rate leaving the duct. As the length of the duct is irrelevant,the mass flow rate at any location along the duct must be a constant.

If we can determine the average speed of the flow, V , normal to a cross-section ofarea A in the duct, then the volumetric flow rate through this cross-section is VA. If thedensity of the flow, ρ, (and thus the specific volume, v,) is constant over this area, thenthe mass flow rate, m, can be written as

m = ρVA = VAv

. (.)

As pressure and temperature of a gas are easier to measure than density, we can use theideal gas law to determine the density (or specific volume).

ρ = 1v= pRT

(.)

where T is the absolute temperature, p is the absolute pressure, and R = 53.3 [ f t⋅l b fl bm○R ] =

286 [ Jk gK ] is the gas constant for air.


Fan

Air Flow

Air Flow

Psychrometric (HVAC) Air Loop

T

inclined manometer(test section pressure)

thermometer(test section temperature)

12"x12" test section3 velometer probe positions

Figure .: Air conditioning apparatus.

. Apparatusis experiment will make use of the 12 [in]× 12 [in] test section of the air conditioningtest rig illustrated in Fig. .. e flow velocity can be measured with a velometer, whichcan be inserted into the test section flow at three vertical locations. e test section isinstrumented to measure the pressure and temperature of the flow.

. Procedure. Start the fan in the air conditioning rig.

. Wait at least minutes for conditions in the rig to reach steady state, as indicatedby the test section temperature and pressure.

. Measure and record the barometric pressure. Correct for local conditions (eg. tem-perature).

. Measure and record the test section temperature.

. Measure and record the test section pressure.

. Using the velometer, measure the flow velocity in the test section at three spanwiselocations for each of the three vertical locations (for a total of nine () measure-ments). Your measurements should be taken in a grid pattern across the cross-




section of the duct. NOTE: If any of your readings are off-scale, press and release thebutton on the side of the probe and repeat your measurements. How close to the

walls should yourmeasurements be?. Calculations and Discussion

• Calculate themass flow of air in the test section in [kg/s] or [lbm/min], using theaverage flow speed.

• Estimate the error in the mass flow rate (see App. A.) using the error in your flowspeed, pressure, and temperature measurements. You may assume that the testsection area and gas constant, R, are exact.




. Experimental DataRecord yourobservations anderror estimateshere. Make note ofthe units.

Atmosphericpressure:

±

Atmospherictemperature:

Test sectionpressure:

±

Test sectiontemperature:

±

Top ±

±

±

Middle ±

±

±

Bottom ±

±

±



Chapter

Temperature

. Objectivee objective of this experiment is to study various temperature measuring instruments,and to produce a correction curve for a digital thermometer.

. Apparatuse instruments examined in this experiment include¹

• a thermocouple

• a pyrometer

• a resistance thermometer

• a mercury-in-glass thermometer

• an alcohol-in-glass thermometer

• a vapour bulb thermometer

• a bi-metal thermometer

• a digital thermometer (model DP-TC, serial no. ) connected to a J-typethermocouple.

• a dry-well calibrator (Hart Scientific model , serial no. A).¹Please note that examples of all instruments may not be available during the scheduled lab.


. Procedure. Connect the digital thermometer and dry-well calibrator to the AC power supply.

. Insert the J-type thermocouple attached to the digital thermometer into the thewell of the calibrator. Insert the provided bi-metallic thermometer into the cali-brator well.

. Turn on the calibrator using the switch located at the back of the device.

. Adjust thewell temperature of the calibrator for the lowest calibration point (32 [○F]).e calibrator has several preset calibration points, which can be selected by per-forming the following steps:

(a) Press the ‘Set’ button.(b) Press the ‘Down’ or ‘Up’ button to cycle through the preset temperatures.(c) Press the ‘Set’ button when the desired preset is reached.(d) Press the ‘Exit’ button to instruct the calibrator to move to the desired preset

temperature. NOTE: Aer pressing ‘Exit’ the calibrator will display the currentwell temperature.

. When the calibrator well temperature remains within ±0.02 [○F] of the desiredtemperature, record the digitial thermometer output. Verify the well temperatureusing the bi-metallic thermometer.

. Repeat for all preset calibration points.

. Turn off the calibrator and unplug the calibrator and meter.

. Calculations and Discussion• For each temperature instrument presented during the lab, briefly describe how Have a camera?

Include a photo ofeach instrument.

each operates. Include a figure if possible. You are expected to complete someresearch into the function of these devices. Citations to actual physical references(ex. the textbook, lab manuals, etc.) are preferred over online sources.

• For each calibration temperature tested, calculate the error and correction for thedigital thermometer.

• Plot the correction curve, in [∆○F], versus the digital thermometer reading, in [○F].

• Determine the necessary correction if the same digital thermometer is used to pro-duce the following readings: 30, 55, 70, 85, 110, 120, 150, 170, 190, 210, and 225.Present your results in tabular form.





Dry-WellCalibratorReading (t)

DigitalermometerReading (a)

Error(a − t)

Correction(t − a)

.

.

.

.

.

.



Chapter

Temperature-PressureRelationship

. Objectiveis experiment investigates the relationship between pressure and temperature for steamundergoing a constant volume process, and provides an opportunity to compare experi-mental results against reference values.

. Apparatuse apparatus consists of the Norwood steam chest, an electrically heated pressure ves-sel, as illustrated in Fig. .. e steam chest has a bore of 5.5 [in] and a depth of 7 [in].A steel cover is bolted to the flange of the pressure vessel, and is sealed with a lead gas-ket. e cover is fitted with a filling valve, a safety release valve, a thermometer pocket,and a siphon pipe with an attached pressure gauge. e water is heated by two electricalelements wired in series at 208 [vol ts] and 15 [amps]. e pressure vessel is rated to apressure of 375 [lb f /in2] and the pressure relief valve is rated to 250 [lb f /in2]. Tem-perature is measured using a glass thermometer.

. Procedure

CAUTION: Steam is hot and burns quickly! Parts of the steam apparatus may be hotenough to burn.

WARNING: If the safety relief valve starts to leak before reaching 125 [lbf/in2], dis-connect the power and discontinue the experiment! Verify that the output of the reliefvalve is submerged.

. Measure the barometric pressure. Correct for local conditions (eg. temperature).


Figure .: Norwood steam chest. Adapted from Churaman, Karpynczyk, Pope, andTysoe , with permission.

. Check that the boiler is one-half to two-thirds full of water.

. Open the fill valve, remove the threaded plug, and plug in the heater.

. When steam appears, close the fill valve, and attach the threaded plug.

. Take temperature readings, at 10 [lb f /in2] intervals, up to 125 [lb f /in2].

. Disconnect the power and allow to cool. (To unlock, turn the plug / turn coun-terclockwise.)

. Calculations and Discussion• For each gauge pressure reading, calculate the absolute pressure and the corre- Steam tables use

absolute pressure.sponding pressure-temperature pairs from saturated steam tables (eg. Table A-or A- in Moran and Shapiro’s Fundamentals of Engineering ermodynamics). Re-port your results in tabular form.

• Plot both your absolute pressure versus temperature results and the steam tablevalues, as two separate curves on one plot for comparison.

• Determine the maximum percentage difference between your results and the pub-lished steam table values. Provide some possible reasons for any discrepancies.







Gauge Pressure Temperature



Chapter

Bomb Calorimeter

. Objectiveeobjective of this experiment is tomeasure the energy released during the combustionof fuel as a constant volume process, and to establish the higher heating value (HHV) ofthe fuel.

. eorye energy released during the combustion of a fuel can be measured using a bombcalorimeter. A bomb calorimeter is a closed pressure vessel, which contains a fuel andan excess of oxygen, surrounded by a water bath. By igniting the fuel and measuringthe temperature rise of the water bath, the amount of energy released can be determinedfrom the total heat transfer to the water bath.

As there is a change in chemical composition, the energy transfered as heat is equalto the difference in the enthalpy of the products of combustion and the enthalpy of thereactants. For fuels we expect a positive net change in enthalpy (exothermic), althoughother reactions can involve a negative net change in enthalpy (endothermic). For fuels,the magnitude of the difference in specific enthalpy is known as the higher heating value

HHV = ∣hP − hR ∣ (.)

and is expressed in units of energy per unit mass of fuel. A lower heating value (LHV)refers to the case where all the water in the combustion products is a vapour, such thatsome of the energy released during combustion has been lost to evaporation of the liq-uid water product. Heating values for various fuels are tabulated in A. of Moran andShapiro’s Fundamentals of Engineering ermodynamics.

A similar process is used to evaluate the amount of energy available in food. e‘Calories’ listed on food products are actually [kilocal], where 1 [cal] is defined as theenergy required to raise 1 [g] of water 1 [○C].


Figure .: Oxygen bomb calorimeter apparatus. Adapted from Churaman, Karpynczyk,Pope, and Tysoe , with permission.

