©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers 1832–1848 chapter 12 peoples in...
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©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
1832–1848
CHAPTER 12 PEOPLES IN MOTION
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone along the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the might ocean.”
Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1832 Treaty of Payne’s Landing1834 Philadelphia race riots
National Trades Union formed1836 The Alamo1837 Sam Houston, President of the new nation, Texas1838 Trail on Which We Cried1839 Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi1841 Amistad case before the Supreme Court1844 The first telegraph lines1845 Texas statehood1846 War with Mexico
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1847 Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City
Mexico surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe1848 The Oneida Community established (Communiarians)1843 The Oregon Trail and the Great Migration1846 Canadian-U.S. boundary in northwest established
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PEOPLES IN MOTION OverviewMass MigrationsA Multitude of Voices in the National
Political ArenaReform ImpulsesThe United States Extends Its Reach
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MASS MIGRATIONSNewcomers from Western EuropeThe Slave TradeTrails of TearsMigrants in the WestNew Places, New Identities
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Western Trails
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Newcomers from Western Europe: Irish
1820s: 50,000 Irish arrive in America1830s: 200,000 Irish arrive in America1840s-1850s: 1.7 million Irish emigrate to U.S.
The potato famine and English imperialism in Ireland drive emigration Irish settle mainly in eastern states Irish Catholics faced with discrimination from Protestant employers Competition with African Americans for low paying jobs Violence: 1834: Charleston, MA-Ursuline convent; 1837: Boston City Guards
attack Irish Montgomery Guards By 1850: some success in the U.S. Catholic church and in the Democratic Party
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Newcomers from Western Europe: Germans
1831-1850: Over 1/2 a million Germans arrive in AmericaRebellion in Prussia in 1848 fuels German
immigrationAlso revolutions against the Austrian Empire
send Italians, Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.
Germans settle mainly in the MidwestFarmers, merchants
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The Slave TradeSlave trade between the Upper South and the Lower
South1800-1860: price of a slave increases; 670,000 people sold, 1 out
of every 10 Upper South slave children sold to Lower SouthSome reasons for sale: workers considered poor or “uppity”;
ready cash; merchants profit from saleMexico abolishes slavery in 1829; some Texas slaves freedVoluntary migrations: Slaves run to northern cities; many find
supportive black communities; but find competition with white menial workers (Irish)
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Expansion of the Cotton Belt and Slave Trading Routes, 1801-1860
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Trails of Tears1832: Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Seminoles out of Florida and to
Indian TerritoryOsceola and the Second Seminole War
Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks Eneah Emothla and his resistance movement
Cherokee NationTreaty Party versus John Ross1838: Trail on Which We Cried
Concentration camps, followed by treacherous journey of malnutrition, disease, family separation, theft by white agents
4,000 die
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Indian Removal
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Migrants in the WestThe Mormons
1847: After the lynching of a dictorial John Smith and his brother by non-Mormons, Brigham Young leads Mormons from Illinois to Salt Lake City
Missionaries in the Northwest1834: Protestant missionaries settle near modern day Walla-
Walla, but meet hostile resistance from Indians1843-1844: Frémont and the Oregon TrailThe Great Migration of 1843
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New Places, New IdentitiesIn the Midwest and the land between U.S.
and Spanish territories:Outside of the South, black can become white (for
example, the Gilliam’s experience, see textbook p. 405)Tejanos in Texas: Spanish-speaking with North American
cultureCatholics intermingle with ProtestantsFur traders easily crossing between Spanish, French,
Native American communitiesMétis: children from white men and Indian women
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A MULTITUDE OF VOICES IN THE NATIONAL POLITICAL ARENA
Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837Suppression of Antislavery SentimentNativists as a Political Force
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Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837
Van Buren defeats 3 Whig candidates with electoral college votes in 1836
Emerging trade unions and journeymen1834: National Trades Union formed
Depression brought on by speculation, crop failures and British loans recalled
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Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment
1830-1840s: A rise in abolitionist feelingsGarrison, The LiberatorAmerican Anti-Slavery SocietyWomen empathize with the black struggle
Whites fear freed blacks taking jobs1834: New Haven, CT school for young women of color attacked1837: Alton, Illinois abolitionist Rev. Lovejoy, publisher of Alton
Observor murdered1841: Amistad case. John Q. Adams wins the Supreme Court case for
the Africans and abolitionists
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Nativists as a Political ForceNativists: oppose immigration and immigrants
Fueled by fear: of job loss to immigrants willing to work for lower wages, of Catholicism, of alcohol, of the “unknown” immigrant who isolates in their own communities
Nativist Samuel F.B. Morse and the first telegraph line (1844), Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States
1844: The American Republican Party 1849: The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (the Know-Nothing
Party)The riots of May 1844 in Philadelphia between Catholics and
Protestants
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REFORM IMPULSESPublic EducationAlternative Visions of Family Life
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Public Education Horace Mann, first secretary of board of education in
Massachusetts, “Education…beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men…”
Reform movement of Finney’s “perfectability”, “making angels out of men” prompts schooling to know only educate, but to promote hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.
Mann’s principle not wholly realizedSlaves forbidden education; free blacks in need of the child’s
labor to survivePoor whites do not benefit as the wealthy do
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Alternative Visions of Family Life
Communitarians 1825: Robert Owen, New Harmony in Indiana (condemnation of private property,
organized religion, and marriage) 1848: John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida Community (complex marriages)
Women’s rights and temperance Women’s rights and abolition
1839: Married Women’s Property Law in MississippiElizabeth Cady Stanton
Transcendentalism: (the primacy of the spirit and the essential harmony between people and the natural world)
Margaret FullerEmerson and Thoreau
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THE UNITED STATES EXTENDS ITS REACH
The Lone Star RepublicThe Election of 1844War with Mexico
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Lone Star Republic 1835: 1 out of every 8 in Texas was a Tejano; the rest were U.S.
born 1836: Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready for
independence February 1836: The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican troops kill
187 Alamo defenders including Crockett April 1936: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto River. A new
nation declared. 1837: Sam Houston first president of the Republic of Texas Texas constitution legalizes slavery and prohibits free blacks
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Election of 1844The Annexation of Texas and Oregon the big issue
(54˚40’ or Fight); slavery ignored Democrats: Polk is pro-annexation Whigs: Clay is anti-annexation, but later changes policy Liberty: Birney (a split among abolistionist occurs: change
through moral suasion or through politics)
1846: Polk compromises with Britain and accepts the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
War with Mexico: the set-upDecember 1845: Texas statehood confirmed by
CongressThe Polk-Slidell California/Texas deal falls through
with MexicoJanuary 1846: General Zachary Taylor provokes armed
conflict by crossing the disputed border between Mexico and Texas
Dissent from transcendentalists (a land grab), nativists (more immigration), abolitionists (Wilmot Proviso)
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
War with Mexico: the campaignThree-pronged
Northern Mexico: Gen. Taylor New Mexico and California: Gen. Kearny Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico coastline: General-in-Chief Scott
The San Paticio soldiers Irish soldiers desert U.S. Army and side with Mexico citing atrocities
of U.S. on Mexican civilians, and the desire to side with Catholics against the Protestant U.S.
September 1847: Mexico City surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gives Texas to the U.S. and their northern half in exchange for $18,250,000
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