The Age of Reason

Enlightenment&

American Revolution

Ch 18: The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionSection 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason.

Do Now: 1. Copy Topic and Objective:Topic: The EnlightenmentObjective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment thinkers applied reason and laws of nature to human society.2. Think: Do you have the right to say whatever you want to say? What gives you that right?

1. Enlightenment= Age of Reason (1700s)

• People are talking, talking, talking ….. About…• ideas of the Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s)• HUMAN REASON used to understand science

(physical laws)• HUMAN REASON can be used to understand

NATURAL LAWS: laws that govern human nature• Natural laws can be studied to understand human

behavior, society and governments.

2. SOCIAL CONTRACT• THOMAS HOBBES• Levithan• People cruel, greedy,

selfish• Life in “state of nature” =

brutish• People enter a SOCIAL

CONTRACT: give up state of nature for an orderly society

• Government: absolute monarchy to impose order and obedience

• JOHN LOCKE• People reasonable & moral• Have NATURAL RIGHTS: from

birth and cannot be taken away• Life, liberty, property

• Two Treatises of Government• People form gov’t’s to

protect natural rights• Best gov’t = limited power• People can abolish gov’t if

it does not fulfill its obligation to protect their natural rights

3. MONTESQUIEU, France (1700s)• Studied governments, criticized absolute

monarchies• The Spirit of the Laws– Admired Britain’s limited monarchy = protection against

tyranny• SEPARATION OF POWERS = best way to protect

libertyDQ: Is there a separation of powers in our

government?

4. The Philosophes = Thinkers• France• Apply laws of science to understand and improve

society• Use reason to reform government, law, society– Francois-Marie Arouet– Denis Diderot– Jean-Jacques Rousseau

4. The Philosophes: VOLTAIRE• “My trade is to say what I think”• Freedom of Speech; criticizes gov’t, corrption• Opposes slave trade • Believes in religious tolerance • Books burned, Voltaire exhiled

It does not require great art, or magnificently trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?

What does Voltaire say about religion?

4. The Philosophes: Diderot• 28-volume Encyclopedia• Why? “To change the general way of thinking”• Included articles by Montesquieu, Voltaire• Denounces slavery, praises freedom of expression• R.C Church threatens excommunication for those

who buy or read the book• 20, 000 copies printed and translated

4. The Philosophes: Rousseau• Comes from a poor family• People, in natural state, basically good• People corrupted by society’s evils, such as unequal

wealth distribution• The Social Contract (1762)– Only minimal controls/ limitations need to be placed on

people– GOVERNMENTS should be freely ELECTED– Good of COMMUNITY MORE IMPORTANT than

individual interests

DQ: Is this true today? Do people become corrupted due to society’s evils? Think about your project topics.

DQ: Agree? Disagree? What is more important? Good of the

community or individual interests?

5. WOMEN• Philosophes: Women’s natural rights limited to home

and family• Women’s protests ridiculed and condemned• Mary Wollstonecraft …. • Women’s first duty = motherhood• BUT a woman should make own decisions • A Vindication of the Rights of Women– Calls for equal education for girls and boys– Education = tools for women to participate equally with

men

DQ: How can education provide one with tools for political participation?

Mary Wollstonecraft:“ Taught from infancy that beauty is

woman’s scepter, the mind shapes itself to the body, and roaming round its gild cage, only seeks to adorn its prison.”

6. Physiocrats: focus on economic reform• Use natural laws to define a rational economic

system• LAIZZES FAIRE economic policy: – Business to operate with little or NO gov’t interference– Real wealth in land (mining, agriculture) NOT gold/ silver– Support free trade (no tariffs)

• ADAM SMITH:– The Wealth of Nations– Free market to regulate business activity– Law of supply and demand

What is the cartoonist saying about laissez-faire? Do you think a laissez-faire policy is a good one?

HOMEWORK1. Section Review, Page 450 (1-6).

