02.agroecosystem concept
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02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
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What is an ecosystem, and how can we study
one? Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," andhow are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystemfunction?
What are the major factors responsible for thedifferences between ecosystems?
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The concept of the agroecosystem is
based on ecological principles
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
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Mineral/materi
Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas
SelSistem
OrganSistem
OrganismeSistem
PopulasiSistem Ekosistem
Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi
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Organization of Life
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
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Scales of Ecological Organization
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INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?KOMUNITAS ?
A
B
C
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INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
OrgansTissuesMolecules Cells Organssystems
Concerned :how is a organism response theenvironmental factors?How is a individual organism toleranceto stresses in environment where it willlive?
Autecology/Physiological ecology Organism
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POPULATIONS
A population is a group of individuals of thesame species inhabiting the same area atthe same time.
Important characteristics: Population size, density, and dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
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Characteristics of Populations
1. Population size,density, anddispersion
2. Birth and death rates3. Growth rates
4. Age structure
5. Genetic Diversity
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POPULATIONS
Concerned :Important in determining the factors that controlpopulation size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to supportpopulation over time
Population ecology
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Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, orother organisms, all of the same species,that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why thosenumbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine theprocesses common to all populations
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Population Ecology in Action
Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economicimportance
Prevent threatened or endangered speciesfrom extinction
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COMMUNITIES Communities an assemblage of populations
of many speciesliving together in the samelocation at the same time.
The important thing :
1. Community structure and functioning2. Community Biodiversity
Number and types of species
Relative abundance of species
Interactions among species
3. Community Development
Community resilience to disturbance
Nutrient and energy flow
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COMMUNITIES
Community ecology
Concerned :How the interactions of organism affect thedistribution and abundance of the differentspecies
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ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystemsarecomposed of all thecommunities andtheir physical,chemical, andbiologicalprocesses. Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirelythrough energy flowthrough food chains,and nutrientrecycling.
665000 670000 675000
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Flamboyan
Songgoriti
Baru
Brau Lebak
Toyomarto
Borolasah
Borogondang
Lasah
Ngudi
Brak
Durek
Sawahan
Sabrangbendo
Kedung
Cembo
NgujungDadapan
Pandan
Tlogorejo
Binangun
Beru
RekesanWetan
RekesanKulon
Cangar
Gintung
Kliran
Prumbung
Brau
Claket
Talangsari
NgebrukPagersari
Prambatan
Pagergunung
KapruKandangan
Selekta
Sidorejo
Sumberbrantas
Gabes
Junggo
Gerdu
Kekep
Tegalsari
Sengonan
Payan
Kungkuk
Gembol
Sikorembug
Tinjomoyo
Santrian
Sumbersari
Pesantren
Pesanggrahan
Wunucari
Srebet Barat
Plamboyan
Tambuh
Klumusan
Ngemul
Ngaglik Utara
Meduran
Kaliputih
Leban
Krajan
Kajar
Banaran
Gemulo
Talangrejo
Gondang
Segundu
Punten
Tonggolari
Sumberejo
Srebet Timur
Songgokerto
N ga gl ik S el at an K ra jan
Bumiaji
Ngudi
DadaptulisUtara
Ngandat
Jeding
Rejoso
Tlekung
Ngukir
Klerek
Kalimalang
Dresel
Gondorejo
Toyomerto
Srebet Timur
Kampungteh
Glonggong
BesulGenengan
Sukomulyo
Kampunganyar
TemasBarat Putuk
Genting
Meduran
Kampunganyar
Ngemul
Pendem
Kajang
Gangsiranputuk
Beji
Krajan
Oro-oroombo
Temas
Junrejo
Batu
K a
l i B
r a n t a
s
DESA TULUNGREJO
KEL. TEMAS
DESA GIRIPURNO
DESA BUMIAJI
DESA PANDANREJO
KEL. SISIR
DESA BULUKERTO
DESA SUMBERGONDO
DESA BEJI
DESA TAWANGARGO
KEL. NGAGLIK
DESA GUNUNGSARI
DESA TORONGREJO
DESA ORO-OROOMBO
DESA PANDESARI
DESA JUNREJO
KEL. SONGGOKERTO
AREAL KEHUTANAN
DESA SIDOMULYO
DESA PASANGGRAHAN
DESA MOJOREJO
DESA SUMBEREJO
DESA PUNTEN
DESA PENDEM
DESA TLEKUNG
DESA DADAPREJO
KEL. PENCALUKAN
DESA TOYOMARTO
665000 670000 675000
9125000
9125000
9130000
9130000
9135000
9135000
9140000
9140000
PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU
2000 0 2000 4000 Meters
U
TB
S
Landuse:: Hutan Alami: Hutan Produksi: Hutan Reboisasi: Lahan Terbuka: Pemukiman: Perkebunan: Rumput: Sawah: Semak
: Tegalan
Example:In Watershed
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ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTSSunlight Primary producersTemperature HerbivoresPrecipitation CarnivoresWater or moisture OmnivoresSoil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH
4
+) Detritivoresetc. etc.
All of these vary over space/time
Components of Ecosystem
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The biosphere is theglobal sum of allecosystems. It can also becalled the zone of life onEarth. From the broadestbiophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is theglobal ecological systemintegrating all living beingsand their relationships,including their interactionwith the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphereand atmosphere
Biosphere
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems -
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Structural Properties ofCommunities
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
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Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
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NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
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Processes of Ecosystems
How ecosystems function:
1. Ecosystems have energy flowsandecosystems materials cycles.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
nergy ows an ma er a s
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Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.
. nergy ows an ma er a scycles
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2 E fl d t i t
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Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle
2. Energy flows and nutrientcycles
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Biochemical cycles in ecosystem
1.
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2. The carbon cycle
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3. The phosphorus cycle
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AGROECOSYSTEM
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AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURALECOSYSTEM
Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanagedecosystem Closed ecosystemall elements recycled through ecosystem
not often pure closed ecosystems anymorehumans frequentlyinvolved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managedecosystem: Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculturewithout human input again
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Characteristics Agroecosystem NaturalEcosystem
Productivity High Low
Species diversity Low
(monoculture)can use croprotation and
intercropping tostabilize more
High
Genetic diversity
within species
Low High
Plant life-cyclespresent
Few All, moreperennial
Competition Negative Tolerable(ecological niche)
Flowering, plant
maturing
Synchronized Seasonal
Nutrient Cycles Open Closed
Permanence Short Long
Human Control High Low
Ecological Maturity Early, immature Mature, climax
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ENERGY FLOW
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Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.
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Crop Populations Natural Plant Population(also true of weeds)
Seed brought in by producer Seed produced mostly bylocal plants
High seed viability Variable seed viability
Uniform seed dispersal Non-uniform seed dispersal
Low dormancy, carryover ofseed Possibility of dormancy,delayed germination(carryover)
Uniform soils Variable soil types
Uniform population age,genetics
Diverse population age,genetics
Even spacing within species Variable spacing withinspecies
High allocation of plantresources to reproduction(seed)
Allocation to seed productionmay be lower
POPULATION REGULATINGMECHANISM
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NUTRIENT CYCLING
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residueAnimal wastesAnimal residueAtmosphereNitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Plants animalsgrazing on plantsDenitrificationRun-offleaching
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients: Inputs:
FertilizersCrop residuesAtmosphereNitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops thenremoval fromareaErosionLeaching
Run-off
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ASSIGNMENT
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas tersebut
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