basic unit of life = group of specialized cells = ● 4 types - (includes glands and tissues that...

INTRODUCTION TO BODY SYSTEMS

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Basic unit of life =

Group of specialized cells =● 4 Types

- (includes glands and tissues that cover body surfaces)

- (provide support)- (transmits nerve impulses)- (enables movement)

Group of different types of tissues =

Group of organs that perform related functions =

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Epithelial

ConnectiveNervousMuscle

MAINTAINING A STABLE ENVIRONMENT HOW MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS are there?

_______ THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO

MAINTAIN _________________ IN THE BODY.

Homeostasis:

Feedback inhibition:

11

Homeostasis

Process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment

Process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

Nervous System

Interesting Fact:

The human brain weighs about 3.5 lbs.

Rat Brain

Main Organs / Structures Central Nervous System

- Brain- Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System- Nerves

Specialized Cells• Neurons - carry the nerve impulse

Interesting Fact:Number of neurons in human spinal cord = 1 billion

Dendrites

Cell body

Axon

Nucleus

Endocrine

SystemWhen I say

ENDOCRINE, you say

HORMONE.

Function of the System• Control by delivering

messages (hormones) throughout the body

• Slower and longer lasting effects than the nervous system

• Maintain homeostasis

Main Organs / Structures• Glands – release hormones

into bloodstream [adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, hypothalamus] Hormones – chemicals released in the bloodstream that effect a target cell

Skeletal

System

mandible

cranium

clavicle

humerus sternumribs

ulna

radius

Vertebralcolumn

pelvis

femur

patellatibia

fibula

Interesting Facts:• The smallest

bones in the body are found in the ear.

• The longest bone in the body is the femur.

Interesting Fact:

Crabs and lobsters, insects have

exoskeletons

(skeletons on the

outside of their

bodies)

Function• Support• Protection of internal

organs• Store minerals• Produce blood cells

Main Organs / Structures

Bones & Cartilage

Muscular

SystemInteresting Facts:Muscles make up nearly

half the weight of the human body, this is why

when we train we sometimes put on weight

instead of losing it.

Function Contraction & Movement

- energy supplied by ATP

Main Organs / Structures

Muscles – skeletal (voluntary movement)

- cardiac (heart) - smooth (involuntary)

exp. digestive & circulatory

(esophagus & stomach)

(walls of blood

vessels)

Circulatory

System

Interesting Fact:

The roar that we

hear when we place a

seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging

through the veins in the

ear.

Function• highways : city :: circulatory :

human

Transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products

Interesting Fact:

It takes about 20 seconds for

a red blood cell to circle the whole

body.

Main Organs / Structures

Heart Blood Vessels

- Veins – return blood to the heart- Arteries – carry blood from the heart to the body

Specialized Cells- Red Blood Cells – transport oxygen

- White Blood Cells – attack pathogens

- Platelets – formation of blood clots

Red Blood Cell• Contains a protein called hemoglobin to which the oxygen binds• What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino Acids

Respiratory

System

Interesting Fact:Your left lung is

smaller than your right lung

to make room for your heart.

Function• Exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide between the blood, the tissues, and the air

Reminder: Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

• O2 in ; CO2 out

Main Organs / Structures

Nose, Mouth, Pharynx

Larynx (voice box) Lungs Bronchi (branches) Alveoli (air sacs) Diaphragm - muscle

Immune System

Interesting Fact:Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and

strengthens the immune system.

Function of the System

Fight infection Main defense against pathogens

Immunity

Main Organs / Structures Bone Marrow

Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

Specialized Cells T-cells [HIV virus attacks]

Antibodies – proteins that identify & neutralize foreign objects

Integumentary System

Interesting Fact:Human hair and

fingernails continue to grow

after death.

Function Barrier against infection & injury

Regulates body temperature Prevents desiccation (drying out)

Provides UV protection

Main Organs / Structures

• Skin – single largest organ in the body• Hair• Nails

Reproductive

SystemInteresting Fact:

The female human body is capable of

giving birth to 35 children in one lifetime.

Function of the System Reproduction

Produces, stores & releases specialized cells gametes

Main Organs / Structures Testis, penis

Ovaries, Uterus

Specialized Cells

Gametes

sperm egg

Digestive

System

Interesting Fact:The reason honey is so

easy to digest is that it’s already been digested

by a bee.

Function• Break food down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by cells

Main Organs / Structures Mouth

□ chewing - mechanical digestion□ enzymes – chemical digestion

Esophagus (food tube)

Main Organs / Structures

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (macromolecules)

Vitamins & Minerals

Nutrients:

Stomach (high acidity-low pH) Small & Large Intestines (has villi for

absorption) Liver (filter-detoxifies harmful substances)

Pancreas (produces insulin)

Gall Bladder (store bile)

Kidney

Ureters

Urethra

UrinaryBladder

Frog

Excretory

System

homeo

stasis

Interesting Fact:All the blood in our body passes 400 times through each kidney every day.

Function of the System

Excretion – elimination of metabolic wastes (urea)

Remove waste from blood Maintain blood pH Regulate H2O content

Main Organs / Structures Skin

Kidney□ maintain acid-base

(pH) balance□ regulate blood

pressure□ filters blood

Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra