afof];]So'l/6L ;r]tgf tflnd k'l:tsf -vfB If]qsf Joa;foL tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf nflu_

@)&! Dff3

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gs[lif ljsf; dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/

lkmN8 8s'd]G6

@)&! Dff3

Developed under FAO Technical Assistance Programme Policy assistance for Biosecure agro-food chain for enhanced market access and food

security for the smallholding rural sector (TCP/NEP/3402)

afof];]So'l/6L ;r]tgf tflnd k'l:tsf -vfB If]qsf Joa;foL tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf nflu_

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gs[lif ljsf; dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/

lkmN8 8s'd]G6

k|sfzsM FAO, TCP/NEP/3402 cfof]hgfk|sfzg ldltM @)&!

Compiled by:Mohan Krishna MaharjanSenior Food Research OfficerDepartment of Food Technology and Quality Control

Edited by:Dr Damodar SedaiFAO National Consultant

;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lIftM of] k|sfzgsf] s'g} efu z}lIfs jf u}/gfkmfd'vL p2]Zosf nflu k"j{ lnlvt :jLs[lt a]u/ g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ To;f] ubf{ ;|f]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{ 5 . Jofkfl/s p2]Zosf nflu of] k|sfzgsf] k'gM k|sfzg jf o;df /x]sf ;'rgf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ 5 .

of] tflnd k'l:tsf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g, g]kfn TCP/NEP/3402 cfof]hgfsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;df pNn]lvt s'/fx? k|sfzs jf bft[ lgsfosf] cflwsfl/s egfO{ dflgg] 5}g .

ljifo ;"rL

;];g ! tflnd ;DalGw ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L tyf tflndsf] p2]Zo #

;];g @ :jR5tf Pj+ jg:ktL :j:ytf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx? %

;];g # afof];]So'l/6L *

;];g $ c;n cEof; !!

;];g % vfB tyf bfgf kbfy{df cjz]if / sG6fldg]G6\; !%

;];g ^ vfB pBf]usf] cg'1fkq tyf klxrfgLotf !(

;];g & vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08x? @$

;];g * vfB :jR5tfdf xflgsf/s tTjx? @(

;];g ( hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0ff #!

;];g !) cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x? M sf]8]S;, cf] cfO O / cfO kL kL ;L sf k|fjwfg #^

;];g !! tflndaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ ;Gb]zx? #(

;];g !@ tflnd d"Nof+sg tyf k[i6kf]if0f -gd'gf_ $!

cg';'rL ! k|lzIfssf] gfdfjnL $@

�

tflnsf !M tflndsf] kf7\os|d

lbg ;];g ljifoj:t'k|lzIf0f tl/sf

k|lzIf0f ;fdfu|L

k|lzIf0f sIff ;+Vof

cEof;sIff ;+Vof

! !_ tflndsf] kl/ro / tyf tflndsf] p2]Zo

tflnd ;DjlGw ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L tyf tflndsf] p2]Zo / dxTj

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of

! )

@_ :jR5tf Pj+ jg:ktL :j:ytf

:jR5tf Pj+ jg:ktL :j:ytf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx?

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of

! )

#_ afof];]So'l/6L afof];]So'l/6Lsf] cjwf/0ff, s[lif vfB ;[+vnfdf o;sf] k|of]u

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

$_ c;n cEof; c;n cEof;sf] cjwf/0ff, cfjZostf -GAP, GVP, GHyP, GMP/HACCP)

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

@ %_ vfB tyf bfgf

kbfy{df cjz]if / sG6fldg]G6\;

e]6]l/gl/ cf}ifwL, ljiffbL,

a[l4aw{ssf] cjz]if / sG6fldg]G6\;

k|lzIf0f tyf

5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{

÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

^_ vfB pBf]usf] cg'1fkq tyf klxrfgLotf

kmfd{ /lhi6|];gsf] k|ls|of, /]s8{ Joj:yfkg, n]jlnË, k|dfl0fs/0f / klxrfgLotf ljlw

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

&_ vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08x?

df}h'bf P]g, lgod / clgjfo{ kfngf ug'{ kg]{ dfkb08x?

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of

! )

*_ vfB :jR5tfdf xflgsf/s tTjx?

vfB :jR5tfdf xflgsf/s tTjx?, hg:jf:Yodf c;/, lg/fs/0fsf ljlw

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

# (_ hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0ff

hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0ff, ljlw, k|efu, hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] kmfObf

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

�

!)_ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?

sf]8]S;, cf] cfO O / cfO kL kL ;L sf k|fjwfg / dfkb08x?

k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

!!_ tflndaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ ;Gb]zx?

tflndaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ ;Gb]zx? k|lzIf0f tyf 5nkmn

Ogfd]n af]8{ ÷dlN6ldl8of ! )

!@_ tflnd d"Nof+sg tyf k[i6kf]if0f

tflnd d"Nof+sg tyf k[i6kf]if0f, ;dfkg

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;];

g !

tflnd ;DalGw ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L tyf tflndsf] p2]Zog]kfndf dfgj, kz'k+l5 tyf jg:kltsf] :jR5tf / :j:Yotf -P; lk P;_ sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfo s[lif ljsf; dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . ;f] dGqfno cGtu{tsf tLgj6f ljefux? s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefuaf6 qmdzM jg:kltsf] /Iff, kz'k+l5sf] :jf:Yo / hLjg /Iff tyf vfB :jR5tfsf k|fjwfgx? nfu" ug]{ d'Vo lgsfox?sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;fdfGotof s[lif aLp ljhg, hLjgfzs ljiffbL, s'v'/fsf] kf/]G6 :6s, EoflS;g, cGo kz'hGo kbfy{ / vfB kbfy{ pTkfbgsf sRrf kbfy{x? cfoftdf clws lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . oL afx]s 7"nf] dfqfdf jg:klt hGo tyf kz'k+l5 hGo kbfy{ jif]{gL cfoft eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf gof+ lsl;dsf /f]u, ls/f / emf/x? k|j]z ug]{ / km}lng] hf]lvd lbgfg'lbg j9\b} uO{/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pkef]QmfnfO{ vfB :jR5tfsf nflu vfB >[+vnfsf] /x]s r/0fdf vfB kbfy{sf] :jR5tf /fVg' kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

o; ;+be{df of] afof];]So'l/6L ;r]tgf ljifos tflnd dfkm{t vfB kbfy{ cfk"lt{sf] >[+vnf;+u cfj4 ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ afof];]So'l/6L ljifodf 1fg clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] afof];]So'l/6L gLlt th"{df ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{t vfB tyf bfgf Joj;foLx?nfO{ afof];]So'l/6L ljifodf oyf]lrt hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{] clek|fon] o; tflndsf] Aoj:yf x'g h?/L 5 .

�

Tfflnd sfo{qmd sf] pb]Zol pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;+3x?nfO{ afof];]So'l/6L (Biosecurity) sf] af/]df ;r]tgf

hufpg]l c;n pTkfbg cEof; af/]df hfgsf/L lbnfpg]l vfB ;ld>0fx?sf] ;'/lIft k|of]u / Joj:yfkg af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg]l afof];]So'l/6Lsf] nflu ul/Psf k|of;x? / gLlt lgodx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L

u/fpg]l afof];]So'l/6Ldf ljleGg lgsfosf] e'ldsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] l ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?n] jfof];]So'l/6Lsf] nflu rfNg' kg]{ sbd af/]df

5nkmn ug{] l pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;+3 h:tf ;/f]sfnjfnf lgsfox?sf] afof];]So'l/6L

Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fO{ :j:y Pj+ :jR5 vfB j:t'x?sf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo clej[l4 ug{] .

tflnd Joj:yfkg l cjlw M # lbg l hDdf ;xefuLx? ljleGg vfB pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;+3af6 @) b]lv @%

hgf l k|lzIfsx?M cfGtl/s ;|f]t

tflnd cjlwdf kfng ug{'kg]{ lgodx?l ;dod} pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ 5 .l df]jfOn ;fO{n]G6df /fVg' kg]{ 5 .l tflnd / l;sfO{ k|lt k"0f{?kn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ 5 .l Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'emfj lbg ;lsg] 5 .

tflnd sf] ljif]ztfx?l k"j{ tyf clGtd d"Nof+sg ul/g] 5 . l ;r]tgf a[l4 ;DalGw tflnd ePsf]n] uxg ljifoa:t' eGbf klg hfgsf/L d'ns

;Gb]z x'g]5g\ . l w]/} sIffx? ;}4flGts x'g]5g\ .l sIff kl5 s]lx ;do cGt/s[of x'g]5 . l k"0f{?kn] ;xeflutfd'ns agfpg ;xefuL / k|lzIfsn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

�

;];

g @

:jR5tf Pj+ jg:ktL :j:ytf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx?ljZje/df x'g] ;Dk"0f{ j:t', ;]jf / af}l4s ;Dkltsf] Jofkf/nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpgsf] nflu @)%! ;fndf WTO sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df z'?df !@* /fi6« / o'/f]lkog o'lgog ;b:o /x]sf]df xfn o;sf ;b:o ;+Vof g]kfn ;d]t !^) k'lu ;s]sf 5g\ . cGo @% /fi6«x? o;sf ;b:o aGG]f qmddf 5g\ . g]kfn @)^! j}zfv !! ut] b]lv WTO sf] ;b:o ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] cfoft ug]{ / lgof{t ug]{ clwsf+z /fi6«x? WTO sf] ;b:o e} ;s]sf 5g\ .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zol ljZjel/sf] cfly{s cj:yf dhj't kfg]{ / Jofkf/, nufgL, /f]huf/L / cfosf] a[l4 ug]{ . l j:t', ;]jf / af}l4s ;DklQsf] pTkfbs / Jofkf/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . v j:t'sf] Jokf/M s[lif j:t', cf}ifwL, nQfsk8f, cf}wf]lus j:t'sf] u'0f:t/,

vfB j:t' cflb v ;]jf Jofkf/M j}+s, ljdf, ;+rf/, n]vf, cflb v j}fl4s ;DklQ Jofkf/M afnLsf] gofF hft, k|ljlw, lstfa, lel8of] cflb .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf sfo{x?s= ljZj el/sf Jofkf/ ;DjlGw gLlt lgodx? kf/bzL{ agfpg] . v x/]s ;b:on] cGo ;b:osf] Jofkf/ ;DjlGw sfg"g Pj+ gLltsf] cu|Ld

hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5 . v= ;b:ox? ljr Jofkf/ jftf{sf]nflu ;xof]u ug]{ . u= Jofkf/ ;DjlGw s'g} ljjfb p7]df To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ . v s'g} ;b:on] WTO sf] sfg"g gdfg]df dsf{ kg]{ ;b:on] WTO sf] ljjfb

;dfwfg lgsfodf ph'/L ug{ ;S5 . v o;jf6 ug{ gx'g] sfd u/]sf] 7x/ ePdf Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t ltg{' kg]{ Joj:yf

5 .

�

WTO cGtu{t ;Demf}tfx?

s[lif;+u dfq ;DalGwt != s[lif ;Demf}tf @= :jR5tf Pj+ lj?jf :j:ytfsf pkfox? ;DjlGw ;Demf}tf (SPS)

cGo ;Demf}tfx?#= Aofkf/sf] k|flalws /f]sfj6 ;DalGw ;Demf}tf $= jf}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf %= ;]jf Aofkf/ ;DalGw ;Demf}tf oL ;Demf}tfx?n] klg s'g} g s'g} ?kn] s[lif If]qnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .

:jR5tf tyf jg:klt :j:ytfsf pkfox? ;DjlGw ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, SPS)P; lk P; k|fjwfg (SPS Measures) eGgfn] vfB :jR5tf tyf hgfj/ / lj?jfsf] :Jff:Yo /Iffy{ cfjZos :jR5tf / :j:ytf sfod ug]{ ;+u ;DalGwt P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, u'0f:t/ dfkb08, sfo{ljlw, k|s[ofx? cfbL kb{5g . l P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw l j:t'sf] :jR5tf ;DaGwL dfkb08l pTkfbg k|s[ofl k/LIf0f, lgl/If0f, k|dfl0fs/0f, :jLs[ltsf tl/sf l Sjf/]lG6g pkrf/l k/LIf0fsf nflu gd'gf ;+sng ug]{ tl/sf l pTkfbgsf] Kofs]lhË / n]jlnË l hf]lvd d"Nof+sgsf tl/sfx?, cflb .

