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1 Challenge the future
on the tire-pavement friction Study of Cornering Maneuvers of Pneumatic Tires on AC Surfaces using FEM
S.K. Srirangam K. Anupam A. Scarpas C.Kasbergen M. Kane
2 Challenge the future
Asphalt Pavement
Mechanism of Rubber Friction
Hysteresis loop
Force
Displacement
Loading
Unloading
5 Challenge the future 5
Rubber Rheological Tests
0.E+00
5.E+05
1.E+06
2.E+06
2.E+06
3.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
4.E+06
0 50 100 150 200Temperature (oC)
Ph
ase
an
gle
(o)
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5
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35
40
45
50
Co
mp
lex
Sh
ea
r M
od
ulu
s (P
a)
ComplexModulusPhase Angle
0.E+00
5.E+05
1.E+06
2.E+06
2.E+06
3.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
4.E+06
0 50 100 150 200Temperature (oC)
Ph
ase
an
gle
(o)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Co
mp
lex
Sh
ea
r M
od
ulu
s (P
a)
ComplexModulusPhase Angle
0.E+00
5.E+05
1.E+06
2.E+06
2.E+06
3.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
4.E+06
0 50 100 150 200Temperature (oC)
Ph
ase
an
gle
(o)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Co
mp
lex
Sh
ea
r M
od
ulu
s (P
a)
ComplexModulusPhase Angle
7 Challenge the future
7
FE tire footprint calibration
(iv) Load = 1000N
Computed FAR
Measu
red F
AR
8 Challenge the future
Scope of study The effect of axle load The effect of inflation pressure The effect of tire sideslip angle The effect of speed The effect of temperature The effect of macrotexture
on the tire-pavement
friction
10 Challenge the future
Mechanical deformation
analysis
Tire-pavement contact
Tire-rim-ambience
Heat exchange Axi-symmetry
Contained air
Tire-pavement heat conduction
Sidewall-ambience
heat exchange
Heat transfer
analysis
FE Modeling Energy dissipation
analysis
11 Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Mechanical deformation
analysis
Tire-pavement contact
Heat transfer
analysis
Energy dissipation
analysis
Tire-rim-ambience
Heat exchange Axi-symmetry
Contained air
Tire-pavement heat conduction
Sidewall-ambience
heat exchange
13 Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Master surface segments
Penetration
Slave surface nodes
Slave nodes cannot penetrate master segments
14 Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Master surface segments
Penetration
Slave surface nodes
Slave nodes cannot penetrate master segments
Energy dissipation
analysis
15 Challenge the future
FE Modeling Energy dissipation
analysis
T
v e v
0
W S : L dt
TM Kkm kmve v
m 1 k 1 0
W 1Q S : L dt
T T
E¥
1E
1h
2E
NE
2h
Nh
s sσ
E1 η1
E2 η2
En ηn
E∞
σ
a)
16 Challenge the future
FE Modeling Energy dissipation
analysis
T
v e v
0
W S : L dt
TM Kkm kmve v
m 1 k 1 0
W 1Q S : L dt
T T
E¥
1E
1h
2E
NE
2h
Nh
s sσ
E1 η1
E2 η2
En ηn
E∞
σ
a)
17 Challenge the future
FE Modeling Heat transfer analysis
Region Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2
0C)
Tread/Road Contact 12000
Tread/Air 5.9 3.7v+
Sidewall/Air 5.9 3.7v+
Tire/Rim Contact 88000
Linear/Cavity Air 5.9
21 Challenge the future
Tire temperature (°C)
Coef
fici
ent
of
fric
tion
Simulation
results
Oliver (1989)
Validation
22 Challenge the future
Our Field Validation - Adhera longitudinal friction testing device
- Tire type (PIARC 185/60 R15) - Slip ratio (100%) - Velocity (40, 60 ; 80; 90 km/h) - Tire inflation pressure and weight (200 kPa & 2.5 kN) - Pavement surface texture (Porous Asphalt Concrete 0/6; Dense Asphalt Concrete 0/10) - Water thickness (0.5; 1.0 mm)
0,0
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0,8
40 60 80 90
Exp FE
23 Challenge the future
Heat transfer analysis
FE Modeling Energy dissipation
analysis
α
PIARC Smooth Tire
Wheel direction
Longitudinal direction
AC Surface
24 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
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80
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
25 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Tread SidewallPA pavement
Inflation pressure
200 kPa
Speed 45 km/h
Side-slip angle 5°
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Load on Tire (N)
Effect of loading on tire temperature
26 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of loading on cornering friction-PA surface
TT
(°C
)
Total Temperature, T (°C) = AT+PT
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1 degree 2 deg 3 4 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Load on Tire (N)
Corn
ering F
riction C
oeffic
ient
PA pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle
27 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of loading on cornering friction-UTS surface T
T (
°C)
Load on Tire (N)
Co
rne
rin
g F
rictio
n C
oe
ffic
ien
t
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
UTS pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle
28 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of loading on cornering friction-SMA surface
TT
(°C
)
Total Temperature, T (°C) = AT+PT Load on Tire (N)
Co
rne
rin
g F
rictio
n C
oe
ffic
ien
t
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
SMA pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle
29 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of inflation pressure on tire temperature
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Inflation Pressure(kPa)
0
10
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60
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90
100
150 200 250 300 350
Tread Sidewall
Inflation pressure (kPa)
30 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of inflation pressure on cornering friction-UTS surface
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
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0,8
0,9
1,0
100 150 200 250 300 350
1 deg 2 deg 3 deg 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Speed
UTS pavement
Load 4000 N
Speed 45 km/h
Co
rne
rin
g F
rictio
n C
oe
ffic
ien
t
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
decreasing slip angle
31 Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of inflation pressure on cornering friction-SMA surface
Speed
Corn
ering F
riction C
oeffic
ient
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
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0,7
0,8
0,9
100 150 200 250 300 350
1 deg 2 deg 3 deg 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
SMA pavement
Load 4000 N
Speed 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle
32 Challenge the future
Speed (km/h)
Co
rne
rin
g F
rictio
n C
oe
ffic
ien
t
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
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0,5
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0,8
0,9
1,0
25 35 45 55 65 75
1 degree 2 deg 3 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Results and discussions
µ
Side slip angle Effect of speed on cornering friction
33 Challenge the future
Conclusions
Tire-pavement Friction
Speed
Tire load
Temperature
#For a fixed pavement surface type and side slip angle
34 Challenge the future
Conclusions
#For a fixed pavement surface type and speed
Tire-pavement Friction
Slip angle
Texture
Inflation pressure
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