1 4-4:10 pm 18-nov-2008 clean energy university spin out panel thanks to: exponential technologies...
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4-4:10 PM 18-Nov-2008 Clean Energy University Spin Out Panel
Thanks to:
Exponential technologies forreading & writing genomes
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Renewable Energy Resources: Human 15 TW
http://www.xprize.org/files/downloads/saul_griffith_presentation.pdf
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Photovoltaics vs PhotosynthesisEnergy efficiency for photovoltaics at 10-40% and 11% for photosynthesis, but the first is peak performance and ignores storage, while the latter is calculated from grams of biofuel per hectare per year (including night & winter).
Energy Density:Lithium ion Battery 0.7 kJ/g (Bio)Diesel fuel 43 kJ/g
Atmospheric CO2 is adressed by few energy sourcesTotal : 2E18 g1% added by human activities15% removed by photosynthesis yearly (algae 30X more efficient) Agricultural biomass: 3% of the total & 15% yearly change
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CO2 reduction
“to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed .. CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm.” 9% = 2E17 g
USA: 7E9 meters of highways * 3E6 g/m = 2E16 g
James Hansen, et al. Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2: 217-231 (2008)
CO2 maintenance: 2% of arable land to replace all
petro-fuel with algal (US 40K km2) vs farm animals 80%
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Bio-petroleum from grasses or algae Immiscible Products Facilitate Purification
• Separate from water without distillation• Decrease toxicity to producer strain• >2 million liters in 2009
aqueous
organic
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Extracellular Intracellular
Localization
Dis
trib
uti
on
(%
to
tal)
1 2 3 4
110
3,000
50
3 monthsLeverage current infrastructure &
engines
Fatty acid derived
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Algal, fungal pathways to triglycerides, alkanes, olefins, terpenes
Botryococcus brauniidecarbonylase
http://www.biofuelsdatabase.org/map/alkane-decarbonylation_map.shtml http://www.springerlink.com/content/p6451qx982638856/fulltext.pdf
Methylelcosene from Prasiola stipitata
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2 million liter scale example: 2000-06
Dupont/Genencor: 1,3 Propanediol (7 years & $400M R&D)135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield (90% of theoretical) from glucoseheoretical) from glucose
27 changes to 4.6 Mbp E.coliackA aldA aldB arcA crr edd gldA glpK mgsA pta ptsH ptsI yqhC Saccharomyces: DAR1 GPP2 Klebsiella: dhaB1,B2,B3,X; orfX,Y P1.5.gapA P1.6.ppc P1.6.btuR P1.6.yqhD Ptrc.galP Ptrc.glk (13 knock-outs, 8 insertions, 6 regulatory changes) http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6432686-description.html
GlycerolDAR1 GPP2
Glycerol-3-P
- NADH- NADH
3HPA
coB12 - NADPH
yqhDdhaB1-3 1,3 propanediol
Yeast Klebsiella E.coli
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Improving process yield, health, safety:
What threatens all biological systems?
What do all viruses have in common? or lack?
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PEG-pAcPhe-hGH (Ambrx) high serum stability314 TAG to TAA changes
IsaacsCharalelChurchSunWang CarrJacobsonKong Sterling
New genetic code: viral-resistance, novel amino acidsno functional GMO DNA exchange
TTT
F
30362 TCT
S
11495 TAT
Y
21999 TGT
C
7048
TTC 22516 TCC 11720 TAC 16601 TGC 8816
TTA
L
18932 TCA 9783 TAASTOP
STOP
2703 TGA STOP 1256
TTG 18602 TCG 12166 TAG 314 TGG W 20683
CTT
L
15002 CCT
P
9559 CAT
H
17613 CGT
R
28382
CTC 15077 CCC 7485 CAC 13227 CGC 29898
CTA 5314 CCA 11471 CAA
Q
20888 CGA 4859
CTG 71553 CCG 31515 CAG 39188 CGG 7399
ATT
I
41309 ACT
T
12198 AAT
N
24159 AGT
S
11970
ATC 34178 ACC 31796 AAC 29385 AGC 21862
ATA 5967 ACA 9670 AAA
K
45687 AGA
R
2896
ATG M 37915 ACG 19624 AAG 14029 AGG 1692
GTT
V
24858 GCT
A
20762 GAT
D
43719 GGT
G
33622
GTC 20753 GCC 34695 GAC 25918 GGC 40285
GTA 14822 GCA 27418 GAA
E
53641 GGA 10893
GTG 35918 GCG 45741 GAG 24254 GGG 15090
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2
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DNA technology tracked Moore’s law (2X / 2 yr) until 2004-8 (10X / yr)
40X 98% genome $5K in 2008 ($50 for 1%?)
0.0000001
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
$/bp
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