Age of the Christian Age of the Christian Roman Empire IIIRoman Empire III

Age of the Christian Age of the Christian Roman Empire IIIRoman Empire III

Augustine, East V. West, and the Augustine, East V. West, and the Rise of Papal TheologyRise of Papal Theology

Eusebius PamphiliEusebius PamphiliEusebius of CEusebius of Cæsarea c. 260-340æsarea c. 260-340

• The Father of Church HistoryThe Father of Church History

• Friend of Constantine Friend of Constantine

• Extreme ModerateExtreme Moderate

• Proposed compromise in Council of NicProposed compromise in Council of Nicæaæa

• A Historian but not a theologianA Historian but not a theologian

• Bishop of CBishop of Cæsarea, who could have been bishop æsarea, who could have been bishop of Antioch, but refused preferring a quieter lifeof Antioch, but refused preferring a quieter life

Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus

St. Jerome 340-420St. Jerome 340-420• Scholar, Monk and TheologianScholar, Monk and Theologian

• An ascetic who punished himself with An ascetic who punished himself with grammargrammar

• Promoted/Inspired Scholastic MonasticismPromoted/Inspired Scholastic Monasticism

• Had a vision declaring him a Ciceronian, Had a vision declaring him a Ciceronian, resulting in his giving up of the Classicsresulting in his giving up of the Classics

• Traveled often between the E. and W. EmpireTraveled often between the E. and W. Empire

• Ordained as a presbyter in the church but Ordained as a presbyter in the church but lived too itinerant of a life to be a pastorlived too itinerant of a life to be a pastor

St. Jerome 340-420St. Jerome 340-420• Led a Monastery in Bethlehem where he spent Led a Monastery in Bethlehem where he spent

many years studying and translatingmany years studying and translating

• Inspired a group of women to become severe Inspired a group of women to become severe ascetics including one of his patrons St. Paula ascetics including one of his patrons St. Paula

• Passionate even to an overzealous degree Passionate even to an overzealous degree

• Wrote Prolifically, but his life’s work and Wrote Prolifically, but his life’s work and greatest achievement was the Latin Vulgate greatest achievement was the Latin Vulgate translation of the bibletranslation of the bible

• The Vulgate became the standard for the bible The Vulgate became the standard for the bible for the next 1100+ yearsfor the next 1100+ years

St. PaulaSt. Paula• Was a 36 year old widowed mother of 5 when Was a 36 year old widowed mother of 5 when

she met Jerome and was inspired to deepen her she met Jerome and was inspired to deepen her ascetic lifeascetic life

• Lived an extremely ascetic and holy lifeLived an extremely ascetic and holy life

• Learned Hebrew in order to be able to properly Learned Hebrew in order to be able to properly sing the Psalter with Jeromesing the Psalter with Jerome

• Traveled to Bethlehem with her daughter Traveled to Bethlehem with her daughter Eustochia and founded the female counterpart Eustochia and founded the female counterpart to Jerome’s monastery in Bethlehemto Jerome’s monastery in Bethlehem

• Died in 404 leaving her daughter with all of her Died in 404 leaving her daughter with all of her debts gained by many acts of charitable givingdebts gained by many acts of charitable giving

Ambrose 340-397Ambrose 340-397• Through a miracle became bishop of MilanThrough a miracle became bishop of Milan

• Sold his riches and gave to the poorSold his riches and gave to the poor

• Emphasized that the Emperor is in the church Emphasized that the Emperor is in the church not over it. not over it.

• Denied Theodosius communion until he repented Denied Theodosius communion until he repented for the massacre in Thessalonica for the massacre in Thessalonica

• Played a large part in the conversion of Played a large part in the conversion of AugustineAugustine

• Died praying, with accompanying signs and Died praying, with accompanying signs and miracles that occurred after his deathmiracles that occurred after his death

Aurelius AugustinusAurelius Augustinus

St. Augustine 354-430St. Augustine 354-430• Born to a Pagan father and a Christian Born to a Pagan father and a Christian

MotherMother

• Became a Manichee for ~10 yearsBecame a Manichee for ~10 years

• Saved Later in lifeSaved Later in life

• Preeminent Scholar and TheologianPreeminent Scholar and Theologian

• Post conversion gave up career as Post conversion gave up career as Rhetorician/government officialRhetorician/government official