:jR5tf Pj+ lj?jf :j:ytfsf pkfo ;DjlGw ;Demf}tf

cfoft o; ;Demf}tfn] af]6 la?jf, hgfj/ / dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / hLjg /Iffsf] nflu cfjZos sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ ;b:ox?nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ljb]zjf6 s'g} s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoft ubf{ xfd|f] b]zsf] jf]6 lj?jf, hgfj/ / dflg;sf] :Jff:Yo / hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ k5{ eGG]f k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf j:t' Nofpgdf k|ltjGw nfpg

�

;lsG5 . o;/L k|ltjGw nufpgsf] nflu xfdLn] cfjZos sfg"g jgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 / j:t'sf] hfFrsf] nflu bIf hgzlQm / /fd|f] k|of]uzfnfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

lgof{t l ljZj Aofkf/ ;+u7gsf ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ahf/ xfdLnfO{ ;d]t v'Nnf x'g] ePsf]n]

xfdLn] pTkfbg u/]sf a:t' tL b]zx?df klg k7fpg ;lsG5 . l ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] cNkljsl;t d"n'sx?nfO{ lbg]

lagf eG;f/ lagf sf]6fsf] ahf/ k|j]zn] g]kfn h:tf cNkljsl;t d"n'ssf pTkfbgnfO{ al9 klt{:kwL{ agfPsf] 5 .

v t/ xfdLn] s'g} klg s[lif j:t'sf] lgsf;L ul/ ljb]z k7fpFbf Tof] b]zsf] af]6 la?jf, hgfj/ / dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / hLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ x'g' kb{5 .

v To;}n] xfdLn] /f]u ls/f gfzs ljifflbx? tyf e]6g/L cf}ifwL al9 /fvL pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' ljb]z k7fpg ;lsb}g .

v lab]zL ahf/df k|j]z kfpg a:t'sf] u'0f:t/ tL /fi6\x?sf] nflu :jLsfo{ x'g' kb{5 .

v s[lifhGo pkh / k|zf]lwt vfB kbfy{sf] lgof{t k|a4{gdf u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg clt cfjZos 5 .

l g]kfndf P; lk P;;+u ;DalGwt d'Vo P]g ÷lgodx? tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DalGwt lgsfo tflnsf ! df lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf @g]kfndf P; lk P;;+u ;DalGwt d'Vo P]g ÷lgodx? tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DalGwt lgsfo

P]g÷ lgod sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo

vfB P]g @)@# tyf vfB lgodfjnL @)@& vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu

bfgf kbfy{ P]g @)## tyf bfgf kbfy{ lgodfjnL @)$! vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu

kz' jwzfnf tyf df;' hf+r P]g @)%% tyf kz' jwzfnf tyf df;' hf+r lgodfjnL @)%^

kz' ;]jf ljefu

kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz' ;]jf P]g @)%% tyf kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz' ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%^

kz' ;]jf ljefu

lj?jf ;+/If0f P]g @)^$ tyf lj?jf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)^^ s[lif ljefu

hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g @)$* tyf hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL @)%)

s[lif ljefu

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afof];]So'l/6Læafof];]So'l/6LÆ eGgfn] ;du| dfgj, kz', jg:kltx?sf] hLjg tyf :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg] hf]lvdaf/] ljZn]if0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ /0fg}lts tyf PsLs[t b[li6sf]0fnfO{ a'emfp+b5 . ;g\ !((% df WTO sf] :yfkgf tyf ;g @))$ df g]kfn o;sf] ;b:o eP kZrft ljZj Jofkf/df afof];]So'l/6Lsf] dxTj cem al9 x'+b} ePsf] 5 . afof];]So'l/6L ljgf dfgj :jf:y /Iff / :jR5 Jofkf/ k|jw{g x'g ;Sb}g .

afof];]So'l/6L;+u ;DalGwt d'Vo ljifo l lbuf] s[lif ljsf; l dfgj :jf:Yo l jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf

afof];]So'l/6Ln] ;d]6\g] ljifox?l vfB :jR5tf l kz'k+l5 / jg:kltsf /f]u, ls/f / emf/x? l cg'a+z kl/alt{t hLjx? sf] k|j]z l ljb]zL cfs|fds hLjx? l jftfj/0f ;+/If0f . afof];]So'l/6Lsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx?

gLltut r'gf}tLl afof];]So'l/6Lsf ljljw kIfx?sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dodf sfg"gx? ag]sf t/

sdL, cju'07g, j]d]n tyf ckof{Kt k|fjwfgx?sf sf/0f sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO /x]sf],

�

l ljleGg kIfsf] afof];]So'l/6L;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] clVtof/L ;DaGwdf cju'07g /x]sf] / sltko ljifodf sfg"gL Aoj:yfsf] g} cefj /x]sf] .

l sltko dfkb08x?, clVtof/L / sfof{Gjog ;DalGw sfo{ljlwx? s'g p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu eGg] :ki6 ug]{u/L kl/eflift e};s]sf 5}gg\ .

l ;'/lIft tyf pko'Qm vfBsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfjZos lgodg k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cefj, h:tf] ls ljZj;gLotfsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ tyf vfB Joj;fodf j:t'nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ahf/af6 lkmtf{ lng] gLltsf] cefj,

l cf}ifwLo tyf kf]if0fo'Qm egL bfjL ul/Psf vfB j:t'x? (functional foods and

neutraceuticals) vfBf}lus tyf vfB pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] k|fljlws k|s[ofsf] nflu lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf :jLs[lt lbg] k|0ffnLsf] cefj,

l cg'j+z kl/jlt{t hLj (LMOs) /lxt dfgj :jf:y tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ h}ljs ;'/Iffsf] ?k/]vf, @)^# df g} kfl/t ePsf] t/ sfg"gL Aoj:yf tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sdLsf sf/0f xfn;Dd klg nfu' x'g g;s]sf] .

u'0f lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df r'gf}tLl lg/LIf0f, k/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnLx? g]kfndf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dlGjt

e};s]sf 5}gg\ . l ;Ldf If]qsf] Sjf/]06fOg / vfB lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL PsLs[t / ;jn e};s]sf

5}gg\ .l jfnLgfnL, j:t'efp tyf kfNt' k+IfL, dT:o tyf jghGo pTkfbgx?sf] pTkfbg,

k|zf]wg tyf ahf/ k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf cÍgLotf jf klxrfgLotf (Traceability) k|0ffnL / bfloTj ;DalGw lgodx?sf] sdL 5 .

l sltko vfB kbfy{x?sf ;DaGwdf kof{Kt dfkb08 g/x]sf] / sf]8]S; dfkb08 cg'?k gePsf]] Pjd\ hf]lvddf cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .

l vfB pTkfbgsf ;DaGwdf vfB k|df0fLs/0fsf] cEof; ePsf] 5 t/ ISO 22000, ISO 9001 h:tf k|0ffnL k|df0fLs/0f (System certification) k4lt cem} klg ckgfOPsf] 5}g .

sfof{Gjogdf r'gf}tLl Sjf/]06fOg lgoGq0f, vfB u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / cf}iflw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg

;+:yfx?n] cf–cfˆgf sfo{x? ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ logLx? aLr kof{Kt ;dGjo x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g .

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l s]Gb|Lo vfB k|of]uzfnf, ljp–jLhg u'0f lgoGq0f k|of]uzfnf cGt/f{li6«o k|0ffnL cg'?k k|dfl0ft /x]sf] t/ j[xb afof];]So'l/6L k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf k'/fug{ kof{Kt g/x]sf] .

l :yfgLo ahf/ tyf lgof{tsf ;DaGwdf cjz]if tyf ld;fj6sf] cg'udgdf sdL] /x]sf]5 .

s[ifs / Aoj;foLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df r'gf}tLl s[ifsx?df ls6gfzs / cGo s[lif–/;fogx?, kz' cf}ifwLx? tyf xfdf]{gx?sf]

k|of]u ;DalGw c;n cEof; af/] ;Lldt 1fg 5 . l l;+rfOdf, dT:okfngdf, j:t'efpnfO{ v'jfpg] k|of]hgdf, vfB pTkfbgsf] ;kmfO

tyf vfB k|zf]wg ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;kmfOdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgLsf] cefj 5 .l cf}krfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu lghL If]qsf k|of]uzfnfx?nfO{ kof{Kt clVtof/L /

k|df0fLs/0fsf] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5}g .

;/sf/L lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf;df r'gf}tLMl vfB, jg:klt tyf hgfj/x?sf ;DaGwdf 7Ls tl/sfn] ;dGjo ul/Psf]

afof];]So'l/6L k|0ffnLsf] cefj / sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx?sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgsf] cefj 5 .

l afof];]So'l/6L ;DaGwdf ;Ldf vl6Psf clwsf/Lx?df tflndsf] sdL 5 .

afof];]So'l/6Lsf nflu dfu{lrqMafof];]So'l/6L gLlt / P]g :jLs[t ugf{n] lgDgsfo{x? ug{ ;lsG5Ms_ PsLs[t afof];]So'l/6L k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{, v_ afof];]So'l/6L ;DaGwdf hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ljlw ckgfpg], u_ pkof]lutf cg'?ksf] ljZj;gLo vfB lgodg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{, 3_ s[lif–vfB cfk"lt{ ;[Ëvnfdf c;n cEof; ckgfpg], ª_ Aofkf/ gLltnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], r_ afof];]So'l/6L ;DaGwL sfo{df ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;dfj]z u/fpg] / pgLx?sf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ u|x0f ug]{, / 5_ afof];]So'l/6L k|0ffnLsf] sfof{GjognfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg

ug]{ .

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c;n cEof; s[lif tyf s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ cËflng] ljleGg dfWodx?af6 s[ifs, Jofkf/L pkef]Qmf nufot afnLgfnL, kz'kIfL / jftfj/0fsf] lbuf] ljsf; e} pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g' g} c;n cEof; xf] . c;n v]tL ug]{ k|0ffnL, c;n kz'k+IfL tyf dT:o kfng k|0ffnL, c;n vfB j:t' pTkfbg k|0ffnL cflb s[lif k|0ffnLsf d]?b08 x'g\ . O{=;= @))# df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gn] c;n v]tLsf] cEof; (Good Agriculture Practice, GAP) sf l;4fGtx? klxrfg u/L s[lif pkh a9fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{;s]sf]n] GAP nfO{ SPS ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z ePsf] cj:yfdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] c;n v]tL tyf kz'k+IfLkfng ug]{ cEof;nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . h:t} afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, Jofj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf nufot ljleGg z}lIfs ;+3;+:yfx?sf] dfWodaf6 k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf s[lif gLltnfO{ clËsf/ u/L c;n cEof; (Good Practice) sf sfo{x? eO/x]sf 5g\ / o;nfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . lj=;+= @)&).!).)$ ut] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] s[lif tyf s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf k|jw{g ug{ "Committee on Standards of Good Practices in Agriculture & Agro-Products" tof/ kfl/;s]sf] 5 . dGqfnosf # k|d'v ljefux? vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefunfO{ k|fljlws pk;ldltsf] ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df qmdz Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) / Good

Veterinary Practice (GVP) sf] ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L lg/fs/0fsf af6fx? to ug]{ clwsf/ lbO;s]sf]n] s[lif k|0ffnLsf k|To]s laGb'x?df hgr]tgf, tflnd, :yflgo ;xefuLtf / kf/blz{tfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf af]w ePsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)%%

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;fndf ljleGg P]gx? alg;s] kl5 /fHodf EofS;Lgsf] pTkfbg, k|fljlws ;]jf, /f]ux?sf] klxrfg / lg/fs/0f, Sjf/]G6fOg ;]jf, ;'kl/j]If0f cflb sfo{x? lgoldt ?kdf eO/x]sf 5g\ t/ klg kz'awzfnf / df;' hfFr / df;'sf] u'0f:t/df rfx]h:tf] ;Gtf]ifhgs kfO/x]sf] cj:yf pkef]Qmf ;fd' 5}g .