2. Journal: Which Enlightenment thinker do you most

agree with and why? Explain how his or her ideas can be used to improve today’s society?

Answer on loose paper. Assignment will be collected tomorrow.

Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread

Objective: SWBAT explain how Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe, and how these ideas influenced reform.

DO NOW: PICK UP HANDOUT Complete fill-in-the-blanks on top

of sheet. Enlightenment ideas …. about people’s rights, government, and social justice spread from France to the rest of Europe.

Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas SpreadObjective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment ideas spread

throughout Europe, and how it influenced reform. 1. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread

of new ideas?

2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?

3. How did Enlightenment affect arts and literature?

4. Why were the lives of the majority unaffected?

Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of

new ideas?Censorship• Government & church authorities want to protect the old

order– Monarchies and divine-right rule– Strict class systems

• Restrict access to ideas and information• Writers disguise their ideas via works of fictionSalons• Informal social gatherings• Arts, science, literature…. IDEAS discussed there• Attended by philosophes, writers, artists, middle class and

nobility

2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?

• Enlightened despots: absolute monarchs who brought political and social change BUT retained their power

• Frederick the Great (Prussia)– Prussian academy of science– Helps peasants

• Drains swamps, peasants grow potato• Distributes seeds and tools

– Improves government• Religious tolerance• Simplifies laws• Reforms civil service system

• Catherine the Great (Russia) – Charter of rights for nobles– Criticized serfdom BUT did nothing about it

Prussia

Austria

2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?

• Joseph II (Austria)

– “The Peasant Emperor”• Disguised as a peasant, travels amonghis subjects

– Religious Toleration • Toward Jews, Protestants

– Ended Censorship

– Church Reform• Sold church properties, build hospitals

3. Arts and Literature

Art• Modeled on Greek & Roman traditions• 1600s (Renaissance) - Baroque paintings: huge,

colorful, lively, glorify historic battles• 1700s - Rococo style in architecture and art:

personal, elegant, charming, delicate designs• Middle-class: portraits of family, realistic scenesMusic: ballets and operas; ordered, structured– J.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, W.A. Mozart

Literature: straightforward prose for middle-class– Robinson Crusoe

Bach Mozart

• Majority = Peasants– Live in small villages– Old traditions– West: peasants work on their OWN land or work

for pay for the landowners– East: serfdom – peasants work on lord’s land– Late 1700s: radical enlightenment ideas reach

villages….. Unrest ensues.

3. Lives of the Majority

HOMEWORK • JOURNALS (4th Entry): IF YOU COULD HAVE A “SALON-STYLE”

MEETING WITH ANY 3 THINKERS, SCIENTISTS OR POLITICIANS, WHO WOULD YOU INVITE AND WHY? What reforms do you think these people could help you with? Explain.

DO NOW: Copy Topic & Objectives

• Topic: (1700s) Britain at Mid-Century (Ch 18.3) • Objectives: – SWBAT explain why Britain became a global

power.– SWBAT explain the structure of constitutional

government.– SWBAT explain how George III reasserted power.

1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power1. Geography & Trade

1. Britain controls trade during 1500s-1600s2. Outposts in West Indies, India and North America3. Outposts became COLONIES4. Policy of mercantilism (OPPOSITE of laizzes faire)5. BUT… less gov’t interference than in other countries

2. Wars1. Nova Scotia & Newfoundland from France2. Treaty of Paris 1763 ends French Indian War and gives

the British French Canada3. Navy protects empire

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Prior to the French and Indian War After the French and Indian War

1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power3. Expansion at Home

1. Scotland: 1707 Act of Union results in the United Kingdom of Great Britain

2. Results in economic growth & prosperity3. 1715 & 1745: failed Scottish Rebellions

4. Ireland: controlled since 1100s1. 1600s English & Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland2. Settlers get title to Irish Catholics’ lands3. Catholics: forbidden to own weapons, marry non-