. Apparatuse apparatus consists of the following:

• a Series Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter,

• a graduated container of distilled water,

• a glass thermometer with magnifying eyepiece,

• a water bucket to fit the bomb calorimeter,

• an insulating calorimeter jacket,

• a motor driven stirring paddle,

• a gelatin capsule filled with dieselene, and

• a fuse wire with ignition power source.

e bomb calorimeter can be charged with oxygen and includes an internal support tohold the fuel sample. e fuel sample is ignited by the fuse wire that is connected to anelectrical power supply. e assembled apparatus is illustrated in Fig. ..




. Procedure. Top off the graduated container with distilled water to the indicated level.

. Add two drops of distilled water to the bomb calorimeter

. Drill two holes at one end of the gelatin capsule and thread the fuse wire throughthe capsule.

. Wrap the ends of the fusewire around the terminal supports attached to the calorime-ter top.

. Wet the calorimeter seal with distilled water, and screw on lid until hand tightened.

. Move the bomb assembly to the oxygen bottle. Open the vent, connect the oxygento the charging connection, open the regulator valve, and purge the bottle for a fewseconds. Close the vent, charge the bomb to 25 [atm] of pressure, and then closethe regulator valve.

. Operate the relief valve and verify that line pressure drops immediately. If a largeamount of gas escapes, the non-return valve has failed, and the experiment shouldbe discontinued.

. Disconnect the oxygen charging connection.

. Fill the water bucket with exactly 2000 [mL] of water.

. Place the bomb on the locating bosses at the base of the bucket.

. Make the electrical connections, fit the lid and ensure that the stirrer can operaterwithout fouling.

. Allow the stirrer to run for minutes to reach steady-state.

. Read the temperature of the water, then fire the bomb.

. Record the temperature one () minute aer ignition, then repeat at secondintervals for one minute, followed by readings at one minute intervals until thetemperature begins to decrease.

. Remove the bomb calorimeter, release the pressure by slowly opening the ventvalve, and dismantle the bomb.

. Remove the unburnt pieces of fuse wire and measure the total remaining length.

. Pour the distilled water back into the provided container. Clean and dry the bomb.




. Calculations and Discussionwater equivalent of calorimeter: 445 [g]heating value of gelatin capsule: 8400 [BTU/lbm]

heating value of fuse wire: 2.3 [cal/cm]1 [BTU/lbm] = 5/9 [cal/g]

Watch your units.

• Include a plot or table of your observed temperatures as a function of time.

• Calculate the weight of the fuel, in [g].

• Calculate the total heat produced by burning the fuel, wire, and capsule, in [cal].Note that you must add the water equivalent of the calorimeter, in [g], to the massof the water. You may assume that 1 [mL] of water weighs 1 [g]. Note that

energy produced in [cal] = total mass of water in [g] × temperature rise in [○C].(.)

• Calculate the heat produced by the gelatin capsule, in [cal].

• Calculate the heat produced by the fuse wire, in [cal].

• Calculate the heat produced by the fuel, in [cal].

• Calculate the heating value of the fuel, in [cal] per [g] of fuel and in [BTU/lbm].

• Compare the heating value of the fuel to published values and to at least two otherfuels. Give reasons for any possible discrepancies between your results and pub-lished values.





Weight of capsule:

Weight of capsule plus fuel:

Initial length of fuse wire:

Type of fuel:

Manufacturer provided HHV of fuel:

Time Temperature

Ignition

min

min s

min s

min s

min

min

min

min

min

min

min

Length of unburnt fuse wire:



Chapter

Steam Quality ¹

. ObjectiveSteam leaving a boiler (not a superheater) generally consists of a mixture of saturatedwater vapour and a very small quantity of liquid water. As the hot steam flows throughthe system piping, it loses heat to the environment and some of the saturated vapour isconverted to liquid water. e fraction of steam (by mass) that is saturated vapour iscalled the steam quality. e objective of this lab is to measure the quality of steam fromthe main building supply line.

. eorye introduction of a sudden restriction to a pipe through which a fluid flows will resultin a significant drop in pressure across the restriction. Provided no work is done on theflow, and heat transfer with the surroundings is negligible, we can write the energy ratebalance as

h1 +V 21

2= h2 +

V 22

2(.)

where locations and are upstream and downstream of the obstruction. Although ve-locities in the vicinity of the restriction will vary, far enough upstream and downstreamof the restriction the velocities V1 and V2 will be nearly identical and thus the change inkinetic energy may be negligible. In this case the specific enthalpy upstream and down-stream of the restriction remains the same

h1 = h2 . (.)

Flow though such a restriction or obstruction is considered to undergo a throttling pro-cess.

