age of enlightenment age of reason

Age of EnlightenmentChapter 2

section 1, 2, and 3

Tuesday, October 29, 13

What were people thinking? DAY 1

What if God doesn't exist?

What if humanity is not the center of the universe?

What if there is no absolute truth?

DO NOT WRITE!Tuesday, October 29, 13

AGE of REASON 1650-1800

Definition: a breaking away from traditional ideas to form the foundations of modern democracy.

IE: Constitution/ Bill of Rights

Reason: Draw or come to a conclusion.

What gives people the confidence that they can break away?


Where did take place? France, Britain and Germany, it influenced

the whole of Europe including Russia and Scandinavia.

Put on the bottom.


Who were the players? Niccolo Machiavelli Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau The Baron de Montesquieu Denis Diderot Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Ben Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison Simon Bolivar

DO NOT WRITE THIS SLIDE


DBQ: 4 paragraphs ex ev ev

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Introduction: 3-5 sentences

Body Paragraph #1: Which Enlightenment thinker had the biggest impact?

Body Paragraph #2: What was the main idea of the philosophers?

Conclusion: 3-5 sentences

Circle examples Underline evidence

MLA


Enlightenment Reading

For the reading you will be doing the following today.

1. Answering all questions in complete sentences.

2. Please label each section. 3. Do not write the questions out.

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NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI 1469-1527

He was an Italian diplomat who wrote the book “The Prince.”

The Prince is a guidebook on getting to/ preserving power.

Machiavelli's assumption, that human nature is flawed, is also reflected in the need for brute force to attain practical ends. Complete trust and faith in one's subjects is not sustainable.

Machiavellian describes one who deceives and manipulates others for gain.(craigslist/Tupac)

Before all else, be armed.-Machiavelli-


SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Social Contract: people give up some rights to get

a government in order to receive social order.

The theories differentiated, be it a King (monarchy), a Council (oligarchy) or The Majority (republic or democracy).

Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of social contract, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.


THOMAS HOBBES 1588-1679

Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan. Due to the scarcity of things in the

world, there is a constant,"war of all against all”.

People are "cruel, greedy and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob and oppress one another. Life without controls would be, poor, nasty, brutish and short”.

Hobbes believed in an authoritarian dictator like government. Curiosity is the lust of the mind.

first to apply scientific approach to study man and

society


JOHN LOCKE 1632-1704

John Locke wrote (1689) Two Treatises of Government

Locke/Hobbes believed that human nature is selfish. Currency showed this more than any other.

All people were equal and independent, and none had a right to harm another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.” (Natural - Rights)

Father of Liberalism

Limited Monarchy

Rule of law, Constitution, due process, limited govt., liberty of individuals, freedom of religion, speech, press, and free market

He unlocked Natural Rights

first to use the scientific approach

to study man and his society


JOHN LOCKE cont.

Locke also advocated governmental checks and balances and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation.

His influence encouraged the French and American Revolution.(Will Americans revolt without natural rights?)

These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Constitution of the United States and its Declaration of Independence.

HOW CAN WE REMEMBER THE 3 GUYS?

Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.


JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU1712-1778

He contended that man was neither inherently good nor bad, but is corrupted by our society.(Nate Smilie story)

The Social Contract gave our country the political views on government that give us rights and equality.

His ideas influenced the American and French Revolution. His writings answered the question of how government should exist.

“we are different from animals because of free will and capacity for self improvement”

Absolute silence leads to sadness. It is the image of death.

All of my misfortunes come from having thought too well of my fellows.

JacqueS RouSSea Society

focused on nature of government and that life is all about self preservation


PHILOSOPHES

The PHILOSOPHES represented the philosophe belief that everything could be known, classified and understood by man. (French philosophers mostly)

CORE BELIEFS: Deism: reason and observation/ Toleration. (Living together? BF)


ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS These philosophes influenced rulers: (p.63-65)

Frederick II Prussia: Est. Prussian academy of science, and made Govt. more efficient. (1740-1786)

Catherine the Great of Russia: Spoke out against serfdom. “Praised Voltaire for fighting enemies of the states.”

Joseph II of Austria: Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems.

All religions must be tolerated... for every man must get to heaven in his own way.

If Russians knew how to read, they would write me off.

PUT ON THE SIDE OF YOUR PAPER


BARON DE MONTESQUIEU1689-1755

He wrote the Spirit of the Laws after studying all governments of Europe.

He stated dividing government into 3 branches: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive branches. (relate to vita-

mixer)

Separation of powers was the best way to protect liberty. He primarily influenced James Madison

A nation may lose its liberties in aday and not miss them in a century.

3 parts to his name and 3 parts to govt.

focused on nature of government


DENIS DIDEROT1713-1784

Labored for 25 years to produce a 28 volume Encyclopedia. (1751)

His purpose was “to change the general way of thinking.” The idea that people are not stuck in this life, but could take charge and improve their existence.

Famous editor of the Encyclopedia.

If you want me to believe in God, you must make me touch him.

Denis Diderot EncyclodpeDia


VOLTAIRE1694-1778

Voltaire used his pen to fight the abuses of the day. ( he wrote 21,000 letters)

He detested the slave trade and inequality. He was imprisoned for attacking the Catholic Church.

He is known for fighting for Civil Rights and Freedom of Religion.

An ideal form of government is democracy tempered with assassination.

NOTHINGTuesday, October 29, 13

Mary Wollstonecraft1759-1797

Wrote books based on Women’s Rights Also, against monarchy and aristocracy Wrote the book A Vindication on the

Rights of Women.

Ideal society was that everyone owns land and can live peacefully.

19Men and women must be educated, in a great degree, by the opinions and manners of the society they live in.

No man chooses evil because it is evil; he only mistakes it for happiness, the good he seeks.

Read more: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/mary_wollstonecraft.html#ixzz1btn4hqsu


BEN FRANKLIN1706-1790

Secured an alliance with France that secured Independence He was also part of the committee that drafted the Declaration Independence. A life of leisure and a life of laziness are two

things. There will be sleeping enough in the grave.

All mankind is divided into three classes: those that are immovable, those that are movable, and those that move.

BF of the ENLIGHTENMENT


THOMAS JEFFERSON1743-1826

He was the third President of the US. His greatest contribution was the

Declaration of Independence.

John Locke was the one who influenced him most.

Advertisements contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper.

TJ to the DOI


JAMES MADISON1751-1836

The most Enlightenment contribution was that of Bill of Rights / Constitution.

The Bill of Rights were added to the Constitution to satisfy people who wanted states to have more Rights.

Each generation should be made to bear the burden of its own wars, instead of carrying them on, at the expense of other generations.


SIMON BOLIVAR1783-1830

He was a leader of several independence movements throughout South America, collectively known as Bolívar's War.

Together with José de San Martín, Bolívar is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America.

ON CST TEST PUT B!

“The United States appear to be destined by Providence to plague America with misery in the name of liberty”


ADAM SMITH1723-1790

He was a physiocrat and urged business to operate with little or no government interference.

He will write the Wealth of Nations.

He helped to build the foundation of free market economics aka: capitalism.

Man is an animal that makes bargains: no other animal does this - no dog exchanges bones with another.


EFFECTS Nation creation Greater rights for the common people American Revolution French Revolution Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Constitution Bill of Rights.


WRAP UP

The Enlightenment went from ideas to reality.

This took little more than 150 years to birth modern democracy and government.


Why did the Enlightenment take place? It combined SCIENCE and REASON to impact

SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENTS.

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Why didn’t it happen sooner? Tuesday, October 29, 13

THE END


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