1Aircraft Design

References:

T. C. Corke Design of Aircraft

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_corke_aircraft_1

D.P. Raymer Aircraft Design, a Conceptual Approach

J. Roskam Airplane Design

D. Stinton The Design of the Aeroplane

E.Torenbeek Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design

J.D. Anderson Aircraft Performance & Design

J.P. Fielding Introduction to Aircraft Design

L.R. Jenkinson, J.F.Marchman III Aircraft Design Projects

2Please:

1)Attend project consultations

2)Buy a sheet of plotting paper A2

3)Solve registration problems

We are selling aeroplanes, but what customer buys?

Customer buys an opportunity to execute defined mission.

The mission is a source of requirements for a device which

customer wants to buy.

Conclusion:

Our aeroplane has to fulfill requirement resulting from

the mission defined by customer

Why we are designing aeroplanes?

To sell them and to earn money?

3What happens if

we design a very

good aeroplane,

but not fulfilling

customers

requirements?

Types of requirements:

Technical requirements

Competitions records rules

Economical analyses

Research projects

Legal

4Typical requirements:

Payload

Airspeed

Altitude

Range

Endurance

Take off distance

Landing distance

Price

Airworthiness regulations: European: CS (earlier known as JAR)

American: FAR

Airworthiness regulations

CS FAR

21 Certification procedures 21

22 gliders

23 General aeroplanes (normal, utility, aerobatic) 23

25 Large aeroplanes Commercial and

transport aeroplanes

25

27 Small helicopters Normal helicopters 27

29 Large helicopters Transport helicopters 29

VLA Very light aeroplanes 103

VLR Very light helicopters

5Research, market analyses, concepts

Requirements

Conceptual design

Initial design

Detailed design

Prototypes fabrication

Tests

Production?

yes

yes

no

noArchive

0

100

Design

elasticityCost

A B C D time

A concept, requirements definition

B conceptual design

C initial design

D detailed design

6concept requirements

payload

weights

aerodynamics

propulsionperformance

stability

structure and

materials

economy

environment

Final

design

When aircraft design ends?

prof. Sotyk:

At the moment when last production aeroplane is

fabricated

currently:

At the moment when last production aeroplane is

scrapped

7Trends analysis

Janes all the Worlds Aircraft

Trends analysis

Biplane

High wing

Low wing

Low wing

Biplane

High wing

8Trends analysis

Biplane

High wing

Low wing

Low wing

Biplane

High wing

Trends analysis

Biplane

High wing

Low wing

Low wing

9Trends analysis

Trends analysis

0,45

0,5

0,55

0,6

0,65

0,7

0,75

0,8

0,85

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

m T/O [kg]

mw

/M T

/O

10

Trends analysis

Horizontal stabilizer volume coefficient

Vertical stabilizer volume coefficient

Ailerons span

Ailerons chord

Elevators chord

Rudders chord

Wings dihedral

11

Costs analysis

T. C. Corke Design of Aircraft

Rand Corporation

http://www.rand.org/

Price components

Research and development

Support of research and development

Materials

Engines and avionics

Labor

Tooling

Quality assurance

Flight tests

Profit

12

Materials

Cost

CMM

1970 1986 2012

Inflation!

Research and development

Number of man-hours

HE

1970 1986 2012

Technology

development

13

Hourly rates

CE = HE * SE

SE ST SMSQC

SE

1970 1986 2012

Inflation

Unit price