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No. Corresponding Author Title Page
KEYNOTE PAPER
I Yoshihiko Ohama RECENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CONCRETE-POLYMER COMPOSITES IN JAPAN Keynote-1 I-VII
II Wahid Omar MANAGING UTM 9TH MALAYSIA PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Keynote-2 VIII-XIV
III Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE: BEYOND THE HORIZON Keynote-3 XV-XVIII
Construction and Environmental Issues - CE
1 Asyran Syafiq An Overview of Reusing and Recycling of Material Waste and Its Benefit Environment-1 214-216
2 Iraj Nikookar Sustainable Management in International Construction Environment and Cultural Issues Environment-2 217-221
3 Khairulzan Yahaya A Life Cycle-Assessment Of Clay Brick Production: Comparing The Sawdust With Petroleum Coke Energy Environment-3 222-225
4 Mansooreh Rakhshanifar Construction Disputes and Negligence’s on Living Environment Environment-4 226-230
5 Nur Syaheera Othman The Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Environment-5 231-236
6 Nurizan Rahman Implementing 3R Concept in Construction Waste Management at Construction Site Environment-6 237-239
7 Rozana Zakaria A Sustainable Tourism Area – In A Way to Preserve the Environment: An Overview Environment-7 240-243
8 Zaiton Haron Automated Prediction Of Noise From Construction Sites Environment-8 244-249 Construction Management - CM
9 Adnan Enshassi The Effectiveness of Planning Technique on Construction Projects Achievement Management-1 282-286
10 Alireza Valipour Analytic Network Process Approach in Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership projects Management-3 287-291
11 Aminah binti Md Yusof Dispute Resolution in Malaysia: The Potential of Graph Model (GMCR) Management-4 292-295
12 Bachan Singh Standard Quality Achievement Level For Mont Kiara 11 (MK 11) Project – Case Study Management-5 296-300
13 Bahman Salami Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) in Power Plant Projects in Iran Management-6 301-305
14 Favilla Zaini Knowledge Sharing Barriers in Construction Industry in Sarawak Management-7 306-310
15 Kumalasari Kipli The Implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sarawak, Malaysia Management-8 311-315
16 Mohamad Nizam Yusof Knowledge Management and Growth Performance: Construction industry perspective Management-9 316-320
17 Mohamad Syazli Fathi A Review of Value Creation from Procurement Contracts and Business Models for District Cooling Systems In Malaysia Management-10 321-329
18 Suhaila Remeli Towards A Framework To Integrate The Usage Of Standard Method Measurement In Building Services Works Management-11 330-335
19 Shaza Rina Knowledge Sharing in Malaysian Construction Organisation Management-12 336-342 Composite Structures - CS
20 Hanan Eltobgy Structural Behavior of fibre Reinforced Concrete Filled Steel Box Columns Composite-1 110-116
21 Ibrisam Akbar Partial and Full Interaction Behaviour of CFRP Plated Steel Member Due to The Yielding of Steel Composite-2 117-124
22 Ibrisam Akbar The flexural behaviour of tubular steel member strengthened with CFRP Composite-3 125-129
23 Mahmood Tahir Application Of Component Method On Partial Strength Connections Connected Between Column Flanges Composite-4 130-136
24 Mazizah Ezdiani Mohamed Influence of Roughness, Cohesion and Friction on the Interface Shear Strength of Composite Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Composite-5 137-143
25 Mohd Hisbany Structural Performance Analysis of Fibres Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Bonding System Under Tropical Climates Composite Structures Composite-6 144-152
26 Redzuan Abdullah Modelling Of Shear Bond With Cohesive Element And Slenderness Study Of Composite Slabs Composite-7 153-161
27 Tan Cher Siang Flexural Behaviour of Composite Slab Panel With Cold-formed Steel Section Composite-8 162-166 Disaster Mitigation - DM
28 Ali Yousefi Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach to Evaluate Strategic Importance of Lifeline Components Disaster-1 167-170
29 Choo Kok Wah Seismic Zone Mapping In Johor Bahru For Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Disaster-2 171-175 Earthquake Engineering - EE
30 Babita Sah Performance based analysis and retrofitting of a RC Building –A Case Study Earthquake-1 176-180
31 Behrouz Gordan Dominate Frequency Tailing Embankment Interface to Bridge by 3D Finite Element Method Earthquake-2 181-185
32 Budy D. Notohardjono Earthquake Resistant Mainframe Computer Structure Analysis Design and Testing Earthquake-3 186-192
33 Kadid Abdelkrim Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames Under Seismic Loads Earthquake-4 193-198
34 Gede Adi Susila A Comparison of the Structural Performance of Low-Rise Timber Framed Buildings and Masonry Buildings in a Developing Country (Indonesia). Earthquake-5 199-207 Engineering Education and Training - EET
35 Coenraad J Nel A Formal Program to Deliver Experience Civil Engineering Professionals : Education-1
208-213 A possible solution towards Skill Shortage and Infrastructure Development Skills needs in South Africa, Africa and other Developing Countries
