___________ ecology organization, trophic levels, cycles, biomes, & succession

___________ Ecology

Organization, Trophic Levels, Cycles, Biomes, & Succession

ECOSYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS

THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY _______ is a study of

connections in nature. How ________ interact

with one _________ and with their _________ environment.

Figure 3-5Figure 3-5

___________ Oxygen _______ Precipitation _____ Soil ____________ Latitude – distance from equator _______ – distance above/below sea level

Important _______ ______ for Terrestrial Environments

The _________ conditions influence the habitat in which an organism lives. These include:

The law of tolerance states that “For each _______ factor, an organism has a _______ of tolerances within which it can ________.”

Law of ___________

Tolerance range

Optimum range

Unavailable niche

Marginal niche

Nu

mb

er

of

org

an

ism

s

Preferred niche

Marginal niche

Unavailable niche

Examples of abiotic factors that influence size of the realized niche

Too

acidicpH Too

alkaline

Too cold Temperature Too hot

Zone of intolerance

Optimum rangeZone of physiological

stress

Zone of physiological

stress

Zone of intolerance

TemperatureLow High

Noorganisms

Feworganisms

Upper limit of tolerance

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e

Abundance of organismsFew organisms

Noorganisms

Lower limit of tolerance

________ __________ The _________ population of a

particular species that a given habitat can _________ over time.

Limited __________ A population can grow until ________for

limited resources increases & the_______ ________(C.C.) is reached.

________ Growth Cycle

Typical _________ 1. The population __________ the C.C. 2. This is because of a __________ time

____ (the period required for the birth rate to fall & the death rate to rise).

3. The population has a _______ or crashes.

4. The carrying capacity is _________.

A: Represents the _______ potential of the species

B: Shows how the population __________ the carrying capacity

C: Represents the ____________ growth

D: Represents __________ growth

E: __________ capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.

Habitat ______ ______ – shelter; trees, shrubs,

etc. ______ _______

___________ Vs. ___________

_______________ Chemicals organisms need

in _______ numbers to live, grow, and reproduce.

Ex. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.

_______________ These are needed in

______ or even trace amounts.

Ex. sodium, zinc copper, chlorine, and iodine

‣Living organisms can be studied at different levels of ___________.

‣From ______ to _____ complex, these levels are (in an ecological context):

Individual

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biome

Biosphere

Biological ____________

Biosphere

Biome

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Individual

Organisms and Species __________ are classified into different

________ based on certain ____________.

Biodiversity - the many forms of life found on the Earth. ________ Diversity – variety of genetic make-up w/in a

single species ________ Diversity – variety of species in different habitats

on the Earth ___________

It gives us food, wood, energy, free recycling, purification & natural pest control.

____________ Genetic tests, count/release, and tagging.

____________

Species Diversity and Niche Structure: Different Species Playing Different Roles Biological communities differ in the ______ and

_________ of species they contain and the ecological roles those species play. _______ ________: number of different species it

and their abundance _______ ________: number of species present in a

sample, community, or taxonomic group _______ ________: how close in numbers each

species in an environment are to each other

TYPES OF ____________ Native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, and

foundation species play different ecological roles in communities. _________: those that normally live and thrive

in a particular community. __________species: those that migrate,

deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community.

_________ Species: Biological Smoke Alarms

_________ that serve as early _________ of _______ to a community or an ecosystem. Presence or absence of ______species because they

are sensitive to __________ and _________ levels.

Case Study: Why are _____________ Vanishing?

_______ serve as _______ species because different parts of their life cycles can be easily disturbed. Figure 7-3Figure 7-3

Case Study: Why are Amphibians Vanishing? ________ loss and ______________. Prolonged drought. ____________. Increases in ___________ radiation. Parasites. Viral and __________ diseases. Overhunting. Natural ___________ or deliberate introduction

of nonnative predators and competitors.

__________ Species: Major Players

__________ species help determine the ________ and ______ of other species in a community thereby helping to _______ it.

____________ Species: Other Major Players

Expansion of keystone species category. Foundation species can ______ and

________ habitats that can benefit other ________ in a community. ___________ push over, break, or uproot trees,

creating forest openings promoting grass growth for other species to utilize.

Exhibiting Colony ________ Disorder. US _____decline in

some areas. Pollution? Pesticides? Diseases? Neonicotinoids?

Key ________ species for eco-concerns. ____ US food supplies

in danger.

_________ of the Honey _____http://youtu.be/1ZlJbDshqD8

____________ A _______ of individual organisms of the same

________ living w/in a particular area. May be difficult to define because:

Population may comprise widely dispersed individuals which come together only _____________, e.g. for mating.

