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AIRAH ( WA ) presentation

To efficiency and beyond

Green star  

Key drivers impacting today’s HVAC choices

NABERS 

Mandatory disclosure

The Role of Technology in Minimizing Environmental Impact Direct Indirect

Over the last 25 years:

‐ Average chiller efficiency has improved over 35% 

‐ Chiller leak rate has decreased well below 2%

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• Significant gains in full load efficiency through advances in heat exchanger, compressor, and cycle efficiencies.

• The biggest gain however has been in part load efficiency with the adoption of the               variable speed drive.

Generation 5 (2010s)

Over 30 years of VSD technology development for chillers

Generation 2 (1986)

Generation 4 (2000s)

Generation 3 (1990s)

Generation 1 (1979)

Generation 2 (1986)

Significant innovation in VSD technology since 1979

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Real World Energy PerformanceCapitalizing on ‘off‐design’ conditions – 99% of the time

Pressure

LoweringLowering Condensing Condensing TemperatureTemperature

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Lift Reduces Compressor WorkReduces Compressor Work

Lowers the LiftLowers the Lift

Expansion

Evaporator

EnthalpyReduces Energy Reduces Energy ConsumptionConsumption

Condenser Temp.

85 F (29.5 C) ECWT

How does LIFT impact efficiency ? Chiller Energy Usage Analogy ‐ Variable Speed Driven Chillers 

100%

n Lift

50%

NER

GY  

f‐Design Lift

Load

( i h f k)

55°F (12.8°C) ECWT

VariableVariableSpeedSpeedDrive Drive 

ENER

GY  

Design

0%

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EN

Evaporator Temp.

Off(weight of rock)

44°F (6.7°C) LCHWT

E

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Variable Speed Drives save energy and reduce noise

Constant Speed

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Variable Speed

Variable Speed DrivesLow Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD

YMC²Magnetic VSD Centrifugal

YVAAVSD Screw air cooled

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YKOpen VSD Centrifugal

YVWAVSD Screw water cooled

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Variable Speed DrivesMedium Voltage (MV) VSD

3 3 kV & 6 6 kV

YKVSD Open Centrifugal

3.3 kV & 6.6 kV

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YK ‐EPVSD Open Centrifugal with Economizer

11 kV

Starts & stops the motor

Significantly reduces inrush current to less than full load amps

The Purpose of Variable Speed Drives

p

Corrects power factor close to unity

Reduces utility demand charge

Regulates compressor speed to provide the most efficient chiller operation, reducing part load energy consumption

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Low inrush current with VSD < 100% FLA 

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Superior power factor

0.98 power factor VSD with active IEEE electronic filter0.95 power factor  (std VSD)

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power factor non VSD (fixed speed)  

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100 KW

59 KVAR116 KVA

PF = 0.86

actual work

Consumed energy to generate magnetic fieldtotal energy 

provided from supply

100 KW

33 KVAR105 KVA

100 KW

PF = 0.95total energy provided from supply

Consumed energy to generate magnetic field

d

actual work

actual work

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what power factor means

20 KVAR

102 KVAPF = 0.98total energy 

provided from supply

Consumed energy to generate magnetic field

VSDVSDComparison at AHRI conditions

No VSDNo VSD% Load ECWT100 29 5

%SAVED1 0

COP6 17

COP6 11

Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy PerformanceFixed vs Variable Speed

LWT6 7100 29.5

90        27.280 25.070 22.860 20.650 18.340 18 3

‐1.02.28.716.225.933.036 4

6.176.737.147.427.597.657 11

6.116.897.828.8610.2411.4211 17

6.76.76.76.76.76.76 740 18.3 

30          18.3 20         18.3 15 18.3 

36.438.544.145.0

7.116.365.174.41

11.1710.349.268.01

Significant savings ….and with more possible

6.76.76.76.7

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temperature bin canberra melbourne adelaide perth sydney brisbane cairnsdeg F deg C HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB105-109 40.6- 42.8 6 21.7100-104 37.8- 40 1 20 1 21.7 27 21.1 2 22.2 4 22.2 3 23.3 3 2595-99 35- 37.2 17 19.4 12 21.1 55 20 17 21.1 6 21.1 15 22.2 14 25.690-94 32.2- 34.4 50 18.9 22 20.6 116 19.4 42 21.1 18 20.6 131 23.3 94 25.6

YORKCALC BIN WEATHER DATA – PERTH AUSTRALIA

85-89 29.4- 31.7 112 17.8 50 20 215 18.3 14 20.6 40 21.1 643 21.7 781 2580-84 26.7-28.9 193 17.2 96 18.9 313 17.8 37 21.1 158 20.6 1374 20.6 1620 23.375-79 23.9- 26.1 332 16.1 160 18.3 477 16.7 151 20.6 618 20.1 1744 18.9 2513 22.270-74 21.1-23.3 480 15.6 276 17.2 696 15.6 612 20.1 1493 18.3 1814 16.7 1984 20.165-69 18.3- 20.6 725 14.4 485 16.7 1013 14.4 1478 18.3 1975 16.1 1307 14.4 1163 17.860-64 15.6- 17.8 1096 13.3 958 15.1 1495 12.8 1966 16.1 1772 13.9 913 12.2 344 15.655-59 12.8- 15 1316 11.1 1650 13.3 1852 11.1 1764 13.9 1383 11.1 484 9.4 107 12.850-54 10- 12.2 1307 8.9 1938 11.1 1522 9.4 1384 11.1 852 8.9 223 7.2 23 10.145-49 7.2- 9.4 1160 6.7 1776 8.9 702 7.8 853 8.9 397 6.7 65 5.1 2 7.840-44 4.4-6.7 859 4.4 930 7.2 218 5.6 396 6.7 38 5.1 11 2.835 39 1 7 3 9 547 2 2 277 5 1 38 2 8 38 5 1 1 1 1 0 635-39 1.7- 3.9 547 2.2 277 5.1 38 2.8 38 5.1 1 1.1 0.630-34 (1.1) - 1.1 307 0.1 50 2.8 1 0.6 125-29 (3.9)-(1.7) 137 -2.8 420-24 (6.7)-(4.4) 27 -5.1 0.615-19 (9.4)-(7.2) 1 -7.2

27% annual operating hours > 16.1 C wb (AHRI region)

58% annual operating hours = 16.1 C ‐ 11.1 C wb

15% annual operating hours <11.1 C wb

Efficiency breakthrough – low lift magnetic VSD chillers

Lift delta 4 CLift delta 10 CLift delta 15 C

Lift delta 20 C

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Lift delta 25 C

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Chiller plant “fuel economy”

Efficiency breakthrough – air cooled all VSD screw chillers

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HIGH EFFICIENCY VARIABLE SPEED AIR AND WATER COOLED CHILLERS

To efficiency and beyond

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