Age of Nation-statesCh 23

I. Introduction

• Political Conservatives vs. Political Liberals• Modern Day America

• Conservatives- favor limited government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution • Keeping in mind American Revolution and its original

intentions

• Protecting rights of individual over the benefit of the majority

Note: Considered to be a form of liberalism by European Standards

• Liberalism- looser interpretation of the Constitution• Allow it to change meaning more as a result of the times

• Do what benefits the people as a whole, even if it affects individual rights

• Technically began with FDR and the New Deal

I. Introduction

• Political Conservatives vs. Political Liberals• Europe

• Conservatives• Favor monarchy or the original form of government

• Unfavorable of change in status quo

• Skeptical of change

• Liberals• Favor revolutionary thought such as democracy or

republicanism

• Favor individual rights or less strict government

I. Introduction

• Crimean War (1853-1856)• Brought about changes and started others

• Fought predominantly between Russia and Ottoman Empire

• Russia wanted Moldavia and Walachia (Romania)• Both sides fought poorly• France and Britain declared war on Russia after they

invaded Ottoman land.• Russia was defeated by the France and Great Britain• Resulted in decline in view of Russia• More nations fought to overthrow status quo• Focus on redrawing borders of more powerful nations• Brought about 25 years of unstable European relations

II. Unification of Nations

• Italy• Was disunited since the 400’s as a result of the

fall of the Roman empire• Romantic Republicans

• Sought to make use of confusion brought about by the Congress of Vienna

• Giuseppe Mazzini• Goals: remove Austrians & set up a republic

• Aided by Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Conducted guerilla warfare

• Considered extremist

• Most did not want a republic• Preferred the Pope to unite Italy

II. Unification of Nations

• Italy cont.• Piedmont

• Most independent state• Tried to create a constitution and defeat Austria

• Count Camillo Cavour• Became prime minister under King Charles Albert

• Was originally conservative but later favored liberalism

• Individually wealthy through business

• Sought to unite Italy through economic means

II. Unification of Nations

• Cavour cont.• Gained favor from France and Britain

• Sent 10,000 troops to fight Russia during Crimean War• Was allowed to be involved in Paris Conference

• Napoleon III and Cavour conspired to start a war against Austria after forming an alliance

• War with Austria (4/22/1859-7/11/1859)• Cavour mobilized troops to force Austria to pre-

emptively strike

• France joined their side and

II. Unification of Nations

• Cavour cont.• After the war with Austria, the other states

revolted.• Garibaldi attacked Sicily and then moved to take

over Southern Italy• Cavour used this to defeat Garibaldi and conquer

other Italian States• March 1861 Victor Emanuel II declared king of Italy

• Italy was united but still had some internal conflict

• United almost to its current territorial holding by 1870

-See page 785-

II. Unification of Nations

• Germany• Most important change in the late 1800s

• Greatly changed political and territorial dynamics

• Instigated by Prussia• William I (r. 1861-1888)

• Strengthened Prussian military but ran into problems with Prussian Parliament

• Utilized Bismarck

II. Unification of Nations

• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)• Was a Junker (Noble)• Served in the Prussian Diet (1840s),, as

ambassador to Russia and France, as Prime Minister (1862-1871) and Chancellor of Germany until (1871-1890)

• Pushed for Prussia/Germany to become an industrial superpower.

• Utilized wars to gain popularity and support• Yet would try to prevent wars (if there was no

personal benefit)

II. Unification of Nations

• Danish War (1864) p. 788• Kleindeutsch- small German- No Austria• Sought to take over Schleswig and Holstein

• Were controlled by Denmark

• Prussia was joined by Austria• Defeated Denmark• Prussia -Schleswig• Austria- Holstein

• Bismarck used this war to gain prestige and favor with other countries that bordered Austria

II. Unification of Nations

• Austro-Prussian War (1866)• 7 Weeks’ War• Bismarck “irritated” Austrians and forced them to

react• Austria only lost Venetia

• Lost power in Europe and “Germany”

• North German Confederation• Prussia became head• States keep local Gov.• King of Prussia- President of German Confederation• Bismarck- Chancellor (controlled government)• 2 house- Reichstag (universal male suffrage) and

Bundesrat (members picked by local gov.)

II. Unification of Nations

• Franco- Prussia War (1870-1871)• Originally over Prince Leopold (William I’s

cousin)• Bismarck took advantage over poor word choice to

instigate France to declare war

• France was crushed• Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan

• Brought Southern Germany together with the North

• Officially formed the German Empire• Gained the Alsace and Lorraine• William became empire

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• France• Napoleon III (r.1851-1870)

• Originally authoritarian• 1860- started to make reforms and changes

• Result of being a military failure

• Granted more freedom

• Allowed a liberal constitution to be written

• Captured in 1870 by the Prussians • Exiled to England until he died in 1873

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• Paris Commune• Lasted from March 28,1871-May 21

• Broken up by National Assembly’s (Bordeaux) troops

• Only existed in Paris

• 3rd Republic• Result of disagreements the House of Orleans and the House of

Bourbons

• Who would rule

• Marshal MacMahon (r. 1873-1879) elected as president

• National Assembly created Chamber of Deputies and Senate• Chamber elected by universal male suffrage• Senate- appointed by government officials

• Resigned in 1879 after disagreement with Chamber

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• 3rd Republic• Dreyfus Affair

• Captain Alfred Dreyfus• Jewish Officer• Accused of passing military and government

documents to the Germans• Convicted on forged evidence (discovered)• Sent to Devil’s Island (off of Northern S. Amer.

Coast)• New Suspect tried but acquitted

• Became a huge anti-Semitic conspiracy• Point of division between liberals (socialist) and

conservatives

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• Austria• Lost the backing of Russia due to not helping during the

Crimean War

• Emperor Francis Joseph (1848-1916)

• Reacted to numerous revolts• Authoritarian but made numerous reforms• Constant issue with Magyars (tribal Hungarians)

• 1861- formed the Reichsrat (bicameral imperial parliament)• Answered to emperor and lasted until WWI

• 1867- Formed Dual Monarchy• Compromise of 1867• King of both Austria and Hungary• Acted as two separate states

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• Russia• Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)

• Took over after Nicholas I died during Crimean War

• Greatly restructured Russia• Abolition of Serfdom (last to do so)• Did not guarantee land but freedom from lords• Usually had to work 49 years to pay for a

land allotment- few moved to cities• Reformed local government and judicial branch• To keep from oppressing peasants

• Military Conscription – village quotas and only serve for 15 years (6 active & 9 reserve) after they turned 25

• Suppression of Poland due to the Rebellion of 1863

• Assassinated by a student revolution called the Populism• Later fell apart

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• Great Britain• 2nd Reform Act (1867)

• Expanded voting rights of working class males

• Prime Minister William Gladstone

• Favored free trade and competition

• Trade became more open

• Education reforms

• Ballot Act of 1872- Voting by secret ballot

• Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli

• Favored government acting as parent (more socialistic)

• Gave more rights to unions

• Public Health Act of 1875- Gov controls private property for health of people

III. Nation Reforms and Problems

• Ireland and Great Britain• Was divided over religion

• Sought more freedom and independence

• Wanted self-governance- repeatedly blocked by the House of Lords

• Charles Stewart Parnell

• Rallied Irish reps in the House of Commons to vote together to seek home rule for Ireland

• Became an annoyance to Great Britain