If state represents a supply line carrying a two-phase liquid-vapourmixture of steamof quality x1, we can pass some of this steam through a throttling device exiting at near

¹is chapter is partially based upon the work of D. Naylor and J. Friedman (Naylor and Friedman ).


atmospheric pressure at state . By throttling the steam to a lower pressure, it is possibleto convert the two-phase mixture of steam to only a vapour as superheated steam. Wecan determine the specific enthalpy h2 of the superheated steam by measuring both tem-perature and pressure at location . us we can determine the original steam quality x1at location using the relation for a throttling process

h2 = h1 = h f 1 + x1(hg1 − h f 1) (.)

where hg1 and h f 1 can be determined from saturated water tables (e.g. Table A- or A-Efrom Moran and Shapiro ) based upon the supply line absolute pressure or temper-ature.

e throttling process can be shown on a p-v diagram as lines of constant enthalpy, asillustrated in Fig. . for process - and -. If the steam in the supply line is sampled atstate , then passing the sample through a throttling device to a lower pressure at state does not necessarily guarantee that superheated steam occurs at the end of the throttlingprocess. To improve ourmeasurementwe can introduce amechanical separator to collectsome of the liquid water from the two-phase mixture to shi from state to state wherethe quality is now closer to .

v

p

54

1 2

3

mechanical separation

throttling

condensation

Figure .: A p-v diagram for a throttling process withand without mechanical separation of the liquid from aliquid-vapour mixture.

Passing the higher quality steamthrough a throttling deviceproduces superheated steamat state . To measure the totalmass of water present at state we can pass the steam througha condenser to reach state .e mass of liquid water col-lected at state plus the watercollected during process - isequal to the totalmass of wateroriginally present at state .

. ApparatusSteam from the main build-ing supply, at a nominal pres-sure of 60 [psig], is sampledby a probe and enters the ap-paratus illustrated in Fig. .,and shown schematically inFig. .. e steam enters a

separating calorimeter where some of the liquid is removed by mechanical separationand collected at the bottom of the separating calorimeter. e remaining steam is thenthrottled through an orifice to a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, dur-ing which the steam becomes superheated vapour. e superheated vapour is then con-densed in a water-cooled condenser.




x1p1

x2p1

p3T3

throttle

mechanicalseparator

condensercooling water in

Tin

cooling water out

Tout

m1 m2

collectioncontainer

collectioncontainer

steamsample

Figure .: Schematic of the steam quality apparatus.

. Procedure

CAUTION: Steam is hot and burns quickly! Parts of the steam apparatus may be hotenough to burn.

. Turn on the cooling water to the calorimeter.

. Prepare a beaker containing some cold water of known mass.

. Open the steam stop valves, then carefully open the blow-down valve to blow anyaccumulatedwater out of the system. Close the blow-downvalvewhen all thewaterhas been removed. If necessary, vent the glass bowl filter and mercury manometerfeed line to remove any accumulated water.

. Open the separator inlet valve and allow steam to pass through the calorimeteruntil steady state is reached, as indicated by the temperature of the condensate andcooling water outlet.

. When steady state is reached, drain off any accumulated water in the separator viathe three-way valve and close this valve to begin accumulating water within theseparator. Start timing.

. Pass steam through the calorimeter for the time period specified by the lab instruc-tor.

. Record all temperatures and pressures.




Figure .: Steam quality apparatus.




. At the end of the time period, close the separator steam valve and stop the collec-tion of the condensate.

. Collect the mechanically separated water as follows: crack the separator steamvalve slightly to pressurize the system, then carefully open the three-way valve atthe separator to direct the collected liquid into the prepared beaker of cold water.

. Weigh the separated water and condensate.

. Repeat steps - to produce at least three sets of results.

. Close the steam supply valves and allow the condenser to cool for minutes beforeturning off the cooling water supply.

. Calculations and Discussion• For each run calculate the steam quality before and aer the mechanical separator,x1 and x2 as numbered in Fig. ., using the following steps:

. Calculate the mass of the separated water m1 and condensate m2.. Calculate the enthalpy downstream of the throttle, h3 in Fig. ., from the

superheated vapour tables for water (e.g. Table A- or A-E from Moran andShapiro ). Interpolate as necessary and show your work in your samplecalculations.

. Determine the specific enthalpies for saturated liquid and vapour water, h f 2and hg2, just upstreamof the throttle (e.g. Table A- orA-E fromMoran andShapiro ). Interpolate as necessary and show your work in your samplecalculations.

. Calculate the quality of the steam x2 just upstream of the throttle.. Calculate the quality of the supply line steam x1, noting that the total mass of

water measured during the experiment is equal to (m1 +m2). erefore, thequality of the steam in the supply line must be

x1 =x2m2

m1 +m2. (.)