St. Augustine 354-430St. Augustine 354-430

• An active apologist and theologianAn active apologist and theologian

• Lived simply with monastic tendenciesLived simply with monastic tendencies

• Appointed against his will as Bishop of HippoAppointed against his will as Bishop of Hippo

• Wrote many worksWrote many works

– Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Letters, Questions and Responses, Many Letters, Questions and Responses, Many various Religious-Apologetic-Polemic worksvarious Religious-Apologetic-Polemic works

• Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of HippoDied 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of Hippo

East v. WestEast v. West

The rise of the PapacyThe rise of the Papacy

Papacy in the EastPapacy in the East

• OligarchicOligarchic

• 5 co-equal bishops5 co-equal bishops

– RomeRome

– ConstantinopleConstantinople

– JerusalemJerusalem

– AntiochAntioch

– AlexandriaAlexandria

Papacy in the EastPapacy in the East• Greek mindset in theology, open to the Greek mindset in theology, open to the

new, lacking in stabilitynew, lacking in stability

• Lacking in a consistent and well made Lacking in a consistent and well made translation of the scripturestranslation of the scriptures

• Constant shifts in TheologyConstant shifts in Theology

• Prone to HeresyProne to Heresy

• Post 622 disrupted by Mohammedean Post 622 disrupted by Mohammedean ConquestsConquests

• Greek mindset in theology, open to the Greek mindset in theology, open to the new, lacking in stabilitynew, lacking in stability

• Lacking in a consistent and well made Lacking in a consistent and well made translation of the scripturestranslation of the scriptures

• Constant shifts in TheologyConstant shifts in Theology

• Prone to HeresyProne to Heresy

• Post 622 disrupted by Mohammedean Post 622 disrupted by Mohammedean ConquestsConquests

Papacy in the WestPapacy in the West• AutocraticAutocratic• Authoritarian and very very Roman Authoritarian and very very Roman • One Bishop over all, THE Pope, just as One Bishop over all, THE Pope, just as

one Emperor over all the peopleone Emperor over all the people• Primacy of Rome as descendant from Primacy of Rome as descendant from

PeterPeter– (though descent from Peter and equality (though descent from Peter and equality

with Paul are all debated issues)with Paul are all debated issues)

Papacy in the WestPapacy in the West• Imperialistic TheologyImperialistic Theology

• Absolute Monarchy desiredAbsolute Monarchy desired

• Little to no shifts in TheologyLittle to no shifts in Theology

• Rigid OrthodoxyRigid Orthodoxy

• Jerome’s Vulgate provided a stable and Jerome’s Vulgate provided a stable and fairly accurate source for scripturefairly accurate source for scripture

• Post barbarian conversion was relatively Post barbarian conversion was relatively free from political strifefree from political strife

Rise of the PapacyRise of the Papacy

• Rome was always honoredRome was always honored

• Rome kept interferingRome kept interfering

• ‘‘Cause they said soCause they said so

• Gained political influence over the Gained political influence over the Emperor -> greater influence over the Emperor -> greater influence over the peoplepeople

• ‘‘Cause they said soCause they said so

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Leo The GreatLeo The Great• Powerful TheologianPowerful Theologian• Firmly believed he was the successor of Firmly believed he was the successor of

Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the ChurchChurch

• Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual power remained with Romepower remained with Rome

• Emphatically spoke of his authorityEmphatically spoke of his authority

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Not with the Pope = not part of the church = Not with the Pope = not part of the church =

not part of Christianity = not savednot part of Christianity = not saved

• The concept of the all powerful Pope was not The concept of the all powerful Pope was not immediately or universally acceptedimmediately or universally accepted

• Obtained an edict from Western emperor Obtained an edict from Western emperor Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the force of Law, and all bishops should obey themforce of Law, and all bishops should obey them

• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first large collection of works left to us by a Roman large collection of works left to us by a Roman BishopBishop

Pope Leo I 440-461Pope Leo I 440-461• Saved Rome from being destroyed twiceSaved Rome from being destroyed twice

• 452 AD from Attila the Hun452 AD from Attila the Hun

• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged for 14 days, but didn’t burn and murderfor 14 days, but didn’t burn and murder