1 motivation. 2 motivation motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it...
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MotivationMotivation
Motivation is a need Motivation is a need or desire that or desire that
energizesenergizes behavior behavior and and directsdirects it it
towards a goal.towards a goal.
Alan Ralston was Alan Ralston was motivated to cut his motivated to cut his arm in order to free arm in order to free himself from a rock himself from a rock
that pinned him that pinned him down.down.
Alan Ralston
AP
Photo/ R
ocky Mountain N
ews, Judy W
algren
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Perspectives on Perspectives on MotivationMotivation
Perspectives to explain motivation include Perspectives to explain motivation include the following: the following:
1.1. Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory
2.2. Drive-Reduction Drive-Reduction TheoryTheory
3.3. Arousal TheoryArousal Theory
4.4. Hierarchy of MotivesHierarchy of Motives
5.5. Self-determination Self-determination TheoryTheory
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Instincts & Evolutionary Instincts & Evolutionary PsychologyPsychology
Instincts are complex behaviors that have Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species fixed patterns throughout different species
and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Where the woman builds different kinds of housesthe bird builds only one kind of nest.
© A
riel Skelley/ M
asterfile
Tony B
randenburg/ Bruce C
oleman, Inc.
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Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory
When the instinct theory of motivation When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-failed it was replaced by the drive-
reduction theory. A physiological need reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (creates an aroused tension state (a drivea drive) ) that motivates an organism to satisfy the that motivates an organism to satisfy the
need (Hull, 1951).need (Hull, 1951).
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Drive ReductionDrive Reduction
FoodDrive
Reduction
Organism
The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state (e.g., maintenance of steady
body temperature).
Stomach FullEmpty Stomach(Food Deprived)
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IncentiveIncentive
Where our needs push, incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in
reducing our drives.
A person who smells baking bread(incentive) may feel a hunger drive.
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Higher Order NeedsHigher Order Needs
Henry MurrayHenry Murray
““higher orderhigher order”” needs: not needs: not physiologically basedphysiologically based
e.g.s: Need for Affiliatione.g.s: Need for Affiliation
Need for Achievement etc.Need for Achievement etc.
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The Need to BelongThe Need to Belong
““[Man] is a social animal,[Man] is a social animal,”” (Aristotle). (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our Separation from others increases our
need to belong.need to belong.
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffersfrom social starvation.
20th C
entury Fox/ D
reamw
orks/ The K
obal Collection
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Aiding SurvivalAiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestorsSocial bonds boosted our ancestors’’ survival rates. These bonds led to the survival rates. These bonds led to the
following:following:
1.1. Protecting against predators, especially for the Protecting against predators, especially for the young.young.
2.2. Procuring food.Procuring food.
3.3. Reproducing the next offspring.Reproducing the next offspring.
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Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that (1970) suggested that
certain needs have certain needs have priority over others. priority over others. Physiological needs Physiological needs
like breathing, thirst, like breathing, thirst, and hunger come and hunger come
before psychological before psychological needs such as needs such as
achievement, self-achievement, self-esteem, and the need esteem, and the need
for recognition.for recognition. (1908-1970)
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Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
Hurricane Survivors
Menahem
Kahana/ A
FP
/ Getty Im
agesM
ario Tam
a/ Getty Im
ages
David P
ortnoy/ Getty Im
ages for Stern
Joe Skipper/ R
euters/ Corbis
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Self-Determination Self-Determination TheoryTheory
Deci & Ryan (2000)Deci & Ryan (2000)
Basic Needs:Basic Needs: Relatedness, Competence, AutonomyRelatedness, Competence, Autonomy
Motivation: Intrinsic Vs. ExtrinsicMotivation: Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic(Autonomous Vs. Controlled self-regulation)(Autonomous Vs. Controlled self-regulation)
Autonomous motivation Autonomous motivation better goal progress and better goal progress and higher satisfactionhigher satisfaction
Excessive controlling rewards can undermine IM Excessive controlling rewards can undermine IM ((““overjustification effectoverjustification effect””))
Autonomy support Autonomy support increased autonomous motivation increased autonomous motivation
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Challenging GoalsChallenging Goals
Specific challenging goals motivate people Specific challenging goals motivate people to reach higher achievement levels, to reach higher achievement levels,
especially if there is feedback such as especially if there is feedback such as progress reports.progress reports.
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How to motivate peopleHow to motivate people
avoid stifling intrinsic motivationavoid stifling intrinsic motivation support autonomous motivationsupport autonomous motivation provide informative feedback rather provide informative feedback rather
than controlthan control find out whatfind out what’’s important to the s important to the
individualindividual
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