• Derive Eq. ..

• In this experiment, had themechanical separator not been used, would it have beenpossible to determine the quality of the supply line steam?

• Include a copy of an enthalpy-entropy (Mollier) chart for water (e.g. Fig. A- or A-E from Moran and Shapiro ) and indicate the location of the state upstreamand downstreamof themechanical separator (i.e. state and , both averaged fromall your results).






Duration of test:

Readings Units

Steam inlet pressure (p1,p2)

Steam inlet temperature (T1,T2)

Steam Temperature in rottling Calorime-ter (T3)Steam Pressure in rottling Calorimeter(p3)

Cooling Water Inlet Temperature (Tin)

Cooling Water Outlet Temperature (Tout)

Condensate Temperature (T4)

Mass of beaker + cold water

Mass of beaker + cold water + separated wa-ter

Mass of collecting vessel + condensate

Mass of collecting vessel:



Chapter

Diesel Engine Test

. Objectiveeobjective of this experiment is to carry out a full-load test on the RustonDiesel engineat constant speed.

. eoryAn internal combustion engine executes a mechanical cycle, which for a four-stroke en-gine consists of an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke, and an exhauststroke. As the contents of the cylinder change during the mechanical cycle, this cycledoes not form a thermodynamic cycle (i.e. we are not able to return to our original state).We can approximate an engine cycle as a thermodynamic cycle if we:

• assume a fixed quantity of air as the working fluid,

• replace combustion with an equivalent heat addition process, and

• replace the exhaust stroke with an equivalent heat rejection process.

e thermodynamic approximation of the mechanical cycle of the Ruston diesel en-gine is illustrated in Fig. .. Note that the Diesel cycle consists of four reversible pro-cesses: heat addition at constant pressure followed by an isentropic expansion, heat re-jection at constant volume, and an isentropic compression. e net work, Wnet , of thecycle is equal to the area within the curve on the p-V diagram in Fig. ..

A few additional engine performance parameters can be defined. e mean effectivepressure, MEP, is defined as the pressure that, if applied over the full length of the stroke,would produce the same net work as done by the piston during a complete engine cycle.It can be written as

MEP = Wnet

displacement volume. (.)


p

V

heat addition

heat rejection

isentropic expansion

isentropic compression

1

2 3

4

Figure .: Diesel thermodynamic cycle.

If we know the mean effective pressure we can calculate the indicated engine power (WI)developed at the cylinder using the total volume displaced per unit time.

WI = (MEP) × (volume displaced per unit time). (.)

Note that for a one-cylinder four-stroke engine, only every other cycle involves the pro-duction of power.

e difference in usable sha power applied to a load and the indicated power de-veloped in the cylinders is equal to the power lost to friction and other auxiliary devicessuch as fuel pumps. For a known load, such as a brake requiring power WB , the powerlost to friction (and auxiliaries) WF can be written as

WF = WI − WB . (.)

e mechanical efficiency of the engine is the ratio of the load power to the indicatedengine power

ηmech =WB

WI. (.)

e rate of heat transfer due to combustion can be determined from the mass flowrate and higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel

Qin = mfuelHHV (.)

which can be used to calculate a thermal efficiency.

. Apparatusis experiment will use the Ruston ZHR diesel engine, consisting of one horizontalcylinder. e technical specifications of the engine are as follows




mgmg

F

Flywheel

friction band

Rotation

spring balance

Figure .: Friction-band brake and flywheel.

cylinder bore 5.625 [in]cylinder stroke 10.5 [in]nominal power 9.25 [hp] at 400 [RPM]

compression ratio 16 ∶ 1compression pressure 500 [lb f /in2]

injection pressure 1600 [lb f /in2]firing pressure 680 [lb f /in2]

e engine operates on premium diesel fuel stored in an overhead tank and a grad-uated cylinder, both of which are connected to the engine fuel supply pipe. Fuel con-sumption is measured by switching from the main tank to the graduated cylinder for theduration of the test.

e engine is loaded by a band brake applied to a 40 [in] diameter flywheel, as illus-trated in Fig. .. Loading is increased by adding weights to the carriers on each end ofthe friction band which runs in an outer groove on the water-cooled flywheel. A springscale provides a reading of the brake loading.

A Dobbie McInnes mechanical engine indicator is installed in the cylinder head ofthe engine. e engine indicator consists of a paper-loaded drum and pointer whichtraces a scaled p-V diagram. Oscillation of the drum is proportional to the piston stroke,while translation of the pointer is proportional to the pressure within the cylinder. Anadditional horizontal trace of the stroke limit is added for reference.