c;n vfB j:t' pTkfbg cEof; (GMP) O=;= !(&) df FDA n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;dosf] dfu ;+u} ljleGg vfB tyf k]o pBf]ux?n] GMP sf] l;4ftx?nfO{ k5\ofPsf] b[Zo vfB j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/n] :ki6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . dfgj :jf:Yo;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] j:t' eg]sf] g} vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ ePsf]n] vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] GMP sf] dfGotfnfO{ k|d'v ?kdf lnO{ ljleGg vfB j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 leq 5 ls 5}g eg]/ kQf nufpg GMP sf] l;4fGt cg'?k cg'udg, sf/vfgf lg/LIf0f, k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg, sRrf tyf tof/L j:t'sf] e08f/0f, vfB j:t'x?df k|of]u x'g] of]ulznsf] u'0f:t/Lotf, JolQmut ;/;kmfO{, pTkfbg :ynsf] ;+/rgf, ejgsf] cj:yf, ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yf, hf]lvdsf] cj:yf cflbnfO{ u'0f:t/sf] k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .

vfB :jR5tfsf] cg'e"lt vfB tyf k]o j:t'x?df k|zf]wgsf] ;dodf x'g;Sg] cjfG5gLo h}ljs, /;folgs tyf ef}lts j:t'x? ;Dks{df cfpg glbg] k|Tofe"t ug{' g} vfB :jR5tf xf] . k|To]s pkef]Qmfn] vfB :jR5tfsf] 1fg lng' cfjZos 5 . ha;Dd pkef]Qmf :jo+ vfB :jR5tf af/] rgfvf] x'b}gg\, ahf/ cg'udg, sf/vfgf cg'udg, vfB j:t'sf] hkmt tyf b08n] dfq vfB :jR5tf lgrf]8df k'Ug ;Sb}g . u'0f:t/sf] gfddf pkef]Qmfn] vfB tyf k]o j:t'sf] rsf]{ v/Lb d"No ltg{ kl//x]sf] x'G5 .

a:t'sf] u'0f:t/ eg]sf] cyf{t u'0f:t/dfkg ug]{ ;"rs eg]sf] æn]jnÆ klg xf] . g]kfndf vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] vfB j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg ljleGg vfB pBf]ux?nfO{ vfB P]g, @)@# / ;f]sf]] lgodfjnL @)@& adf]lhd cg'1fkq lng'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vfB P]g lgod cg';f/ vfB Joj;foLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo cg'?k o; ljefusf ;fy} dftxtsf sfof{no / :yfgLo lgsfox?af6 cg'1fkq hf/L x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . vfB pBf]usf] cg'1fkq lng :ynut pBf]u lgl/If0f, To; pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt vfB j:t'x?sf] ljZn]if0f / vfB kbfy{x?df k|of]u ul/g] n]jn ;Gtf]ifhg ePkl5 dfq vfB pBf]un] vfB cg'1fkq kfpg] 5 . cg'1fkqsf] l;nl;nfdf vfB lgl/Ifsn]

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pBf]u kl/;/sf] lgl/If0f u/L, k|zf]wg k|s[of lg/LIf0f u/L, pBf]usf] Layout ;lxt k|ltj]bg;fy gd'gf ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . vfB j:t'sf] gd"gfsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 leq kfOPdf dfq ;DalGwt pBf]un] vfB pBf]usf] cg'1fkq k|fKt ug]{5 . vfB pBf]un] cg'1fkq k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] vfB :jR5tfsf] ;"rs xf] . h'g pBf]un] cg'1fkq hf/L jf gjLs/0f gu/L vfB j:t' pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f u5{, To:tf] vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ Go"g jf b"lift x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] clgjfo{ ?kdf vfB pBf]un] cg'1fkq lng} k5{ / n]jndf cg'1fkq gDa/ k|i6 n]vL cfd pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ vfB :jR5tfsf] cg'e"lt lbg'k5{ .

vfB tyf k]o j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ljZn]if0f (End product testing) af6 dfq u'0f:t/ / :jR5tf lgodg ug{ Jojxfl/s gx'g] ePsfn] lgoldt pBf]u lg/LIf0f u/L :ynut ?kdf g} ;'wf/ u/L cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu' u/]df dfq vfB :jR5tf / u'0f:tl/otf sfod /fVg ;lsG5 .

vfB :jR5tfdf xflgsf/s tTjx? (Food Safety Hazards)vfB kbfy{df laleGg k|sf/sf xflgsf/s tTjx? klg x'g ;Sb5g\. h:t}M!= h}ljs tTjx?M Bacterial spore, Bacteria: Bacillus, Vibrio cholerae , V.vulnificus,

Clostridia, Salmonella spp., Leptospira monocytogenes, Virus, Protozoa, Parasites,

etc . @= ef}lts tTjx?M h:t}M sf7, Unf;, wft'sf 6's|f, xf8, 9'Ëf, Knfli6s, cflb . #= /;folgs tTjx?M /;folgs dn, dl;, PnhL{ ug]{ tTjx?, PlG6jfof]lS; cflb .

vfB pBf]udf vfB :jR5tf ;Gtf]ifhgs agfpg tnsf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'k5{ != pBf]u kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO{ @= pBf]usf] agfj6 -e"+O{÷em\ofn÷9f]sf÷k|zf]wg sIf÷leQf÷9f]sf÷e08f/0f sIf÷5fgf÷

k|sfz÷alQ cflb_ sf] plrt Aoj:yf #= kfgLsf] >f]t / pkrf/$= e08f/0f sIfsf] ;/;kmfO{sf] Joj:yf%= pBf]usf] ;/;kmfO{^= sRrf kbfy{sf] ;lx 5gf}6 / pko'St u'0f:t/&= plrt k|zf]wg ljlw -tfkqmd÷;do÷/]s8{_*= k|of]uzfnfsf] Joj:yf

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!)= /;fog e08f/0f ug]{ plrt :yn jf sIf!!= ls/f, km6\of+u|f / d';f lgoGq0f!@= pko'St pks/0f, d]lzg/L!#= kmf]xf]/ j:t'sf] Joj:yfkg!$= pko'St Kofs]lhË j:t'!%= ;lx n]jnsf] ljj/0f!^= JolQmut ;/;kmfO{ -n'uf÷xft÷n'uf km]g]{ sIf÷JolQmut afgL_ / :jf:Yo pkrf/!&= /]s8{ Joj:yfkgM -k|of]uzfnf÷k|zf]wg÷e08f/0f÷sRrf kbfy{ vl/b÷ljqmL ljt/0f_ .

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vfB tyf bfgf kbfy{df cjz]if / sG6fldg]G6\;ævfB sG6fldg]G6;\Æ eGgfn] vfB kbfy{df pkl:yt xfgLsf/s /f;folgs, h}ljs, ef}lts jf /]l8of]wld{ j:t' h;n] dfgj :jf:Yodf gs/fTds c;/ u5{ . Dffgj :jf:Yosf nflu xfgLsf/s oL vfB sG6fldg]G6\; hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ vfB j:t'df ldl;g ;SbG5g\ . h:t}M hLjgfzs ljiffbL / o;sf] cjz]if, e]6]/Lgl/ cf}iflwsf cjz]ifx? / cGo sG6fldg]G6; .

s= hLjgfzs ljiffbL / o;sf] cjz]iflj?jfdf nfUg] /f]u ls/fx?, dfgj jf kz'df nfUg ;Sg] /f]usf sL6f0f' jf o;sf ;+qmd0fx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ jf dfg{, /f]syfd ug{ jf ltlgx?sf] j[l4nfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] /f;folgs jf h}ljs kbfy{nfO{ hLjgfzs ljiffbL elgG5 . o;sf ;fy} v]tjf/Ldf grflxg] emf/x?nfO{ dfg{, jfxo k/hLjLx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{, vfB kbfy{ e08f/0f ubf{ ls/fx?nfO{ eufpg jf dfg{, d';f lgoGq0f ug{, vfB pTkfbgsf cltl/Qm cGo k|of]hg h:t}M ;fª\nf dfg{, nfdv'6\6] dfg{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL ;d]t hLjgfzs ljiffbL x'g\ .

hLjgfzs laiffbLsf] juL{s/0f

hLjgfzs laiffbLnfO{ d'Vo @ lsl;daf6 juL{s/0f ul/G5 . h:t}l /f;fogLs ;ld>0f sf cfwf/dfM cuf{gf]Snf]/fO{8, cuf{gf]km:kmf]/;, sfjf{dfO8 . l k|of]usf] cfwf/dfM emf/kft gfzs, ls/f gfzs, ls/f j[l4 gfzs, h'sf gfzs,

wld/f gfzs, z+v]ls/f gfzs, nfxLls/f gfzs, d';f gfzs, ls/f eufpg] (Repellant), z'Id hLjgfzs, 9'l; gfzs cflb .

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hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cjz]iflj?jfdf, cGgdf jf cGo k|of]uhgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] ljiffbLsf] dfqf xfdLn] k|of]u ug{] vfBfGg jf kfgL jf jftfj/0fdf ;d]t :yflkt e} a:g'nfO{ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cjz]if elgG5 . hLj gfzs ljiffbL jf o;sf] cjz]if xfd|f] vfgfdf jf jftfj/0fdf x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . laiffbLsf] clwstd cjz]ifsf] dfqf lgodg ug'{ kg]{ k|To]s /fi6«sf] bfloTj xf] .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] cj:yf / c;/x?g]kfndf cf}zt !$@ u|fd k|lt x]S6/ ljiffbL k|of]u ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 h;df skf;df @%^) u|fd k|lt x]S6/, lrofdf @!)) u|fd k|lt x]S6/ / t/sf/Ldf !$)) u|fd k|lt x]S6/sf] b/n] kfOPsf]5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL dWo] ;a}eGbf 8/nfUbf] ljiffbL kl;{:6]G6 cuf{lgs kf]n'6]G6 (POP) au{df kg]{ ljifnfO{ dflgG5 . o;tf ljifn] SofG;/ /f]u nfUg ;Sg], n'nf n+u8f] / cª\u e+u gjhft lzz' hGdg] jf j+zf0f'df c;/ kfg]{ cflb c;/ ub{5g\ . To;}n] o;tf ljiffbLsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ <l rflxPsf] cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf] dfqfdf dfq ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{] .l ljiffbLsf] ;xL 5gf}6 ug{] .l ljiffn'kgf Psbd} al9 ePsf] ljiffbLsf] k|of]u gug{] .l sfd u/]g eg]/ af/Daf/ ljiffbLsf] k|of]u gug{] .l ljiffbL hyfefjL k|of]u gug{] -h:t}M df5f dfg{ k|of]u gug]{_ .l ljiffbL k|of]u ul/;s]kl5sf] Go"gtd kv{g] ;do Aoltt u/] kl5 dfq vfB

j:t'x? leqfpg] .l ljiffbLsf] plrt e08f/0f ljlw ckgfpg] .l k|of]u ug]{ cjlw ;dfKt ePsf ljiffbLnfO{ k|of]u gug{] /l af“ls ljiffbL / ljiffbL efF8f]sf] ;'/lIft tl/sfn] la;{hg ug{] .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] lgodgvfB P]g, @)@# / hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g @)$* / hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] cfwf/df hLjgfzs ljiffbL cjz]if pkl:ytLsf] clwstd dfqf tf]lsPsf vfB kbfy{x?df gflkg] ul/Psf] 5 . h:t}Ml 3[tf+; /lxt w'nf] b'w, w"nf] b"wdf l vfBfGg tyf bnxgx?df l k|;f]lwt kfgLdf .