Populations may _________considerably over time.

______________

The population of ____ species ______

& __________ in an area.

Physical environment

Community

________ factorscompetitors

symbionts

predators

parasites

pathogens

____________ ________

factorsatmosphere

temperaturesoil

water

wind speed

wind directioncurrent velocity

Figure 3-6Figure 3-6

An organism’s habitat is the _________ place or environment in which it lives.

Organisms show a ____________ for a particular habitat type, but some are more specific in their _____________ than others.

_________

Lichens, fungi & algae or bacteria, are found on rocks, trees, and bare ground.

Most frogs, like this leopard frog, live in or near fresh water, but a few can survive in

arid habitats.

Habitat The ecological niche

describes the functional ________ or _____ of an organismin its environment.

A niche comprises:the ________ in which the organism lives.

the organism’s activity ________: the periods of time during which it is active.

The _________ it obtainsfrom the habitat.

___________ _______

Adaptations

Activitypatterns

Presence of other organisms

Physicalconditions

Consumers: Eating and Recycling to Survive

_________ (heterotrophs) get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains. ______________

Primary consumers that eat ___________ ____________

Secondary consumers eat primary consumers Third and higher level consumers: carnivores that eat

carnivores. ____________

Feed on _______ plant and animals.

____________ An organism that uses ______ energy

(green plant) or _______ energy (some bacteria) to manufacture its food. Autotrophs Chemotrophs

Producers: Basic Source of ___ Food

Most producers capture ________ to produce _______________ by photosynthesis:

The process in which ________ is synthesized by _______.

__________________

________________Biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (______ or ________) and nutrients into ________ matter using the oxidation of ________ molecules (hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of _________.. - No photosynthesis required.

“Bush Hill” in the Gulf of Mexico-Bushes of tube worms- survive off hydrocarbon vents-Deep cold waters in the gulf

___________

_________ Consumers:

___________

Organism that feeds on ________.

__________ Consumers:

__________ or ____________

Organisms that feeds mostly on ________ consumers. Most are animals, but some are plants (Venus fly-trap).

Consumers Continued___________ Consumer

_________ or Omnivore Animals that feed on

animal-_____ animals. Ex. hawks, lions, bass, and sharks

__________ Consumer

__________ or Omnivore Animal that feeds on

_________consumers. Ex. humans.

______________ As plant or animal matter _____ it will

________ down and return the chemicals back to the ______.

This happens very quickly in _________ _________ which results in ___________ soils.

__________ have the deepest and most nutrient rich of all soils

_____________ and ___________

Detrivores obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter

Fungus & Bacteria are decomposers.

‣_____________ are organisms that _______ nutrients in ecosystems causing decay by breaking down compounds and include bacteria and fungi.

‣______________are insects or other _________ that feed on wastes or dead bodies.

Decomposers and Detrivores

____________: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. ____________: Insects or other scavengers that feed on

wastes or dead bodies.Figure 3-10Figure 3-10

Fig. 3-11, p. 62

Abiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,

oxygen, nitrogen, minerals)

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat Solarenergy

Consumers(herbivores, carnivores)

Producers(plants)

Decomposers(bacteria, fungi)

Energy flow through a __________ can be shown as a food chain or a food web ___________– shows one

pathway of how energy can move through a system.

__________– shows many pathways that energy can move through a system.

Energy ______ in Ecosystems

_________________ Determines how _______ & ________move from

one organism to another through the ecosystem _______ – point from the producer to the

consumer(points to who eats it)

_______ _________ Shows the ________ in ______ energy

available at each succeeding _______ level in a food chain or web.

________ Levels Energy ________ is one

way to show how energy moves.

All organisms assigned _______ of producers or consumers. Producers at ______ of

the pyramid as they are eaten first. Amount of energy is lost, or

decreases, as more organisms eat each other. Called ____ rule. ________ by 10% to figure out how much energy is left ______.

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs

__________ _______: percentage of _______ energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next.

10,000 x .10 = 1,000

Figure 3-14Figure 3-14

_____% Rule In accordance with the ____ law of ____________,

there is a ______ in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organism in a food chain or web.

We assume that _____of the energy at each energy level is ____ because the organism uses the energy. (____)

It is more ________ to eat _______ on the energy pyramid. You get more out of it!

This is why top predators are ____ in number & _________ to extinction.

____________ The _______ matter produced by

plants; ______ weight. _______from wood, garbage &

agricultural waste. Can be used for _________energy!