. Procedureis experiment will be run with the assistance of a member of the technical staff whowill prepare the engine.

. Hold the exhaust lier valve down, and crank the engine to build up a good speed.Release the valve lier. e engine should start and build up to about 400 [RPM].Remove the starting handle as soon as the engine fires.

. Adjust the governor for 400 − 420 [RPM], and allow the engine to warm up forfive minutes.

. Add equal weights to each carrier at the same time. Adjust the governor to main-tain an engine speed of 400 [RPM].

. Repeat (adding equal weights and adjusting the engine speed) until reaching a loadof 75 [lb f ].

. Allow the engine to reach steady state as indicated by engine cooling and exhausttemperatures.

. Open valve to the measuring cylinder and close valve to the fuel tank simultane-ously. Start a stop clock. Run for a known period of time without emptying themeasuring cylinder. Stop the clock and switch the fuel supply back to the tank.

. Unload equal weight from each carrier at the same time, while adjusting the enginespeed to 400 [RPM].

. Repeat (removing equal weights and adjusting the engine speed) until the carriersare empty.

. Remove the securing pin from the pump handle. Hold pump handle and exhaustvalve lier hard down until the engine stops.

. Remove the paper record from the engine indicator and measure the stroke lengthand area within the closed curve.

. Calculations and Discussion• Determine the indicated mean effective pressure (MEP) using the indicator dia-

gram, with

MEP = (area of indicator diagram) × (indicator spring constant)length of indicator diagram

. (.)

• Determine the volume displacement per unit time, with

volume displaced per unit time = LANn (.)

where L is the stroke of the piston, A is the area of the cylinder, N = RPM/2 is thenumber of firing strokes per minute, and n is the number of cylinders.




• Determine the indicated power WI , in [hp], from the indicated MEP. Note that1 [hp] = 33000 [ f t ⋅ lb f /min].

• Calculate the brake power, in [hp], with

WB = (2π × RPM)(F × r) (.)

where F is the loading indicated on the spring scale, and r is the radius of theflywheel. Note that 1 [hp] = 33000 [ f t ⋅ lb f /min].

• Determine the power lost to friction (and auxillaries) WF , in [hp].

• Determine the mechanical efficiency ηmech .

• Determine the fuel mass flow rate, in [lbm/min].

• Determine the brake thermal efficiency, with

ηBT =WB

Q in. (.)

Note that 1 [hp] = 42.4 [BTU/min].

• Determine the brake specific fuel consumption, in [lbm/hp ⋅min], with

BSFC = mfuel

WB. (.)





Fuel:

HHV of fuel:

Specific gravity of fuel:

Indicator spring constant [lb f /in3]:



Brake load [lb f ]:

Engine speed [RPM]:

Indicator diagram area [in2]:

Indicator diagram length [in]:

Fuel used [mL]:

Duration of test [min]:



Bibliography

Churaman, R., J. Karpynczyk, R. Pope, and J. Tysoe (). ermodynamics Labora-tory Workbook: MEC . Ryerson University.

CRC (). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC.Lassaline, J. V. (). AER : ermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson Uni-

versity.Moran, M. J. and H. N. Shapiro (). Fundamentals of Engineering ermodynamics

(th ed.). Wiley.Naylor, D. and J. Friedman (). MEC : ermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory Manual. Ryerson University.University of Chicago (). e Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago.

Appendix A

Errors and Corrections

A. Error Estimation and PropagationWhen presenting measured values you must provide an estimate of the error. For ex-ample, if you are measuring temperature with a thermometer that is marked at every degree Celsius, your bestmeasure of the current room temperaturemay be 21.5±0.2[○C].In other words, to the best of your measuring ability the temperature is 21.5[○C] with anexpected error of approximately 1

5 of a degree. As errors are at best estimates, it is normalto truncate the error at the first non-zero digit (e.g. 0.005 rather than 0.004925.)

When using digital equipment, the accuracy of the measure should be taken to be 1/2count of the last digit shown, unless otherwise noted. For example, if a digital scale read2.512[g], the error would be ±0.0005[g]. Other sources of error, such as a small breezeacross the scale, may raise the error to ±0.001. Use your best judgement and record theestimate of error with your measurements.

All reported observations should include an estimate of the error. All plots contain-ing values with an estimate of error should include error bars. (If your soware cannotinclude error bars in the figure, draw them in by hand.) When using your measured ob-servations in a calculation you need to propagate this estimate of error throughout yourcalculations. Your sample calculations should demonstrate the resulting error. Pay care- Not all labs require

error propagationbut it’s a goodhabit.

ful attention to the instructions for each experiment to determine when your reportshould include error propagation analysis.