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g]kfndf lhjgfzs ljiffbL btf{ ;+Vof lgDgadf]lgd 5g\l lhjgfzs ljiffbLsf Jofkf/Ls gfdx?M $&) l k|fljlws jf /f;folgs gfdM ** v ls/fgfzsM $$ v 9'l;gfzsM @$ v emf/gfzsM !@ v d';fdfg{]M # v h}ljs ljiffbLM $ v JofS6]/LofgfzsM !

lgif]w ul/Psf] hLjgfzs ljiffbLx?g]kfn ;/sf/n] !$ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cfoft, pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f / k|of]u lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . tL ljiffbLx? l8l8l6, cN8«Lg, 8fOcN8«Lg, x]K6fSnf]/, 6f]S;fkm]g, ld/]S;, OG8«Lg, Snf]/8]g, lj Pr l;, lnG8]g, kmf]:kmfld8f]g, cuf{gf]dS{o'/L sDkfpG8, d]yfOn kf/fyLof]g / df]gf]qmf]6f]kmf]; x'g\ .

v= kz' cf}iflw cjz]ifkz' k+IfLnfO{ lbPsf] cf}iflwx?sf] cjz]if kz'hGo pTkfbgdf ;d]t /xg hfg] x'G5 . kz' k+IfLnfO{ lbPsf cf}iflwx? kfrg k|s[of, lg:sf;g k|s[of tyf kz'sf z/L/ leqsf ljleGg l86S;LkmLs];g lqmofx?af6 ;d]t gi6 geO{ kz'sf] df+;k]l; tyf b'wdf ;d]t pkl:yt e} vfB >[+vnfdf k|j]z x'g] ub{5g\ . kz' cf}iflwsf] cjz]ifnfO{ j[xt ?kdf @ ju{df ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5M PlG6jfof]6Ls / xfdf{]G; . vfB kbfy{x?df kz' cf}iflwsf] cjz]ifsf] pkl:ytLsf] pRrtd dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] x'g' k5{ . ljZj :jf:yo ;+u7g, ljZj vfB s[lif ;+u7g tyf sf]8]S;n] o; ;DjlGw clwsQd cjz]if l;df tf]s]sf] 5 .

e]6]/Lgl/ cf}iflw cjz]ifx?af6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{] c;/x?l e]6]/Lgl/ cf}iflwsf cjz]ifx? z/L/df hDdf x'b} hfg;Sg] eO{ Go'g dfqfdf

nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of]u ul//x]df ;f]af6 dflg;df SofG;/ x'g], azf0f' lau|g], /f]u k|lt/f]ws Ifdtfdf c;/ ug{], hGdg] lzz'sf] c+ue+u x'g] nufotsf ljiffn'kg c;/x? x'G5g . o:tf

l dfgj :jf:Yodf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vt/f eg]sf] yfxf gkfOsg} o:tf cjz]ifx? z/L/ leq k|j]z ug{ ;Sb5g h;n] ubf{ ue{ ga:g], hGdg] aRrfx?df c+ue+u x'g] jf dlxgf gk'uL hGd x'g] cflb x'g;S5 . ;Nkmf]gdfO8; u'|kdf cf}iflwx?n] klg o:tf c;/x? ug{;S5g\ .

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l s]lx e]6gl/ cf}iflwsf cjif]zn] s]lx dfgL;df Pnlh{s l/oS;g b]vfpF5 . h:t} M lj6f NofS6f]d;, :6]K6f]dfOl;g, lgof]dfOl;g cflb . To:t} Snf]/fdkm]lgsn gfds kz' cf}iflwsf] cjz]ifn] dfgL;df PKnfl:6s Pg]ldof gfds Hofglng] /f]u x'g ;S5 . kz' cf}iflwdf k|of]u ul/g] PlG6jfof]6Lsn] dfgj zl//df w]/} PlG6jfof]6Ls vKg ;Sg] (Multi drug resistant) JofS6]/Lofx? pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf vfB kbfy{df cf}ifwL cjz]if /xg'sf] sf/0fl cf}ifwLsf] l:js[tL / k|of]u ;DaGwL sfg"gL tyf lgodg\ Joj:yfsf] sdL l b}lgs pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] Go"gtd dfqf ;d]t Plsg gul/Psf, btf{ jf s'g} klg

lsl;dn] lgodg\ gul/Psf cf}ifwLsf] klg k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] l pknJw j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f gePsf] / ;dfj]z ul/Psf cf}ifwLsf] kl/df0f /

dfqf ;d]t gvf]lnPsf cf}ifwLsf] k|of]udf klg lgoGq0f gx'g] u/]sf] . l cf}ifwL ;]jgsf] lglZrt cjlw / /f]Sg] ;do (Withdrawal period) sf] af/]df

e]6]l/g/L k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] Joj:yf gePsf] . l cf}ifwLsf] af/]df cToGt} sd 1fg ePsf s[ifs, u|fld0f kz' :jf:Yo sfo{stf{

h:tf k|fljlwsx?n] cfkm"v';L e]6]l/g/L cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] .

cjz]if lgoGq0fsf pkfox?l cjz]if pkl:yltsf] dfkb08 tof/ ul/ nfu' ug{] .cjz]if lgoGq0f ug]{ d'Vo

lhDd]jf/L /fHos} x'G5 .l kz'kfns ls;fg, kz' :jf:YosdL{, ;xsf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx?, :s'n

sn]hsf ljBfyL{x? dfkm{t :j:Yo pTkfbg ;''/IfLt vfgkfg ;DjGwdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .

vfB j:t'df x'g;Sg] cGo sG6fldg]G6;\ vfB j:t'df x'g;Sg] cGo sG6fldg]G6;\ cGt/ut lgDgadf]lhdsf rLh kb{5g\Ml ux|f} wft' h:t} kf/f] (Mercury), Sof8ldod, cf;]{lgs, lz;f (Lead) cflb . l ;'Id lhjf0f' h:t} ln:6]/Lof df]gf];fO{6f]h]G;, ;fNdf]g]nf cflb . l ljls/0f h:t} /]l8of]wld{ a:t'x? . l ef}lts rLh h:t} sfFr, /f}, /f]8f, df6f], afn'jf (Filths) cflb .vfB P]g @)@# cg';f/, xfn;Dd k|zf]lwt kfgLdf ux|f} wft' -x]ljd]6n_ sf] clwstd dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf cGo vfB kbfy{x?df ;d]t tf]Sg cfjZos 5 . sf]8]S; Plnd]G6l/o; sld;gn] ljleGg vfB kbfy{x?df oL rLhdf clwstd:t/sf] dfkb08 tf]s]sf] 5 .

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vfB pBf]usf] cg'1fkq tyf klxrfgLotf;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'ljwf sfod /fVg vfB kbfy{sf pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0fdf :jR5 tyf u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg vfB P]gdf cg'1fkqsf] Joa:yf u/]sf] 5 . vfB P]g, @)@# df tf]lsPsf vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f, ;+ro jf k|zf]wg ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] tf]lsP adf]lhd cg'1fkq lng' kb{5 . vfB P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf–$ df 9f+6L em'SofO{ vfB kbfy{ laqmL ljt/0f ug{ gx'g] Aoj:yf adf]lhd s;}n] s'g} vfB kbfy{nfO{ csf]{ s'g} vfB kbfy{ xf] egL 9f+6L jf em'SofO{ laqmL jf ljt/0f ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vfB P]gn] tf]s]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu vfB lgodfjnL, @)@& df lgDgcg';f/sf] Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ M

s= vfB lgodfjnL, @)@& df cg'1fkqsf] Joj:yf!= lgod–@$ cg';f/ Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] s'g} vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, laqmL

ljt/0f, ;+ro jf k|zf]wg ug{ rfxg] Joltmn] cg'1fkq lng' kg]{ 5 .@= lgod–@^ / @& df vfB kbfy{ 3'ldlkm/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ Joltm tyf vfB

kbfy{ k;n yfkL laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ jf yf]s Jofkf/ ug]{ jf cfoft ug]{ Joltmn] lglZrt b:t"/ lt/L ;f]xL :yfgsf] ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/ kflnsf jf dxfgu/ kflnsfaf6 cg'1fkq lng' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

#= lgod–@*sf] pk–lgod–! adf]lhd vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg jf k|zf]wg ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷3/]n' ljefudf cfj]bg lbg' eGbf cufj} vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu tyf ;DalGwt If]qLo sfof{noaf6 l;kmfl/; lng' kb{5 .

pk–lgod–@ / # cg';f/ l;kmf/L; lng rfxg] JolQmn] :yfkgf ug{ rfx]sf] pBf]usf] ;DaGwdf pBf]usf] lsl;d, pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] d]lzg/L, k|fljlws zLk, ;/–;kmfO{ Joj:yf, sRrf kbfy{sf] lsl;d / >f]t cflb v'nfO{ l:sd tof/ u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷3/]n' ljefuaf6 pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf]

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nflu k|lts[of÷/fo dfu]sf] kq ;lxt b/vf:t sf] cfwf/df vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu tyf ;DalGwt If]qLo sfof{noaf6 cWoog u/L cfaZostf cg';f/ k|:tfljt vfB pBf]usf] l:sddf x]/km]/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ ug{ sa'lnot u/fO{ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ cg'dlt lbgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .

pk–lgod–$ adf]lhd vfB pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] Joltmn] ;f] pBf]u :yfkgf ul/;s] kl5 vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg sfo{ z'? ug{ cl3 ljefuaf6 cg'1fkq lng' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

$= lgod–@( cg';f/ cg'1fkq k|fKt u/L vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg sfo{ z'? eP kl5 ljefu jf cGtu{tsf sfof{noaf6 lgl/If0f x'+bf of]hgfdf pNn]lvt zt{ adf]lhd Joj:yf gePsf] jf pTkflbt vfB j:t' u'0f:t/Lo gePdf ;f] zt{ cg';f/sf] Joj:yf / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ gu/] ;Ddsf] nflu ljefusf] l;kmf/L;df ;DalGwt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] To:tf] vfB pBf]usf] pTkfbgdf /f]s nufpg ;Sg]5 .

%= lgod–#! df cg'1fkq axfn /xg] cjlw / gjLs/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 h; cg';f/ cg'1fkq k|To]s jif{ cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd axfn /xg]5 / Dofb e'Qmfg gx'b} jf Dofb e'Qmfg ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq cg'1fkq gjLs/0f ug'{ kg]{5 . Dofb gf3] kl5 cg'1fkq gjLs/0f ug{ cfPdf yk b:t"/ / hl/jfgf lnO{ tLg jif{;Dd gjLs/0f u/L lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

!= vfB tyf bfgf pBf]u l;kmfl/; ug]{ Joj:yfMl pBf]udf k|of]u x'g] d]lzg/L, k|fljlws hgzlQm, ;/;kmfO{sf] Joj:yf, sRrf

kbfy{sf] >f]t, lsl;d / ;+rosf] Joj:yf, k|fljlws k|:tfj ePsf] :sLdsf] cfwf/df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nosf] kq adf]lhd pBf]u :yfkgfy{ l;kmfl/;sf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

@= vfB tyf bfgf pBf]u cg'1fkq hf/L k|s[ofl pBf]u btf{ ePkl5 u'0f:tl/o Pj+ :j:Yos/ bfgf pTkfbg u/L laqmL, ljt/0f

ug{ cg'1fkq hf/L ug{ ;f] pBf]u btf{sf] k|df0fkq k|ltlnlk, pBf]u lhDdf lng] JolQmsf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk, pBf]u lhDdf lng] JolQmsf] @ k|lt kf;kf]6{ ;fOh kmf]6f] tyf ? !) -?=bz_ sf] l6s6 / /fhZj b:t'/ lt/]sf] /l;b ;lxt cg'1fkq hf/Lsf] lgj]bgdf ljj/0f e/L btf{ ug]{,

l lg/LIf0f zfvfdf lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 vfB lg/LIfsaf6 ;f]daf/÷a'waf/ pBf]u lgl/If0fsf nflu al/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg clws[t jf vfB cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 lg/LIf0f cfb]zsf] kq vfB lg/LIfsnfO{ lbg],

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l vfB lg/LIfsaf6 pBf]u lgl/If0f lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ lg/LIf0f u/L ;f] pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg ul/Psf] vfB gd"gf ;+sng u/L laZn]if0f k/LIf0fsf nflu gd"gf btf{ ug]{,

l gd"gf sf]l8Ë u/L k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpg],l k|of]uzfnfaf6 u/]sf] ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg cg'1fkq zfvfdf k|fKt ug]{, l vfB lg/LIfsaf6 pBf]u lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg tyf vfB j:t'df k|of]u ul/g]

n]j'nsf] gd"gf klg cg'1fkq zfvfdf k|fKt ug]{, l lgj]bgsf] ljj/0f, pBf]u lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg tyf vfB j:t'df k|of]u ul/g] n]j'n,

vfB gd"gf laZn]if0f k|ltj]bg cWoog u/L cfjZos sfuhft tyf k|s[of k'/f ePsf lgj]bg cg';f/ cg'1fkq zfvfsf vfB cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 l6Kk0fL cfb]z p7fO{ al/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg clws[t df k]z ug]{,

l al/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 ;'emfj ;lxt vfBu'0f lgoGq0f dxfzfvf — pkdxflgb]{zs ;dIf k]z ug]{,

l vfB u'0f lgoGq0f dxfzfvfsf pkdxflgb]{zaf6 ;f]xL cfly{s aif{sf] nflu cg'1fkq hf/L ug]{,

l cg'1fkq hf/Lsf] clen]v vfB lg/LIfsaf6 lg/LIf0f zfvfdf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .

l If]qLo sfof{no If]qflwsf/df /x]sf] 7"nf pBf]usf] xsdf dflys} k|s[ofdf pBf]u lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg, n]j'nsf] gd"gf tyf vfB j:t' hf“r k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;lxt lg/LIf0f zfvfdf k|fKt u/L vfB cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 l6Kk0fL p7fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .

l vfB pBf]u cg'1fkq glnO{ a]r lavg ePsf pBf]usf] xsdf cg'1fkq lngsf nflu kxn ug]{ cGoyf pBf]u /f]Sg sf/jfxL ug]{ ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .

#= vfB tyf bfgf pBf]usf] cg'1fkq gljs/0f k|fjwfgMl vfB tyf bfgf pBf]usf] cg'1fkq aflif{s ?kdf gljs/0f ug]{ u/fpg] . l pBf]usf] cflwsf/Ls JolQmaf6 ? !) -?=bz_ sf] l6s6 / cfjZos b:t'/

;lxt hf/L ePsf] cg'1fkqsf] ;Ssn k|lt pTkflbt vfB j:t'sf] gd"gf laZn]if0f k|ltj]bg ;fy cg'1fkq gljs/0fsf] lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ .

l cfjZos sfuhft ;lxt cg'1fkq gljs/0fsf] lgj]bg lgl/If0f zfvfdf k|fKt ug]{ .

l vfB gd"gf laZn]if0f k|ltj]bg gePsf] xsdf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt vfB gd"gf ;+sng ug]{ .

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l ;+slnt gd"gf btf{ u/L sf]l8Ë ug]{ . l sf]l8Ë u/]sf] gd"gf k|of]uzfnfdf ljZn]ifssf] nflu k7fpg] . l lazn]if0f k|ltj]bg lgl/If0f zfvfdf k|fKt ug]{ .l laZn]if0f k|ltj]bg :t/cg'?ksf] kfOPsf lgj]bgx? lg/LIf0f zfvfsf] al/i7

vfB cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 k|fKt ug]{ .l al/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg clws[t af6 vfB tyf bfgf pBf]u cg'1fkq gjLs/0f

ug]{ . l cg'1fkq zfvfdf vfB lg/LIfsaf6 clen]v /fVg] . l ;dodf cg'1fkq gjLs/0f gu/]sf] pBf]unfO{ hl/jfgf tyf vfB lgodfjnL

cg';f/ sf/jfxL ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . .

$= vfB lgodfjnL kfrf} ;+zf]wgaf6 tf]lsPsf] cg'1fkq b:t'/ o; k|sf/ 5g\ Ms_ clws[t k"FhL kfFr nfv ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – @)) .–v_ clws[t k"FhL bz nfv ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – %)) .–u_ clws[t k"FhL jL; nfv ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – !))) .–3_ clws[t k"FhL Ps s/f]8 ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – !%)) .–ª_ clws[t k"FhL tLg s/f]8 ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – @))) .–r_ clws[t k"FhL bz s/f]8 ?k}of ePsf] pBf]usf nflu – #))) .–5_ clws[t k"FhL bz s/f]8 ?k}of b]lv dfly hlt;'s} /sdsf] nflu – $))) .–

v= klxrfgLotf (Traceability)vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbgb]lv pkef]u;Ddsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, lat/0fsf vfB >[+vnfsf] ljleGg r/0fx? kf/ x'g] cj:yfdf klg vfB kbfy{sf] klxrfgLotf cyf{t s'g :yfgaf6, s;/L, vfB j:t' k|fKt ePsf] ;f]sf] klxrfg x'g cfjZos x'G5 .

oxL vfB >[+vnfdf vfB kbfy{sf] klxrfgLotfsf] sdLn] vfB :jR5tf clej[l4 ug{ tyf :jR5 vfB Jofkf/nfO{ k|jw{g ug{ g;lsPsf] cyfy{tf xfdLdf /x]sf] 5 . vfB kbfy{sf] n]jnaf6 klxrfgLotf :yflkt ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . vfB >[+vnfsf] x/]sf r/0fdf Ps r/0f cufl8 / Ps r/0f k5fl8sf] klxrfgLotfnfO{ sfod /fVg' kb{5 . k5fl8sf klxrfgLotfn] pTkfbgsf] klxnf] r/0f;Dd / cufl8sf klxrfgLotfn] v'b|f ljt/0f;Ddsf] klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVg cfjZos x'G5 .

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klxrfgLotfsf cfw'lgs lsl;dx? w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\. t/ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] lgoddf pNn]v ul/Padf]lhdsf klxrfg lrGx k|of]u ug'{ pBf]usf] st{Jo x'G5 .

u= vfB lgodfjnL, @)@& df Kofs ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{sf] ef+8f]df n]j'n u/fpg] Joj:yfMvfB lgodfjnL, @)@& sf] lgod–!* n] Kofs ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{sf] ef+8f]sf] aflxl/ cfj/0fdf tYo jf ljj/0f v'Ng] u/L n]j'n gnufO{ To:tf] vfB kbfy{ laqmL ug{ jf laqmLsf] nflu lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .o; lgod cg';f/ n]j'ndf x'g' kg]{ lgDgclgjfo{ ljj/0fx? /x]sf 5g\M!= vfB kbfy{sf] gfd@= pTkfbssf] k"/f gfd / 7]ufgf#= ;ld>0f ul/Psf sRrf kbfy{x?sf] ljj/0f$= vfB kbfy{sf] v'b tf}n / gfksf] kl/df0f%= k|of]u ul/Psf] l:js[t /+u / kl//IfLsf] gfd^= Aofr g+=, pTkfbg ldlt / pkef]u ul/;Sg' kg]{ ldlt

n]j'n pNn]v ug]{ ljj/0f, g]kfnL jf c+u|]hL efiffdf x'g' kg]{ / oL b'O{ efiffsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g} efiffdf klg ljj/0f v'nfpg rfx]df v'nfpg ;lsg]5 . n]j'nsf] ;DaGwdf pk/f]Qm cnfjf lgDgcg';f/ sf] Joj:yf /x]sf 5g\ Ml vfB kbfy{df kl//IfL k|of]u ul/Psf] eP To;sf] n]j'ndf Kof]/, z'4 h:tf

zJbx? n]lvPsf] jf To:tf] n]j'ndf pNn]lvt cGo ljj/0f s'g} em'7\6f jf e|dfTds bfjf / ;+s]t /x]sf] x'g'x'Gg .

l Kofs ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{sf] v'b|f Jofkf/Ln] Kofs]6 vf]nL laqmL ug{ clgjfo{ v'nfpg' kg]{ ;a} ljj/0f n]j'n nufpg afWo x'g] 5}g .

l le6fldg, vlgh jf cGo kf}li6s kbfy{ ePsf] bfjL ug{ n]j'nsf] ljj/0fdf oL kbfy{sf] kl/df0f v'nfpg' kb{5, cGoyf ;f] kbfy{ ePsf] bfjL ug{ kfOg] 5}g . t/ tfhf /flvPsf kmnkm"n jf ;fukft, l;+u} km"n, Sofg gul/Psf df5f, df;' cflbdf n]j'n nufpg' kg]{ jfWotf gx'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

n]jndf ;a} hfgsf/L lj:t[t ?kdf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . pkef]Qmfx?n] ga'emg] efiff k|of]u ul/Psf j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ af/] hfgsf/L s'g} klg cfd pkef]Qmfn] gkfpg] ePsf]n] vfB :jR5tfdf n]jnsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .

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vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08x?vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ljleGg P]g, lgod / dfkb08x? tof/ u/L nfu' ul/Psf 5g\ tL dWo] vfB P]g @)@#, vfB lgodfjnL, @)@& k|d'v x'g\ . s]xL vfB kbfy{x?sf] clgjfo{ u'0f:t/ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'ljwf sfod /fVg vfB kbfy{df s'g} cjfG5gLo ld;fj6 /f]Sg jf vfB kbfy{df /x]sf] :jfefljs s'g} u'0f jf pkof]lutf 36fpg jf l´Sg gkfpg] ug{ / vfB kbfy{sf] plrt :t/ agfO{ /fVg vfB P]g, @)@# Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ vfB P]g, @)@# df ePsf s]xL k|d'v laz]iftfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\Ml Go"g u'0f:t/sf / ld;fj6o'Qm vfB a:t'sf] pTkfbg laqmL lat/0fdf /f]s

nufPsf] .l vfB :t/ tf]Sg ;Sg] . l ;/sf/n] lgodfjnL th'{df u/L nfu' ug{ ;Sg] .l 9fF6L em'SofO{ jf cgfZos la1fkg (False Claim) vfB kbfy{ a]Rg gkfpg] .l vfB cg'1f kq lng' kg]{ .l ;fa{hlgs laZn]ifs / vfB lg/LIfssf] Aoj:yf l b08 ;hfosf] :k:6 Aoj:yf, cflb .

vfB P]gdf kl/eflift u/]sf vfB kbfy{M s= ævfB kbfy{Æ eGgfn] ;fwf/0ftM dflg;n] vfg] lkpg], ck|zf]lwt, cw{ k|zf]lwt,

k|zf]lwt jf pTkflbt vfB jf k]o kbfy{ ;D´g' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] vfg] lkpg] kbfy{df k|of]u ul/g] d/d;nf, vfB of]uzLn -km"8 Pl8l6e_ /+u jf ;'uGw ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .

v= æb"lift vfB kbfy{Æ eGgfn] b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfsf] vfB kbfy{ ;D´g' k5{ M– != :jf:YonfO{ xflg x'g] u/L ;8]sf] un]sf] jf kmf]x/ d}nf jf ljiffQm cj:yfdf

/flvPsf] jf tof/ ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{,

��

@= dflg;sf] pkef]usf] nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g] u/L s]xL jf ;Dk"0f{ efu s'g} /f]uL jf /f]usf/s kz' k+IfL jf xflgsf/s jg:kltaf6 ag]sf] vfB kbfy{,

#= s'g} vfB of]uzLn -km"8 Pl8l6e_, /+u kl//IfL -k|Lhj]{l6e_, cGt{ljsl;t jf alxld{l>t /;fog jf sL6fgf;s cf}iflwsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] clwstd ;Ldf eGbf a9L x'g uO{ :jf:YonfO{ xflg x'g ;Sg] vfB kbfy{ .

u= æGo"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{Æ eGgfn] b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfsf] vfB kbfy{ ;D´g' k5{ M != s'g} vfB kbfy{sf] :jfefljs u'0f eGbf sd;n x'g] u/L k|d'v c+usf] kl/

df0f 36fOPsf] jf csf]{ s'g} kbfy{ ld>0f ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{, t/ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L j:t' ld>Lt vfB kbfy{x?df To:tf] ld>Lt vfB

kbfy{x?sf] gfd / kl/df0f :ki6 pNn]v 5 / :jf:YonfO{ xflg ub}{g eg] To:tf] vfB kbfy{nfO{ Go"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{ dflgg] 5}g .

@= bkmf & adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] u'0f:t/ jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd cfjZos u'0f:t/ eGbf 36]sf] jf clwstd u'0f:t/ tf]lsPsf]df ;f] eGbf a9]sf] vfB kbfy{ .

vfB P]gsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx?!= b"lift vfB kbfy{ jf Go"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ljt/0f ug{

dgfxLM s'g} JolQmn] b'lift vfB kbfy{ jf Go"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{ jf ;f] dWo] s'g} sfdsf nflu To:tf] vfB kbfy{ /fVg x'Fb}g .

@= 9f6L ´'SofO{ vfB kbfy{ laqmL ug{ gx'g] M s;}n] s'g} vfB kbfy{nfO{ csf]{ s'g} vfB kbfy{ xf] egL jf s'g} lgDg:t/sf] vfB kbfy{nfO{ dflyNnf] :t/sf] vfB kbfy{ xf] egL 9f6L jf ´'SofO{ laqmL jf ljt/0f ug{ x'Fb}g .