Industrialised Building System - IBS
36 Asmah Alia Mohd Bohari Adaptation of Green Technology (Industrialised Building System) in Sarawak Construction Industry IBS-1 250-254
37 Farzan Ghavami Rad Assessment Of Indoor Environmental Quality Of Fast Track Wall System House IBS-2 255-261
38 Riduan Yunus An Integrated Approach to Enhance Sustainability in Industrialised Building Systems IBS-3 262-267
39 Rozana Zakaria Selection Factors of Formwork System IBS-4 268-272
40 Siti Mazuanna Shamsuddin Drivers and Challenges of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Sustainable Construction IBS-5 273-278
41 Siti Nurul Asma' Comparative Study of Conventional and Industrialized Building System (IBS) Construction Methods in Government Projects IBS-6 279-281 Innovative Construction Materials - ICM
42 Abdullah Zawawi The Effectiveness of Metal Straps Strengthening In Layers At High Strength Concrete Column Material-1 343-348
43 Abdullah Zawawi Behaviour of Externally-Confined High Strength Concrete Column Under Uniaxial Compression Load Material-2 349-357
44 Ahmad Farhan Bin Roslan Lightweight foamed concrete investigation on microstructure integrating various additives Material-3 358-365
45 Alireza Ahankoob Make Concrete as a Sustainable Material for the Environment Material-4 366-372
46 Hilmi Bin Mahmud Oil palm shell structural lightweight aggregate concrete with low cement content Material-5 373-377
47 Jauhar Fajirin New Concept for Optimal Application of Natural Fibre Reinforced Plastic (NFRP) in Building Construction Material-6 378-385
48 Mohammad Ali Nekooie Application of Semi-Delphi Method in Material Selection for Concrete Pontoons Material-7 386-392
49 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to 2% Sulphuric Acid for 1 year (Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete) Material-8 393-398
50 Mohd Azreen Mohd Ariffin Chloride Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete (Chloride Resistance & Microstructural Analysis) Material-9 399-404
51 Mohd Fadzil The potential of Recycle Fine Cement Brick Aggregates (RFCBA) as Fine Aggregate in Concrete Material-10 405-409
52 Norazlan Khalid The Potential of Coal Bottom Ash As Additives In Road Sub-Base Aggregate Material-11 410-416
53 Petr Máca Mixture Design and Testing of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Material-12 417-423 Material Behaviour - MB
54 A.S.M Abdul Awal Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-13 424-428
55 Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta Durability of Geopolymer Mortar Using Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Waste Material-14 429-434
56 Azman Mohamad The Effect of Underside Shaped Concrete Block On Pavement Rutting Material-15 435-440
57 Fouad B. A. Beshara Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Deep Beams Material-16 441-448
58 Gamal Abdelaziz Fresh and hardened properties of concrete made with used-engine oil and chemical admixtures Material-17 449-457
59 Mohd Azrul Abdul Rajak Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Evaluating Pozzolanic Activity of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Material-19 458-464
60 Rüstem Gül Investigating Several Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made up with Hasankale Pasinler Pumice Material-20 465-473
61 Taha Mehmannavaz Permeability Of The Roller Compacted Concrete: A Case Study Of Zirdan Dam Of Iran Material-21 474-481
62 Victor Kamara Elastic-Plastic Performance of Calcrete Stabilized Unbound Material for Optimized use in Pavement Layers in Northern Namibia Material-22 482-486
63 Roslli Noor Mohamed Shear Capacity of Precast Beam Half-Joints Made of Steel Fibre Self-Compacting Concrete Material-23 487-491 Non-destructive Test - NDT
64 Rosilawati Mohd Rasol Initial Study of Low Frequency Ultrasound For Mitigation of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) NDT-1 492-495 Structural Analysis and Design - SAD
65 Akilu Muhammad A Review On The Finite Element Modelling of Integral Abutment Bridges Analysis-1 1-6
66 Cheng Fang An Experimental Study of Shape Memory Alloy Bolts under Tension and Direct-shear Analysis-2 7-11
67 Data Iranata Modeling of Buckling Behavior of Reinforcing Bars Under Monotonic Loading Analysis-3 12-16
68 Data Iranata Static Non-Linear Analysis of RC Simple House Building Analysis-4 17-22
69 Fawzy Mohamed El_Behairy Experimental And Numerical Study On The Fracture Energy Of Early Age Concrete Analysis-5 23-33
70 Hazimah Sarlan Effect of Groove Sizes and Positions on Timber Beams Strengthened with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Analysis-6 34-40
71 Idzwan Mohamad Selamat Extreme Value Analysis And Joint Density Of Metocean Loads For Malaysian Water Analysis-7 41-45
72 Jindrich Fornusek Numerical Analysis of Head Diameter Influence on Headed Studs Capacity in Tension Analysis-8 46-50
73 Mariyana Aida Experimental And Numerical Study On Softening And Pinching Effects Of Reinforced Concrete Frame Analysis-9 51-54