Relationship Between _________ and _______ Biomass is _____weight & represents

the chemical energy ______ at each energy level.

______ is neither a source of energy, nor has any ___________ value.

To find biomass ___________ – samples are taken, ________, & _________

___________ Two kinds of organisms, such as

lions and zebras, are said to have a ______________ relationship.

__________ Organism that captures and

_____ on parts or all of another _________.

______ Organisms that ___

captured & serves as a source of ______ for another animal.

______________ Cycles __________frequently exhibit marked population cycles of

high and low density that have a certain, predictable periodicity. This is an example of __________feedback. Records of the Canada lynx over a 90 year period revealed a

cycle of population fluctuations that repeated every 10 years (below). These oscillations closely matched, with a lag, the cycles of their principal prey item, the snowshoe hare.

Importance in Population ______ Predators usually kill the _____, _____, or

_____.

This helps to let the rest of the prey have ______ access to the available ______ supply.

It also improves the _______ stock.

Relationships to Human Population ______

Infectious _______can control humans. Ex. the _______ _______.

SPECIES _______________: COMPETITION AND PREDATION

Species can ________ through competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

Some species evolve ________ that allow them to ______ or _______ competition for resources with other species (resource _________).

__________ - two species live in ____ association for ____ periods _______– ____ species (parasite)

feeds on part of ______ species (host) by living on or in it for a large portion of host's life.

__________– one species _______but doesn't harm or help the other

_________– _____ species benefit

_______: Sponging Off of Others Although parasites can _____ their _____,

they can _______ community biodiversity. Some parasites live in host (________,

tapeworms). Some parasites live _______ host (fleas, ticks,

mistletoe plants, sea lampreys). Some have little contact with host (dump-

nesting birds like cowbirds, some duck species)

_________: Win-Win Relationship

Two species can interact in ways that benefit ____ of them.

Figure 5-9Figure 5-9

____________: Using without Harming

Some species interact in a way that _____ one species but has _____ or ___ effect on the other.

Figure 5-10Figure 5-10

CYCLES

Nitrogencycle

Biosphere

Heat in the environment

Heat Heat Heat

Phosphoruscycle

Carboncycle

Oxygencycle

Watercycle

______ ______

‣ Gaseous carbon is fixed in process of ___________and returned to atmosphere in ___________

‣ Carbon may remain locked up in sinks or __________ that are biotic or abiotic for long periods of time,‣ e.g. in the wood of trees, oceans or in fossil

fuels such as _____ or _____.‣ Carbon enters living part of cycle through

________________. ‣ Carbon is cycled back through system by 3

ways.‣ 1. _______________ – breathe out carbon

dioxide ‣ 2. ______________ – burning of wood or

fossil fuels‣ 3. __________ – sea or waves erode

limestone

_________ Cycling

Burning fossil fuels

Petroleum & Coal

_____ ______ Condensation conversion of gaseous water vapor into liquid

water

Evaporation from the ocean

Evaporation

Evaporation from inland

lakes and rivers

Evaporation from the land

Transport overland: net movement of water vapor by wind

Lakes Ocean storage97% of total water

Transpiration

Transpiration

from plants

RiversWater locked up

in snow and ice

Groundwater movement (slow)

Surface runoff (rapid)

Infiltration: movement of water into soil

Aquifers: groundwater

storage areas

Percolation: downward flow of water

Precipitation

over the

ocean

Rain clouds

Precipitation

Precipitation(rain, sleet, hail, snow, fog)

Precipitation

to land

____________ - water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas.

______________ - Water evaporates from the leaves of plants.

Water vapor __________ into tiny droplets that form clouds.

The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of ________________.

Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots.

_________ ______

Effects of Human _________ on the __________ Cycle

We _______ large amounts of ________ from the earth to make _________.

We _______ phosphorous in _______ soils by clearing ________.

We ________ excess phosphates to ______ systems from runoff of animal _______ and ___________.

____________

Bacteria are ____ as important in the phosphorus cycle as in the nitrogen cycle.

Phosphorus is ____usually found in the _______ or in a gas state _______ as ______.

The phosphorus cycle is _____ and phosphorus is usually found in _____ formations and ocean ________.

Phosphorus is found in ________ because most soil is deficient in it and plants need it.

Phosphorus is usually ________ in water and is not found in most aquatic environments.

_______ ______

________ Nitrogen – _____ of atmosphere but unable to use it

that form (N2). ________ must change it so we can use it.

Nitrogen ________ – combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia.