#= vfB kbfy{ /f]Ssf /fVg ;lsg] != s'g} vfB kbfy{ b"lift jf Go"g:t/sf] xf] eGg] z+sf nfu]df tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln]

To:tf] vfB kbfy{ l;naGbL u/L ;f] vfB kbfy{sf wgLnfO{ g} lhDdf nufO{ To;sf] ekf{O{ lnO{ /f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg]5 .

@= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd /f]Ssf /x]sf] vfB kbfy{ b'lift jf Go"g:tsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o clGtd ?kdf eO{;s] kl5 bf]ifsf] dfqf, bf]ifsf] k|s[lt / To;af6 x'g;Sg] xfgLsf] ljrf/ u/L tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zn] ;f] vfB kbfy{ g]kfn ;/sf/ nfUg ;Sg]5 .

��

$= cg'1fkq lng' kg]{ != tf]lsPsf] vfB kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, ;+ro jf k|zf]wg ug{ rfxg]

JolQmn] tf]lsP adf]]lhd cg'1fkq lng' kg]{5 .@= pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg l;naGbL ePsf vfB

kbfy{x?sf] xsdf cg'1fkq k|fKt pTkfbs jf yf]s laqm]tfaf6 tf]lsP adf]lhd hdfgtkq k|fKt v'b|f ljqm]tfn] o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] cg'1fkq lng'kg]{ 5}g .

%= b08 ;hfo != Go"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{

klxnf] k6s ?= !,))). b]lv ?= @,))).–;Dd hl/jfgf / bf];|f] k6sb]lv k|To]s k6s ?= @,))).– b]lv ?= %,))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dxLgfb]lv ! jif{ ;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .

@= pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k;n gyfkL 3'dL b"w, bxL tyf cGo vfB kbfy{ laqmL ug]{ JolQmn] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{tsf] lgod jf cfb]zsf] pNn+3g u/]df lghnfO{ klxnf] k6s ?= %). b]lv ?= @)). ;Dd hl/jfgf, bf];|f] k6s ?= @)).– b]lv ?= %)).– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dxLgf ;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo / t];|f] k6sb]lv k|To]s k6s ?= %)).– b]lv ? !))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dxLgfb]lv ^ dxLgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .

#= b'lift vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg, laqmL, ljt/0f, lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ?= %))).– b]lv ?= !),))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{b]lv @ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .

$= s'g} b"lift vfB kbfy{ vfgfn] s'g} JolQmsf] d[To" x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf jf d[To" ePdf jf z/L/nfO{ ck"/0fLo IftL ePdf jf x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf To:tf] b'lift vfB kbfy{ pTkfbg jf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ?= !),))).– b]lv ?= @%,))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf / # jif{;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg]5 / lghn] ;f] b"lift vfB kbfy{af6 k|efljt JolQm jf lghsf] xsbf/nfO{ ?= @%,))).– b]lv ?= !,)),))).– ;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{5 .

%= pkbkmf -!_, -@_ -#_ / -$_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf cfb]zsf] cGo s'g} s'/f pNn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ?= !,))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 .

^= vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f, :t/ tf]Sg] clwsf/ M s'g} vfB kbfy{df s'g} kbfy{sf] u'0f, :t/ jf dfqf s'g kl/lwleqsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . o:tf] k|To]s cfb]z g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ul/g] .

��

&= vfB kbfy{sf] hfFr M s'g} vfB kbfy{ b"lift jf Go"g:t/sf] vfB kbfy{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] k/LIf0f tf]lsPsf] cg';Gwfgzfnfdf u/fOg]5 / To; ;DaGwdf ;f] cg';Gwfgzfnfsf] tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L jf clwsf/Lx?af6 k|ltj]bg lnOg] Joj:yf x'g] .

*= vfB :t/ lgwf{/0f ;ldlt M g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ Pp6f vfB :t/ lgwf{/0f ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] .

(= g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL e} rnfOg] 5 .

!)= d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f dfldnfsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ x'g] .

!!= k'g/fj]bg M k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'‰g]n] ;f] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg] .

!@= lgod agfpg ;Sg] M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg] .

vfB lgodfjnL, @)@& sf k|fjwfgx?!= ;fj{hlgs ljZn]ifs, lghsf] of]Uotf, sfd, st{JoM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n]

g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L b]xfosf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] / vfB ljZn]if0f k/LIf0fsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ul//x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ o; lgodfjnLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ljZn]ifs tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

@= vfB lg/LIfs ;DalGw Aoj:yf – of]Uotf, sfd st{Ao clwsf/#= vfB kbfy{ laZn]if0f $= vfB:t/ lgwf{/0f ;ldltM ;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno – cWoIftfdf !#

;b:oLo . %= Kofs ul/Psf] vfB kbfy{sf] kbfy{sf] n]j'n ^= vfB kbfy{ ljqm]tfn] kfng ug'{kg]{ s'/f &= vfB kbfy{df /Ë / kl//IfL /Ë -lk|h/e]l6e_ sf] k|of]u *= cg'1fkq

gf]6M s]xL vfB kbfy{x?sf] clgjfo{ u'0f:t/ tf]lsPsf 5g\ h'g tn tflnsf # df lbOPsf] 5 .

��

tflnsf #clgjfo{ u'0f:t/ tf]lsPsf vfB kbfy{x?

l;=g+= vfB ;d'xvfB j:t'sf]

lsl;ds}lkmot

!b'w tyf b'UwhGo pTkfbg

!*b"w, ufO{sf] b"w, e}+;Lsf] b"w, 3Lp, k|zf]lwt b"w, 3[tf+z /lxt w'nf] b"w, p4fl:kt 3[tf+z /lxt b"w, dw'l/t ;+3l0ft b'w,

@

l3p tyf t]nhGo pTkfbg

!^

tf]/L t]n, cfofltt /]K;L8 cfon, e6df;sf] t]n, a]sl/ ;6]{lg+u, kfd sg]{n cfon, kfdf]lng, abfdsf] t]n, gl/jnsf] t]n, tLnsf] t]n, ds}sf] t]n, ;'o{d'vLsf] t]n h}t'gsf] t]n, s';'dsf] t]n, k|zf]lwt jg:klt t]n, jg:klt 3Lp / kfd cfon .

#

kmn tyf t/sf/LhGo pTkfbg !&

kmn /;, uf]]ne]8fsf] /;, kmnsf] ;j{t, kmnk'mnsf] :Sjf;, kmnk'mnsf] k]o, 6f]df6f] ;;÷s]rk, hfd, k]S6Lg ldl>t hfd, dfdf{n]8, crf/, SofG8 k|m'6 ss6]n, SofG8 kfO{gfkn, SofG8 c/]Gh ;]Ud]G6, SofG8 lko;{,SofG8 nK;L, nK;L /]ln; / r6gL -;;_ .

$

d;nfhGo pTkfbg

@!

cn}+rL sf];f, cn}rL aLp, cn}+rL w'nf], ;'7f], ;'7f]sf] w'nf], xn]bf], a];f/, ;Unf] hL/f, hL/fsf] w'nf], w'nf] d;nf, dl/rsf] w'nf], l;+uf] vf];f{gL, vf];f{gLsf] w'nf],;Unf] wlgof+, wlgof+sf] w'nf], d]yL, bfnlrgL, Hjfgf], ;Unf] Njf+u, dl/r / w'nf] bfn lrgL * .

%lrof tyf slkmhGo pTkfbg

$3'ngzLn slkm, slkm, lrof / u|Lg 6L .

^ g"g @ cfof]l8go'Qm g'g / ;fwf/0f g'g .

& kfgL ! k|zf]lwt vlgho'Qm lkpg] kfgL .

*

cGgjfnL / bnxghGo pTkfbg

@%

vfBfGg*, lk7f], d}bf, a];g, kfp/f]6L, la:s'6, l;Gs] rfprfp, tof/L rfprfp, u]8f d'+u, d'+usf] bfn, d'+usf] 5f+6f, /x/sf] bfn, df;sf] u]8f, df;sf] bfn, u]8f rgf, rgfsf] bfn, u]8f d';'/f]sf] bfn, d';'/f]sf] bfn, ;'hL, ux'+ *, ds} *, rfdn *, sg{ km\n]S; * / kf}li6s tTj :t/f]Gglt (Fortified) u/LPsf] ux'+sf] d}bf / lk7f]sf] :jlR5s u'0f:t/ .

( u'lnof] kbfy{ # dx, ldl> / lrgL .

!)ld7fO rsn]6 pTkfbg #

lrgL kfs sGkm]S;g/L nh]G; / r'O{ud aanud .

!!cGo

#nGrg ld6, vfB k/L/IfLx? / x]le d]6N;sf] ljleGg vfB kbfy{x?df ;Ldf dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] .

hDdf !!#

��

vfB :jR5tfdf xflgsf/s tTjx? vfB kbfy{df laleGg k|sf/sf xflgsf/s tTjx? klg x'g ;Sb5g \. h:t}M!= h}ljs tTjx?M Bacterial spore, Bacteria ( Bacillus, Vibrio cholerae , Clostridia,

Salmonella spp., Leptospira monocytogenes), Virus, Protozoa, Parasites cflb . @= ef}lts tTjx?M h:t}M sf7, Unf;, wft'sf 6's|f, xf8, 9'Ëf, Knfli6s, cflb . #= /;folgs tTjx?M /;folgs dn, dl;, PnhL{ ug]{ tTjx?, PlG6afof]l6S;

cflb .

vfB pBf]udf vfB :jR5tf ;Gtf]ifhgs agfpg tnsf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'k5{ , cGoyf vfB kbfy{df laleGg k|sf/sf xflgsf/s tTjx?n] ;+s|d0f ug]{ jf gf]S;fg ug]{ jf vfB kbfy{ sfd} gnfUg] klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . Wofg lbg'kg]{ a'Fbfx? h:t}M!= pBf]u kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO{ — pBf]u kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO b}lgs ?kdf ug'{ k5{ .@= pBf]usf] agfj6 -e"+O{÷em\ofn÷9f]sf÷k|zf]wg sIf÷leQf÷9f]sf÷ e08f/0f sIf÷

5fgf÷k|sfz÷alQ cflb_ sf] plrt Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . o;sf nflu ;+alGwt k|fljlws;+u ;+ks{ ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

#= kfgLsf] >f]t / pkrf/ — pBf]udf k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] >f]t ;w}+ ;kmf x'g' kb{5 . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg ;do ;dodf kfgLsf] pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ .

$= e08f/0f sIfsf] ;/;kmfO{sf] Joj:yf — e08f/0f sIfsf] ;/;kmfO{ b}lgs ?kdf ug'{ k5{ .

%= pBf]usf] ;/;kmfO{ — pBf]usf] k|s[lt / k|of]u ul/Psf pks/0f sf] cfwf/df pBf]usf] ;/;kmfO tflnsf agfP/ ug'{ k5{ .

^= sRrf kbfy{sf] ;lx 5gf}6 / pko'St u'0f:t/ — sRrf kbfy{sf] ;lx 5gf}6 / pko'St u'0f:t/ gePdf pTkflbt vfB kbfy{sf] klg u'0f:t/ sd x'G5 / To:tf] sRrf kbfy{df ljleGg lsl;dsf hf]lvd ug]{ tTj x'g ;Sb5g\ .

;];

g *

�0

&= plrt k|zf]wg ljlw -tfkqmd÷;do÷/]s8{_ —vfB pBf]udf tfkqmd÷;do÷/]s8{sf] clt g} 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . oL rLh dWo] s'g} klg Pp6f lalu|Pdf vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lau|G5 .