For this course we will use a simplified form of the proper statistical technique (whichuses standard deviations.) If we have a function formed from a pair of independent (un-correlated) measured values x ±∆x and y±∆y , we can estimate the error in the functionusing a few simple rules based upon the worst-case scenario.

For addition or subtraction of two values with errors, the error is cumulative.

(x ± ∆x) + (y ± ∆y) = (x + y) ± (∆x + ∆y) (A.)(x ± ∆x) − (y ± ∆y) = (x − y) ± (∆x + ∆y) (A.)

For multiplication or division by an exact number, both the value and the error are scaled


by the exact number.2π(x ± ∆x) = 2πx ± (2π∆x) (A.)

For multiplication of a pair of values with errors, the error is formed as follows

(x ± ∆x)(y ± ∆y) = xy ± (x∆y + y∆x + ∆x∆y) ≈ xy ± (x∆y + y∆x) (A.)

assuming that ∆x∆y is much smaller than the other error products. For both multiplica-tion and division this can be reduced to an expression for the relative error

∆x y

∣xy∣= ∆x

∣x∣+∆y

∣y∣(A.)

∆x/y

∣x/y∣= ∆x

∣x∣+∆y

∣y∣(A.)

For products of powers functions such as xm yn , the relative error can be determinedusing

∆xm yn

∣xm yn ∣= ∣m∣∆x

∣x∣+ ∣n∣

∆y

∣y∣(A.)

e previous operations can be summarized as follows

function errorx ± y ∆x + ∆yπx π∆x

xm yn ∣xm yn ∣ (∣m∣ ∆x∣x ∣ + ∣n∣

∆ y∣y∣ )

log x log ∆x

For general functions that are combinations of the above, carefully determine the errorfor each operation, following the normal order of operations. For example, to determinethe error in z(x − y) where z, x, and y all have associated errors one can:

. Calculate the error in the temporary value t1 = x− y using the rule for subtraction.

. Calculate the error in the product zt1 using the rule for products.

As an alternative, to determine a statistical estimation of the error propagation for ageneral function F of measured values (x , y, . . .) with associated errors of (∆x , ∆y , . . .)respectively, we can estimate the function error ∆F using

∆F =

¿ÁÁÀ(∂F

∂x∆x)

2

+ (∂F∂y

∆y)2

+ . . . (A.)

or in keeping with the simplified error analysis

∆F = ∣∂F∂x∣∆x + ∣

∂F∂y∣∆y + . . . (A.)

Note that this may produce slightly different values than the previous methods but isacceptable given that we are at best providing an estimate of the errors.




Temp.[○F]

Observed height in [in]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A.: Temperature correction forHg and brass barometers in BG units. Correctionsin [in].

Temp.[○C]

Observed height in [mm]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A.: Temperature correction for Hg and brass barometers in SI units. Correctionsin [mm].

A. Barometer CorrectionsCorrections for Hg barometers by temperature are listed in Tables A. and A. (CRC) for both SI and BG units. Subtract the tabulated values from the observed barom-eter height using the ambient temperature.



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Department of Aerospace Engineering

GENERAL SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR

LABORATORIES AND RESEARCH AREAS The following safety rules and regulations are to be followed in all Aerospace Engineering laboratories and research facilities. These rules and regulations are to insure that all personnel working in these laboratories and research areas are protected, and that a safe working environment is maintained. 1.”Horseplay” is hazardous and will not be tolerated. 2. No student may work alone in the laboratory at any time, except to prepare operating procedures for equipment or data write-up/reduction/simulations. 3. Required personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided by the Department for use whenever specified by the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant, .i.e., hearing protection, face shields, dust masks, gloves, etc. 4. Contact lenses will not be worn in the laboratory when vapours or fumes are present. 5. Safety glasses with side shields and plastic lenses will be required when operating targeted class experiments as outlined in the experimental procedures. Splash goggles or face shields will also be provided and worn also, for those experiments which have been identified as a requirement. 6. Each student must know where the location of the First Aid box, emergency equipment, eye wash station is, if required in the laboratories, shops, and storage areas. 7. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants must know how to use the emergency equipment and have the knowledge to take action when an accident has occurred, .i.e., emergency telephone number, location, emergency response services. 8. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants, and Research Assistants, must be familiar with all elements of fire safety: alarm, evacuation and assembly, fire containment and suppression, rescue. 9. Ungrounded wiring and two-wire extension cords are prohibited. Worn or frayed extension cords or those with broken connections or exposed wiring must not be used. All electrical devices must be grounded before they are turned on. 10. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants, and Research Assistants, must be familiar with an approved emergency shutdown procedure before initiating any experiment. 11. There will be NO deviation from approved equipment operating procedures. 12. All laboratory aisles and exits must remain clear and unblocked. 13. No student may sniff, breathe, or inhale any gas or vapour used or produced in any experiment. 14. All containers must be labeled as to the content, composition, and appropriate hazard warning: flammable, explosive, toxic, etc. 15. The instructions on all warning signs must be read and obeyed in all laboratories and research facilities. 16. All liquid and solid waste must be segregated for disposal according to Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant instructions. All acidic and alkaline waste should be neutralized prior to disposal. NOTE: NO organic waste material is to be poured down the sink or floor drains. These wastes should be property placed in designed waste disposal containers, labeled and stored in the department’s flammable storage cabinet which is ventilated and secured. 17. Good housekeeping must be practiced in all teaching and research laboratories, shops, and storage areas.