Catholics and teach4. Result: Uprisings…. Tension remains until current day

2. Constitutional Government1. Constitutional Government:

1. A government whose power is defined and limited by law

2. Acts of Parliament, Magna Carta, Bill of Rights3. Political parties, cabinet, prime minister

2. Political Parties4. Tories- landowning aristocrats; to preserve old

traditions, Anglican Church, favor the crown5. Whigs – urban business interests, support religious

toleration, favor Parliament

2. Constitutional Government3. The Cabinet System

1. Developed during 1700s under George I2. Cabinet: a group of parliamentary advisors to the king3. Made up of leaders of majority party in Parliament4. Cabinet’s decisions approved by House of Commons

4. Prime Minister5. Heads the Cabinet6. Leader of majority party in Parliament7. Chief official of British government

Britain’s Constitutional Government (1700s):

House of LordsHighest Nobles

Parliament: 2 Parties:

Whigs- traditionalTories - progressive

House of CommonsLandowners, businessmen

King Limited by acts of Parliament,

Magna Carta, Bill of Rights

Prime Minister: Leads the Cabinet

Leader of Majority Party

Cabinet: Parliamentary Advisors

3. Oligarchy1. Oligarchy – a government in which the ruling power

belongs to few people2. Britain – rich landowners and wealthy business

leaders control elections to House of Commons3. VOTES – limited to few male property owners4. Most British excluded from power:

1. poor, make living off land2. many families are removed from their land as

landowners buy up farms and take over common lands3. Poor move to the towns/ cities4. A merchant middle – class emerges

HOMEWORKFor Tomorrow

COMPLETE Chapter 18 Section 3 SECTION REVIEW (ALL QUESTIONS).

DO NOW:1. Take out HW – not on desk = zero2. Copy topic & objectives (leave ½ page to finish notes from yesterday)

Topic: The American Revolution: Ideas &Issues (CH 18.4)Objectives: SWBAT explain the causes and effects of the American

Revolution. SWBAT identify and discuss Enlightenment ideas that

influenced the American Revolution.

1. Issues:

1.Mone

y

•French & Indian War

1. Money

•Result/ Problem: War debt must be paid off

•Solution: Britain taxes the Colonies (sugar, tea, etc.)

2.Abuses

•

2. Abuses

•“No taxation without representation”… colonists want representation in Parliament

•Other complaints: quartering of soldiers, mercantilist policies… in short, King George is abusing the colonies

3.Rebellions

•Boston Massacre (1773)

3. Rebellions

•Continental Congress meets

•1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence; unalienable rights & popular sovereignty

2. IDEAS:Europe: Enlightenment IdeasThe Colonies: 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Governments: protect rights; can be abolished

Second Treatise on Government

Declaration of Independence

PeopleNATURAL RIGHTS

Life, Liberty, PropertyUNALIENABLE RIGHTS Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness

Enlightenment Ideas

Locke Jefferson

American Revolution:

British•Loyalists – support King •Professional army•Well equipped, wealthy

Patriots (colonists)•Patriots – Support Independence•“home court” advantage•Initially loosing most battles

VS.

1777 = turning point in war•France joins Patriots•Supplies, soldiers, warships•Spain, Netherlands also join•Battle of Yorktown 1781•Treaty of Paris 1783

Constitution establishes a Federal Republic

Constitution • plan for government• Influenced by Enlightenment ideas• Separation of powers: 3 branches of

government • Federalism: power divided between federal and

state governments • Bill of Rights: lists citizen’s rights and freedoms

(in reality, not all citizens were granted these rights)

US Constitution

Executive Branch

President & Vice President

Cabinet

Departments

Legislative Branch

Congress

SenateHouse of Representatives

Judicial Branch

Courts

HOMEWORK

Due Wednesday: COMPLETE CH. 18.4 SECTION REVIEW (1-7)

Due Thursday: CHAPTER REVIEW STUDY GUIDE

YOUR TEST IS ON FRIDAY!!!