*= k|of]uzfnfsf] Joj:yf!)= /;fog e08f/0f ug]{ cnUu} sIf x'g' kb{5 .!!= ls/f, km6\of+u|f / d';fn] ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]usf hLjf0f' nufot hf]lvd ug]{

cGo tTj Nofpg ;Sg] x'bf lolgx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ h?/L x'G5 .!@= pko'St pks/0f, d]lzg/LnfO{ pko'St tl/sfn] k|of]u, ;/;kmfO / dd{t ug'{

k5{ .!#= kmf]xf]/ j:t'sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug'{ k5{ .!$= pko'St Kofs]lhË j:t'sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .!%= ;lx n]jnsf] k|of]u / ljj/0f ug'{ k5{ . !^= JolQmut ;/;kmfO{ -n'uf÷xft÷n'uf km]g]{ sIf÷JolQmut afgL_ / :jf:Yo pkrf/df

Wofg lbg' k5{ .!&= /]s8{ Joj:yfkgM -k|zf]wg÷e08f/0f÷sRrf kbfy{ vl/b÷ljqmL ljt/0f sf] /]s8{

/fvL klxn] sRrf kbfy{ vl/b u/sf]af6 klxn] vfBj:t' pTkfbg ug]{ / o;/L pTkflbt dfn klxn] ljqmL ljt/0fdf n}hfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .

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;];

g (

hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0ffkl/ro hf]lvd zAbsf] s'g} 36gf jf b'3{6gfsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ hgfp5 . t/ ;+efjgf dfqn] o;sf] cy{ k"0f{ x'b}g, o; k|sf/sf] s'g} ;+eflat 36gf b]vf k¥of] eg] To;af6 pTkGg gsf/fTds kl/0ffd ;d]tnfO{ hf]lvd zAbn] ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . c:jR5 vfB kbfy{sf] ;]jgaf6 dflg;x? la/fdL kg{ ;S5g\ . c:jR5 vfB kbfy{df x'g] xflgsf/s ls6f0f'x?n] pkef]QmfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] xfgLsf] ;+efjgf / dfqf ;d]tnfO{ hf]lvdsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]l6g' kb{5 . xfgLsf/s hLjf0f'nfO{ x]hf8{ (Hazard) elgG5 . vfB :jR5tfdf hf]lvdnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 – "Risk is a function of the

probability of an adverse health effect & the severity of that effect, consequential to a

hazard(s) in food." of] k/Lefiffdf # j6f s'/fnfO{ ;dfa]; u/LPsf] b]lvG5 – x]hf8{, Tof] x]hf8{n] :jf:YonfO{ kfg{ ;Sg] v/faLsf] ;+efjgf / To;sf] c;/sf] :t/ jf uxL/fO{ .

vfB :jR5tfdf x]hf8{nfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 -Hazard is a biological,

chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an adverse

health effect_. of] k/Lefiff cg';f/ x]hf8{ eGgfn] dfgj :jf:YonfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] Pp6f h}ljs, /f;folgs jf ef}lts tTj jf cj:yf xf] . h}ljs x]hf8{df ;fNdf]g]Nnf -6fO{kmfO{8sf] ls6f0f'_, Aof;Ln; l;/Lo; -af;L vfgfdf x'g] xfgLsf/s ls6f0f'_, efO{/;, 9';L cflb kb{5g\ . /f;folgs x]hf8{df laiffbL, vfB k|;f]wgdf k|of]u x'g] k/L/IfL (Preservative),kz'k+IfLsf] cf}iflw cflb / ef}lts x]hf8{df wft'sf] 6'qmf, 9'uf, jfn'jf, /f}, xf8 cflb kb{5g\ . o:tf x]hf8{ ;+qmldt vfB a:t'x?df b]vf k/]sf y'k|} pbfx/0fx? 5g . h:t} – ;g\ @))* df rLgdf aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg] b'wdf d]nfdfO{gsf] ld;fj6, hd{gLdf -@)!!_ E.coli O104:H4 sf] ;+qmd0f,

��

cfo/Nof08df a+u'/sf] df;'df 8fof]lShg (Dioxin) ;+qmldt, hfkfgdf /]l8o;go'Qm vfB kbfy{ cflb . o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f u/L pkef]Stfsf] :jf:YonfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'lt lbnfpg' hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] k|d'v nIo xf] .

hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf c+ux? (Components of Risk Analysis)hf]lvd laZn]if0f eg]sf] hg:jf:Yo / vfB kbfy{sf] :jR5tf ;DalGw hf]lvdx?sf] kxLrfg / d"Nof+sg u/L tL hf]lvdx?sf] lg/fs/0fsf] pko'Qm pkfox?sf] 5gf}6 u/L nfu' ug]{ / o; af/]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx? ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/ jfnfx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;'Jojl:yt k|0ffnL xf] (Risk analysis is a systematic approach to examine

& assess public health & safety risks associated with food & identify and implement

appropriate measures to manage the risks and communicate with stakeholders on the risks

as well as risk mitigating measures).

vfB kbfy{df hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf c+ux? o; k|sf/ x'G5g\M!= hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg (Risk Management)

@= hf]lvd d"Nof+sg (Risk Assessment)

#= hf]lvd ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f (Risk Communication)

o; kl/efiff cg';f/ hf]lvd laZn]if0fdf tLgj6f kIfx?nfO{ ;d]l6G5, h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] ljif]ztfx?Ml cGt/f{li6o ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt — sf]8]S;n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] laifo ePsf] x'bf

;dfg :t/sf] :jR5tfsf] :t/ sfod ug{ ;xh x'g] .l a}1flgs tYodf cfwfl/t — hf]lvd d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ laZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn]

;d]t dfg]sf] 5 . l pkef]Qmfsf] ;'/Iffdf s]lGb|t — vfB >[+vnfsf] ;+a]bgzLn laGb'df lgoGq0f ug]{

k|fjwfg /x]sf] l ;dfa];L — ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] plQs} ;xeflutf /xg] .l ;a{:jLsfo{ — w]/} k|sf/sf vfB a:t'x?nfO{ ;d]6g ;s]sf] .

!= hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg (Risk Management):hf]lvd d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffd jf ;'emfjx?sf] cfwf/df hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f jf

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lg/fs/0fsf laleGg pkrf/fTds jf lg/f]wfTds pkfox?;+u ;DalGwt gLlt lgdf{0f u/L hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg ul/G5 . hf]lvd d"Nof+sg / Aoj:yfkg ul/ /xbf Ps cfk;df / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLrdf ;"rgf / tYox?sf] cfbfg k|bfg / 5nkmn x'g' kb{5 . t;y{ hf]lvd laZn]if0fn] Ps o:tf] ;+/rgfTds k|m]dcf]s{sf] dfu ub{5 h;af6 lgDg k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]lhG5 .!= s'g} x]hf8{sf] pkl:yltn] s] ;d:of -dfgj :Jf:Yo, jftfa/0f, kz' cfbLdf_ k}bf

xf]nf <@= To:tf ;d:ofx? b]vf kg]{ ;+efjgf slt 5 <#= To:tf ;d:ofx? b]vf k/]df To;sf] k/L0ffd s] x'G5 <$= To:tf ;d:ofx? b]vf kg]{ ;+efjgf / kl/0ffdnfO{ Go'lgs/0f jf lg/fs/0f ug{

s] s:tf pkfox? canDag ug'{ k5{ <

hf]lvd d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u k/fd;{ 5nkmn u/L hg:jf:Yo / pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;'/Iff tyf :j:Yo Aofkf/ k|aw{g ug{ ;DalGwt ;a} laifox?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pkrf/fTds / lgoGq0f ;DalGw gLltut lasNkx? Aff/] 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofsf] dfWdaf6 d"Nof+sg u/L pko'Qm lgisif{df k'Ug] sfo{ hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg cGtu{t kb{5 . hf]lvd Aoj:yfkgdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;F+:s[lts tyf g}lts k|Zgx?df ;d]t Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

gLltut lasNkx? eGgfn] hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ P]g lgodx?sf] kl/dfh{g lgdf{0f, ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ;'wf/ cflb kb{5g\ . To:tf gLltut s'/fx? hf]lvdnfO{ ;a{ :jLsfo{ :t/;Dd Go'lgs/0f ug]{ jf lgjf/0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . hf]lvd Aoj:yfkgsf ljsNkx? Kff/blz{ ?kdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;'';"lrt u/L pgLx?sf] pko'Qm ;'emfjx? ;d]tnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'g' h?/L 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df vfB P]g @)@#, la?jf ;+/If0f P]g, kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz' ;]jf P]g, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g h:tf y'k|} P]gx? lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ul/Psf 5g\ . h;sf] dfWodaf6 dfgj :jf:Yo, kz' tyf la?jfsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;DalGw sfdx? x'b} cfPsf] 5 .

@= hf]lvd d"Nof+sg (Risk Assessment):hf]lvd d"Nof+sg Pp6f a}1flgs k|s[of xf] h;n] s'g} lglZrt /;fog jf /f]usf] ls6f0f' jf To;af6 ;+qmldt vfB kbfy{sf] ;+;u{df cfpg] jf To:tf] vfB kbfy{

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pkef]u ug]{ pkef]Syfsf]] :jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] ;+efJo gsf/fTds c;/ / c;/sf] dfqf (Severity) dfkg ub{5 . (Risk assessment is a scientific process which consists of

determining the likelihood and severity of an adverse health effect in a population exposed

to a certain chemical or pathogen/food combination). To:tf] gsf/fTds c;/ / c;/sf] k|s[lt / dfqf u'0ffTds jf dfqfTds jf b'j} tl/sfn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} s'g} lglZrt dfqf eGbf al9 s'g} x]hf8{ pkl:ylt x'bf xflgsf/s x'g ;S5 jf clt hf]lvdo'Qm x'G5 eg]/ hf]lvd laZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fw/0ftof hf]lvd laZn]if0f lgDg b'O{ cj:yfdf dfq ug]{ ul/G5 .s= s'g} gof“ x]hf8{ b]vf k/]sf] cj:yfdf M o:tf] k|sf/sf] cj:yfsf] klxnf] hfgsf/L

hf]lvd Joj:yfksnfO{ x'G5 . dfgf} s'g} gof“ vfn] efO{/; jf AofS6]l/of b]vf kg{ uof] jf To;n] dfga :jf:Yodf u+le/ ;d:of Nofpg ;'? u/\of] eGg] hfgsf/L hf]lvd Aoj:yfksnfO{ eof] eg] To; k|sf/sf] gof“ x]hf8{sf] cf}krf/Ls kxlrfg / laZn]if0f hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] k|s[ofaf6 k'/f ul/g' k5{ .

v= s'g} x]hf8{sf] pkl:yltsf] ;Ldf kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df M h:t} abfddf Pkmnf6f]lS;gsf] clwstd ;Ldf -!% kL kL aL_ af6 36fpg k/]df hf]lvd d"Nof+sg ug'{ clgafo{ x'G5 . s'g} klg b]zn] -dfgf} g]kfnn]_ o;sf] ;Ldf 36fpg rfx]df To;sf] a}1flgs cfwf/ k]z ug' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

hf]lvd d"Nof+sg lgDg r/0fx?df ug]{ ul/G5 Ms= x]hf8{ klxrfg (Hazard Identification)M x]hf8{sf] ;xL klxrfgx'g' lgtfGt h?/L

5 . To:tf x]hf8{x? x]hf8{ Aoj:yfkgsf] r/0fdf klxrfg x'g ;S5 t/ To:tf] x]hf8{sf] PsLg x]hf8{ d'Nof+sgsf] r/0fdf g} ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

v= x]hf8{sf] rfl/lqs/0f (Hazard Characterization)M klxrfg ul/Psf] x]hf8{ ef}lts, /f;folgs jf h}las s'g k|sf/sf] xf] / of] s:tf] u'0f / k|s[ltsf] 5 eGg] a}1flgs tYox?sf] n]vfhf]vf / laZn]if0f ul/G5 . h}las x]hf8{ klxrfg ePsf] xf] eg] To;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 hg:jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] lautdf pTkGg ePsf hg:jf:Yo ;DalGw ;d:ofx?sf] tYof+sx?sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{' k5{ / o;n] ug]{ k|lts'n c;/sf ;+efjgfx?sf] laZn]if0f ug{' k5{ .

u= ;+;u{ d"Nof+sg (Exposure Assessment)M o;df s'g} h}las, /f;folgs jf ef}lts X]hf8{ vfB kbfy{ jf cGo s'g} dfWodx?af6 pkef]Qmfdf ;+qmldt x'g] ;+efjgfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{' k5{ . h:t} pkef]u ug]{ vfB kbfy{sf] b}lgs kl/df0f / pkef]Qmfsf] ;+Vof cflb .