This is the ______ step of the nitrogen cycle where specialized bacteria _____ gaseous nitrogen to ______ that can be used by plants. This is done by cyanobacteria or bacteria living in the nodules on the _______ of various plants.

____________ Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to

nitrate

Plant roots _____ ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids and proteins.

____________

_______________ After nitrogen has served its purpose in

living organisms, decomposing bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich compounds, wastes, and dead bodies into simpler compounds such as ammonia. ________________

•Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas.This happens when a soil nutrient is reduced and released into the atmosphere as a gas.

Effects of Human __________ on the _________ Cycle We alter the nitrogen cycle by:

Adding ______ that contribute to _____ rain. Adding nitrous _____ to the atmosphere through

farming practices which can warm the ___________ and deplete _______.

Contaminating ________ water from nitrate ions in inorganic ____________.

Releasing nitrogen into the _________ through _____________.

Figure 14 Nitrogen CycleBacteria carry out many important steps including conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, ammonia.

________ _______

Sedimentation of sulfides and sulfates

Organic deposition

Mining

Reduced sulfur (H2S)

Decomposition and other processing

Microorganisms

SO2 from combustible fossil fuels Sulfates in the atmosphere (SO4

2-)

Inorganic sulfur

Sulfur in fossil fuels

Iron sulfides in deep soil and sediments

Uplifting in groundwater

and and weathering

Uptake by plants

Sulfur in living organisms

Acid precipitation

Sulfates in water (SO4

2-)Sulfates in soil(SO4

2-)

SO2 and sulfates from volcanoes, hot springs and biogenic activity

Sulfur Cycling

Sulfur is naturally occurring in ________or _________forms and is a sedimentary cycle.

Sulfur is an essential component of __________and is important in determining the _________of precipitation, surface water, and soil.

Sulfur ___________through the biosphere as:

hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate (SO4

2-), and elemental sulfur (S)

Sulfur in petrol

Molecular bridges in proteins

Elemental sulfur

Effects of Human _______ on the Sulfur Cycle

We add sulfur _______ to the atmosphere by: _________coal and oil ________ sulfur containing petroleum. Convert sulfur-containing _______ ores into free

metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur dioxide into the _____________

BIOMES

_________ Major ______ characterized by its climate,

soil, plants, animals, and other organisms that live there.

The most important factors in a biome are __________ and ___________.

Biomes tend to converge around ________ lines on the globe.

__________ air cells circle each hemisphere of the Earth and distribute rainfall in different ecosystems and biomes.

The interaction of these cells is a major contributor the formation of biomes.

________ and Weather_______

Dry air descends at

the poles

Polar cell

Air rising at the equator causes the

formation of rain clouds

Rising air allows cloud formation in temperate regions

After losing its moisture, dry air

descends

Hadley cell Ferrel

cell

Polar Temperate Desert Tropical Desert Temperate Polar

CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

___________ is a ______ area’s _____-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation.

_________ is a region’s ______ weather conditions over a _____ time. Latitude and elevation ( altitude) help determine

climate.

Earth’s Current Climate Zones

Figure 7-2Figure 7-2

BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND

Different _______ lead to ________ communities of organisms, especially _________. Each biome contains _____ecosystems whose

communities have adapted to _________ in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.

BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND

BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND

Biome type is determined by ____________, ____________, and ______ type

Figure 7-9Figure 7-9

______ regions (annual rainfall generally less than ____ cm). The desert biome is found in two belts, centered at _____latitude north and south of the Equator and covers _____of Earth.

Deserts receive most of their rainfall in ________. The ________ regions are in central Australia and the middle of the Sahara Desert in Africa.

Organisms include __________ tolerant plants and animals.

___________

Ayres Rock, Australia Sand dunes, Namibia

DESERT BIOMES

________ BIOMES Forests have enough

_______ to support stands of _____ and are found in _______, _________, and ______ regions.

______ (_____ forest or N. coniferous) _______ the tundra (northern part of N.

America & Russia). Covers ___% of earth’s land.

Winters are ______, dry & cold w/ sunlight 6 to 8 hours a day. The summers are _____ and mild, w/ sunlight ____ hours a day.

___________ BIOMES High-elevation ________ of

biodiversity Contain taiga and tundra like

conditions and organisms. Often have ______-covered

peaks that ______ solar radiation and gradually release _______ to lower-elevation streams and ecosystems.

Play critical role in ___________ cycle.