Campus Security Dial: 5001/5040 Emergency Dial: 80 Jerry Karpynczyk, Safety Officer: 6420/4884

18. Eating, drinking, use of any tobacco products, gum chewing or application of makeup are strictly prohibited in the laboratories, shops, and storage areas. 19. Only chemicals may be placed in the “Chemicals Only” refrigerator. Only food items may be placed in the Food Only refrigerator. Ice from any refrigerator is not be used for human consumption or to cool any food or drink. 20. Glassware breakage must be disposed in the cardboard boxes marked “Glass Disposal”. Any glassware breakage and malfunctioning instruments or equipment must be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant present. 21. All injuries, accidents, and “near misses” must be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant. The Accident Report must be completed as soon as possible after the event by the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant and reported to the Departmental Safety Officer immediately. Any person involved in an accident must be sent or escorted to the University Health Centre. All accidents are to be REPORTED. 22. All chemical spills are to be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant, whose direction must be followed for containment and cleanup. Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant will follow the prescribed instructions for cleanup and decontamination of the spill area. The Departmental Safety Officer must be notified when a major spill has been reported. 23. All students and Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant must wash their hands before leaving targeted laboratories, research facilities or shops. 24. No tools, supplies, or any other items may be tossed from one person to another. 25. Compressed gas cylinders must be secured at all times. Proper safety procedures must be followed when moving compressed gas cylinders. Cylinders not in use must be capped. 26. Only gauges that are marked “Use no oil” are for Oxygen cylinders. Do not use an oiled gauge for any oxidizing or reactive gas. 27. Students are never to play with compressed gas hoses or lines or point their discharges at any person. 28. Do not use adapters or try to modify any gas regulator or connection. 29. There will be no open flames or heating elements used when volatile chemicals are exposed to the air. 30. Any toxic chemicals will be only be exposed to the air in a properly ventilated Fume Hood. Flammable chemicals will be exposed to the air only under a properly ventilated hood or in an area which is adequately ventilated. 31. Personal items brought into the laboratory or research facility must be limited to those things necessary for the experiment and safe operation of the equipment in the laboratories and research facilities. 32. General laboratory coats, safety footwear are not provided by the Department of Aerospace Engineering, although some targeted laboratories and research areas will be supported by a reasonable stock of protective clothing and accessories, i.e., gloves, welding aprons, dust masks, face shields, safety glasses, etc. 33. Equipment that has been deemed unsafe must be tagged and locked out of service by the Technical Officer in charge of the laboratory or research facility. The Departmental Safety Officer must be notified of the equipment lockout IMMEDIATELY! 34. In June 1987 both the Federal & Ontario Governments passed legislation to implement the workplace hazardous material information system or WHMIS across Canada. WHMIS was designed to give workers the right-to-know about hazardous material to which they are exposed to on the job. Any person who is required to handle any hazardous material covered by this act should first read the label and the product’s material safety data sheet (MSDS). No student is to handle any hazardous materials unless supervised by a Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant. The laboratory Technical Officer, Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant is responsible for ensuring that any hazardous materials are stored safely using WHMIS recommended methods and storage procedures. All MSDS must be displayed and stored in a readily accessible place known to all users in the workplace and laboratory 35. All the foregoing rules and regulations are in addition to the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1987. 36. Casual visitors to the laboratory and research areas are to be discouraged and must have permission from the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant to enter. All visitors must adhere to the safety guidelines and is the responsibility of the visitor. 37. Only the Safety Officer may make changes to these policies upon confirmation of the Safety Committee and approval of the Department Chair.

aer 309 lab manual

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