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3= hf]lvdsf] rfl/lqs/0f (Risk Characterization)M dfly -v_ df pNn]lvt cju'0fo'Qm rl/q ePsf] x]hf8{n] -u_ df pNn]lvt ;+;u{sf] kl/a]zdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt u'0ffTds jf dfqfTds kl/0ffdsf] cf“sng jf n]vfhf]vfnfO{ hf]lvd rfl/lqs/0f elgG5 . h:t}M u'0ffTds laZn]if0fdf pRr, dWod jf Go"g hf]lvd egL alu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf af;L eftdf ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sg] Aof;Ln; l;/Lo; eGg] ls6f0f'sf] pkl:yltsf] ;+efjgf pRr x'g ;S5 t/ o:tf] ;+qmldt vfgf vfg] dflg;nfO{ kg]{ c;/ sd x'G5 jf Hofg} hfg ;Sg] 36gf Hofb} sd xf]nf t/ df5f, df;' jf c08faf6 ;+qmldt x'g ;Sg] ;fNdf]g]nf elgg] hLjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0f b/ Aof;Ln; l;/Lo;sf] hlt gx'g klg ;Snf t/ ;+qmldt vfB kbfy{sf] pkef]un] lgDTofpg] kl/0ffd vt/fo'Qm x'g ;S5 . t;y{ hf]lvdsf] d"Nof+sg -/]l6Ë_ ubf{ klxnf]df eGbf bf]>f] al9 hf]lvd -pRr hf]lvd_ x'g ;S5 . t/ dfqfTds hf]lvd rfl/lqs0f ubf{ Tof] x]hf8{;+u s] slt dfqfdf ;+;lu{t (Expose) x'bf hf]lvdo'Qm x'G5 elg hjfkm k|fKt ug{ klg h?/L x'g hfG5 .

#= hf]lvd ;"rgfsf] ;+rf/ (Risk Communication):hf]lvd ljZn]if0f k|s[ofdf hf]lvd;+u ;DalGwt tYo, ;"rgf / larf/x? af/] cGt/lqmof 5nkmn u/L cfjZos ;"rgfx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ hf]lvd laZn]if0fsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . o; k|sf/sf] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg hf]lvd d"Nof+ss (Risk Assessor), hf]lvd Aoj:yfks (Risk Manager), pkef]Qmf, pBf]u, laZjlaBfno nufotsf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? lardf x'g' kb{5 (Exchange all the

information/ Communicate all the decisions, risks and managerial aspects of the risks to all

stakeholders, e.g. risk assessors, risk managers, consumers, industries, institutions, etc.).

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cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x? M sf]8]S;, cf] cfO O / cfO kL kL ;L sf k|fjwfg ljZje/df x'g] ;Dk"0f{ j:t', ;]jf / af}l4s ;Dkltsf] Jofkf/nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpgsf] nflu @)%! ;fndf WTO sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df z'?df !@* /fi6« / o'/f]lkog o'lgog ;b:o /x]sf]df xfn o;sf ;b:o ;+Vof g]kfn ;d]t !^) k'lu ;s]sf 5g\ .

x/]sf ;b:o /fi6«n] :jR5tf tyf jg:klt :j:ytfsf k|fjwfgx? ;DjlGw ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, SPS) u/]sf] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf ;Demf}tfn] vfB kbfy{ tyf kz' bfgfdf ls6f0f', /f]u, /f]u jfxs hLjsf]if jf ltgsf pTkfbgx?, vfB ld>0fx? tyf k|b"if0fx?af6 dfgj, kz' tyf jg:kltsf] hLjg tyf :jf:Yodf kg{] c;/af6 hf]ufpgsf nflu cfjZos k|fjwfgx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . SPS sf k|fjwfgx? dfGotf k|fKt cGt//f{li6«o dfkb08x? agfpg] Codex, OIE / IPPC sf dfkb08x? cg';/0f ug'{ kg]{ jf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L j}1flgs cfwf/df dfq k|fjwfgx?sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ Codex, OIE / IPPC sf cGt//f{li6«o dfkb08x?;+usf] ;dt'Notf cfjZostf a9\b} uO{/x]sf] 5 .

sf]8]S; Plnd]G6]l/o; sld;g (Codex Alimentarius Commsiion):sf]8]S; Plnd]G6]l/o;sf] :yfkgf ;g !(^# df ePsf] xf] . of] /f]ddf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g / ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gaf6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 / ;+o'Qm ?kdf g} vfB u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ;DalGw sfo{qmdx? ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .

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cGt/f{li6«o :t/df vfB kbfy{sf] :jR5tf Pj+ u'0f:t/ ;DaGwdf sf]8]S; Plnd]G6]l/o; sld;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . sf]8]S; Plnd]G6]l/o; eGgfn] Nofl6g efiffdf km'8 sf]8 cyf{t vfB :jR5tfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?sf ;+u|xnfO{ hgfp+b5 . of] pkef]Qmf, vfB k|zf]ws Pj+ pTkfbs, /fli6«o vfB :jR5tf lgodg lgsfo tyf vfB kbfy{sf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf nflu ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfGo /x]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yo /Iff Pj+ vfB kbfy{sf] Jofkf/df :j:y cEof;sf nflu /fi6«x?n] Ps csf{sf] vfB :jR5tf ;DjlGw sfg"gL k|fjwfgdf Ps?ktf Nofpg' Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf dfGo dfkb08x?nfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ wf/0ff sf]8]S; Plnd]G6]l/o; sld;gsf] /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL ;DaGwdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g cGtu{t s[lif j:t'sf] :jR5tf ;DalGw ;Demf}tfdf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xlhs/0f / hgdfg;sf] :jf:Yo /Iffy{ sf]8]S;sf] vfB :jR5tf dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf cflbnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

sf]8]S;sf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu sld;g, sld;gsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt, ;lrjfno, If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf 6f:s kmf];{x?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . sf]8]S; cGtu{t ;fdfGo ;femf ljifout !) j6f ;ldltx?, j:t'ut & j6f ;ldltx? tyf ^ j6f ;dGjo ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd sf]8]S;df !*^ ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . sf]8]S;n] xfn;Dddf @!@ j6f dfkb08x?, $( j6f sf]8 ckm k|flS6;x?, &! j6f sfo{ljlwx?, # j6f clwsQd cjz]if l;dfx? Tyf $ j6f ljljw 6]:6x? lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;g\ !(&$ b]lv sf]8]S;sf] ;b:o eO{ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf dxflgb]{zsn] sf]8]S; sG6\ofS6 KjfOG6sf] ?kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @))$ b]lv g} /fli6«o sf]8]S; ;ldltsf] u7g eO{ To;sf] ;lrjfno vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefudf /xL cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg vfB :jR5tfsf dfkb08x? sf]8]S;;+u ;dt'No ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf] ;fy} ljleGg sf]8]S; ;ldltsf a}7sx?df klg ;xeflutf hgfp+g] u/]sf] 5 .

ljZj kz' :jf:Yo ;+u7g (OIE):ljZj kz' :jf:Yo ;+u7g ;g\ !(@$ df :yfkgf ePsf] Ps cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] ;+:yf xf] h;sf] k|wfg sfof{no k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df cjl:yt 5 . OIE df xfn ;Dd !*) ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;+u7gsf] Office Internationale des Epizoties (OIE) gfddf ;/lns/0f u/L xfn World Organization for Animal Health egL gfdfs/0f

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ul/Psf] 5 . WTO sf] SPS ;DjGwL ;+emf}tfdf SPS Measures nfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kn] ;se/ Ps?ktf sfod ug{ kz' :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug{ / ;'emfj lbgsf] nflu OIE nfO{ lhDa]jf/L lbOPsf]5 . h;sf] d'Vo sfo{x? lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\Ml ljZje/ kz'/f]usf] cj:yf af/] kf/bzL{ u/fpg] . l e]6]/Lg/L ;DjGwL ;+slnt ;"rgfx? a}1flgs tj/n] Plsg u/L k|jfx ug]{ . l kz' ;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ /f]u, vfB kbfy{x?df :jR5tfsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .l cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] j}1flgs, dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf / ;'emfjx? lbg] sfo{ ug]{ .

g]kfndf s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t kz' ;]jf ljefun] OIE ;+u ;dGjo u/L kz' :jf:Yo ;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x?nfO{ j}1flgsLs/0f ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} kz':jf:Yo ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;"rgf ;+sng tyf k|jfx ug{ u/fpg Focal

Point sf] ?kdf Veterinary Epidemiology Center sf k|d'vnfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . o:t} jGohGt', dfx'/L, / df5f ;DaGwL klg 5'6\6f5'6\6} Focal Points sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

OG6/g]zgn Knf06 k|f]6]Szg sGe]Gzg (International Plant Protec-tion Convention/ IPPC)vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cGtu{tsf] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] lj?jf :j:Yotf ;DjGwL ;+emf}tf ;g\ !(%@ df ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))^ df tL ;+emf}tf kfngf ug]{ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] h+unL / v]tL ul/Psf lj?jfdf ;+qmfds /f]u, ls/f tyf cGo zq'hLjx?sf] pkl:ylt / km}nfj6 cGt/f{li6«o:t/df /f]Sg] sfo{sf nflu cfjZos k|fjwfgx?, lj?jf ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg, gLlt, lgod, k|s[of agfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o; ;+emf}tfdf xfn;Dd !*! ;b:ox?n] x:tfIf/ ul/ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . IPPC n] xfn;Dd #^ j6f lj?jf :jR5tf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x? lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 .

OG6/g]zgn Knf06 k|f]6]Szg sGe]Gzgaf6 hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt ug{ / ;f] ;DaGwL g]kfndf ePsf] Joj:yf af/] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ g]zgn Knf06 k|f]6]Szg cu{gfOh]zg (National Protection Organization/ NPPO) sf] ?kdf jfnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnonfO{ kmf]sn KjfOG6 / jfnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnosf sfo{qmd lgb]{zsnfO{ sG6\ofG6 KjfOG6 tf]lsPsf] 5 .

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tflnd d"Nof+sg tyf k[i6kf]if0f -gd'gf_Trainee's Pre-Evaluation Form : Date: Please tick ( √ ) mark as per your knowledge & idea in the following topic/ sub-topics before your participation in biosecurity awareness training:Name of Participant (Optional):

S. N. Topic/ Sub-Topic Knowledge & Idea on Topic/ Sub-TopicNot at all Very Few Some Good Best

1 Sanitary and Phytosanitary provisions, requirements2 Biosecurity and its application at different levels in agri

value chain3 Good Practices: GAP, GVP, GHyP, GMP /HACCP4 Food Hazards: Food borne illness and Public health,

categorization of hazards, mitigation measures and rapid alert system

Trainee's Post-Evaluation Form (sample): Date: Please tick ( √ ) mark as per your knowledge & idea gained in the following topic/ sub-topics after your participation in biosecurity awareness training:Name of Participant (Optional):

S. N. Topic/ Sub-TopicKnowledge & Idea on Topic/ Sub-Topic

Not at all Very Few Some Good Best1 Sanitary and Phytosanitary provisions, requirements2 Biosecurity and its application at different levels in agri

value chain3 Good Practices: GAP, GVP, GHyP, GMP /HACCP4 Food Hazards: Food borne illness and Public health,

categorization of hazards, mitigation measures and rapid alert system

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cg';'rL ! k|lzIfssf] gfdfjnLResource Person Address Relevant topics

Dr. Krishna Prasad Pant FAO consultant WTO, SPS, BiosecurityMr. Sanjeev Kumar Karna Department of Food Technology and

Quality Control (DFTQC)Food Laws, Mandatory Standards for foods

Mr. Upendra Ray DFTQC Food Laws, Mandatory Standards for foodsDr. Damodar Sedai Department of Livestock Services Risk analysis, BiosecurityMr. Mohan Krishna Maharjan DFTQC International Standards, SPSMr. Hasta Bahadur Rai DFTQC Residue, contaminants, HACCP, Basic Risk

analysisMr. Ishwar Subedi DFTQC GMP, GAPMr. Ganesh Dawadi DFTQC Registration, Licensing, traceabilityMr. Suman Dhital DFTQC Food safety hazards, Good practices

Mr. Sanjay Bhandari DFTQC Food safety hazards, Good practicesMr. Puspa Lal Rai DFTQC Registration, Licensing, traceability

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