Figure 7-17Figure 7-17

__________ Coniferous Forests Consist mostly of

________ evergreen trees that keep their _____ year-round to help the trees _______ long and cold winters.

Also called boreal or taiga. Can be found in elevated areas as well.

_________ Rainforest

Near the ________. It has ____ temperatures, high ______ & heavy ________.

Tropical Rain Forest Tropical rain forests have

_____ rainfall and a _____ diversity of species. Have year-round

___________ warm temperatures and high humidity.

Dominated by broadleaf _______trees.

Nutrient ______ soil

Figure 7-14Figure 7-14

Tropical Rain Forest

Filling such _____ enables species to _____ or minimize ___________ and coexist

Figure 7-15Figure 7-15

___________ Rain Forests

_______ areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as _______ and _________in a cool moist environment.

Temperate ___________ Forest It has ________ temperatures, long, warm

summers, cold winters &lots of ____. Trees include oaks, hickory, maple, and beech.

Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest

Temperate ___________ Forest

Most of the trees survive winter by _________ their ______, which decay and produce a nutrient-____ soil.

Broadleaf deciduous trees.

______ has one of largest.

Figure 5-22Figure 5-22

______________ The rainfall is ______ & ____ are

common. It has______& ____ that are good for grazing animals.

GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES

__________ __________ & ___________ grassland. _____ all year long with alternating wet & dry seasons. Has grasses with widely ______ clumps of trees. Contain ________ resistant and ______ resistant plants.

_________ (temperate grassland) These are _________ areas. ________ climate

with mile winters & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.

Has dense thickets of spiny ______ that are subject to periodic _______.

__________ Grasslands or ________

The _____ winters and _____ dry summers.

Highly _________, have deep and ________ soil that make them ideal for growing _____ and grazing ______.

Figure 7-12Figure 7-12

_______ (_____ grasslands) Covers ___% of earth’s land. Most of the

year, these ______ plains are bitterly cold with ice & snow. It has a 6 to 8 week summer w/ sunlight nearly ____ hours a day.

Tundra or Polar Grasslands Found in _______ or

high in __________ Covered with ice and

snow except during a ______ summer.

Dominated by ____________ perennial plants.

Has 1 inch layer of frozen soil called the _________.

SUCCESSION

The process where _____& _______ of a particular area are ______ by other more ________ species over

__________

__________ Succession Primary begins with a _______ area where there

is ___ soil (ex. bare rock, glacier moraines, newly formed volcanic islands). Soil ________ begins with lichens or moss.

._________ Succession

Secondary begins in an area where the natural community has been ________, _________, or ________, but soil or bottom sediments remain cyclone damage, forest fires, hillside slips

and clear-cutting.

_________ Communities _____ structured species. _______ niches, ____ species interactions. Ex. Lichens and moss.

________ Communities Dominated by a few, _________

plant species. _______ organism. Narrow _____ ______species

Interactions.

_______

Land or rock lichen small shrubs large shrubs small trees large trees

Water – bare bottom small/few underwater vegetation temporary pond and prairie forest and swamp

HUMAN AFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

HUMAN ______ ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

Ecosystems are constantly _________ in response to changing environmental ________.

Human activities have ________ or _______more than ____ of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.

Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.

_____________ ______destruction- Humans

eliminate wildlife _______.

Introduction of Non-native (_______) species

They displace ______ species They _______ biodiversity The can adapt very ______ to local habitats They contribute to habitat ________ They can ___________ very ________

___________ of Species Ex. The ________ chestnut had a fungus

that spread & virtually eliminated the _________ chestnut.

Kudzu. Pg. 201

__________ Over-hunting/hunting of top predators

for big game.

__________ CFC’s, CO2, oil spills.

____________ Cut/burn techniques & the loss of habitat.

__________ Habitat _________ - Trying to

rebuild what was ______ ___________-Returning

vegetation to an area that has been ______ or ______by human use. Can be done by

___________, cleaning up pollution, regulations (_____) or any other activity designed to “____” a destroyed area.

Natural Capital Degradation

Desert

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road vehicles

Soil salinization from irrigation

Depletion of groundwater

Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction

Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra

Overgrazing by livestock

Release of CO2 to atmosphere from grassland burning

Conversion to cropland

Grasslands

Natural Capital Degradation

Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development

Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations

Damage from off-road vehicles

Natural Capital Degradation

Forests

Pollution of forest streams

Natural Capital Degradation

Mountains

Agriculture

Timber extraction

Mineral extraction

Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs

Increasing tourism

Urban air pollution

Increased ultraviolet radiationfrom ozone depletion

Soil damage from off-roadvehicles