74 Nor Izzah Mokhtar Reinforcing Techniques Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer: A Review(Structural Analysis & Design) Analysis-10 55-65
75 Nurul Ashikin Othman SPECTRAL & CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF METOCEAN DATA FOR MALAYSIAN WATER Analysis-11 66-69
76 Prabowo Setiyawan Strength and Rigidity of Strengthened Cold-Formed Steel Moment Connection Analysis-12 70-74
77 Radzuan Saa'ri Determination of Steel Cold-Form Deformation Behaviour Using Multiple Stereo Image Technique Analysis-13 75-80
78 Roya Kohandel Gargari Finite Element Models for Blind-Bolted End-Plate Connection on Structural Hollow Section Analysis-14 81-84
79 Seyed Esmaeil Mohammadyan Yasouj Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Wide Beams Under Different Shear Reinforcement Analysis-15 85-88
80 Shek Poi Ngian Strength and Initial Stiffness of Extended End-Plate Connection based on the Component Model Analysis-16 89-95
81 Tan Cher Siang Numerical Modelling of Top-Seat Flange-Cleat Connection In Light Steel Framing Analysis-17 96-100
82 Wan Zalikha Anas Reliability in Forecasting Metocean Condition for Offshore Operation and Workability using ARIMA Method Analysis-18 101-105
83 Zuraida Mayeetae Validating Hindcast Metocean Parameter with Measured Environmental Loads of Malaysian Water Analysis-19 106-109 Sustainable Construction and Building - SCB
84 Hassan Ismail Potential Improvement of UTM Existing Buildings to Response to Sustainable Campus Initiatives Sustainable-1 590-594
85 Mohamad Hossein Kashefizadeh Feasibility Study on Potential of Photovoltaic Implementation in Malaysia to Reducing Carbon Emission Sustainable-2 595-601
86 Norliana Sarpin The Promotion Of Sustainability Agenda For Facilities Management Through Developing Knowledge Capabilities Sustainable-3 602-607
87 Ozlem eren Sustainable Buildings With Their Sustainable Facades Sustainable-4 608-613
88 Rozana Zakaria Investigation of Eco-labelling Implementation in Malaysia Sustainable-5 614-622
89 Seied Abolfazl Pezeshkzadeh Parametric Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Photovoltaic Technology in Commercial Buildings in Malaysia Sustainable-6 623-631
90 Seyed Meysam Khoshnava Integration between Sustainable Design and Constructability Sustainable-7 632-637 Soil-Structures Interaction - SI
91 Azman Kassim Suction Distributions Of Heterogeneous Residual Soils With Relict Discontinuities Soil-1 524-530
92 Ehsan Momeni Numerical Modelling for Prediction on Axial Bearing Capacity of Driven Pile Soil-2 531-536
93 Eko Andy Suryo The Effects of Deep Cracks on the Rain-Induced Instability of Slopes: A Study Case. Soil-3 537-542
94 Fatimah Aqilah Mohamad Nazim Developing Qualitative Index Of Soil Corrosivity For Pipeline Assessment In Tropical Region Soil-4 543-546
95 Hamed Niroumand Pullout Response of Irregular Shape Anchor in Dense Cohesionless Soil Soil-5 547-549
96 Hamed Niroumand Uplift response of square anchor plates in reinforced sand Soil-6 550-557
97 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Effect of Soilcrete Characteristics on Surface Settlement during Tunnelling in Vietnam Soil-7 558-562
98 Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen Remedial Structures to Stabilize Long Xuyen Riverbank to Prevent Sliding in An Giang province,Vietnam Soil-8 563-568
99 Mohd Fakhrurrazi Ishak The Effect Of Tree Induce Suction On Soil Stabilization Soil-9 569-574
100 Siti Noor Linda Taib Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Analysis Via MatPIV for Measuring Displacement of Shallow Foundation on Uniform Sand Soil-10 575-580
101 Siti Nor Fariza Mior Mohd Tahir Multiple Regression for Predicting Metal Loss Using In-Situ Parameter Soil-11 581-584
102 Ahmad Safuan A Rashid DETERMINATION OF FAILURE SURFACE PATTERN DUE TO STRIP FOOTING Soil-12 585-589 Safety and Reliability - SR
103 Essam Dabbour Investigating Risk Factors Leading to Single-vehicle Rollover Collisions Safety-1 496-500
104 Hassan Ibrahim Ogiri Corrosion Characterisation Of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed To Marine Environment Safety-2 501-506
105 Libriati Zardasti Integrated Risk-Based Inspection Planning For Corroded Oil And Gas Pipeline Safety-4 507-510
106 Noor Amila Bt Wan Zawawi Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Decommissioning Alternative for Offshore Platforms in Malaysia Safety-5 511-517
107 Silvianita Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment of Mobile Mooring System Safety-6 518-523 Transportation Infrastructure - TI
108 Anil Minhans MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND DIFFICULTY OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN DISASTERS Transport-1 638-647
109 Hudzaifah Kamarul Baharin Potential Adoption of Rubberised Asphalt Concrete (RAC) in Malaysia towards Green Road Construction Transport-2 648-651
110 Mastura Binti Bujang Performance of Steel Slag As Potential of Aggregate Replacement Towards Green Highway Transport-3 652-656
111 Othman Che Puan Installation of Midblock U–Turn Facilities on Multilane Divided Highways: An Evaluation of Driver’s Merging Gap Transport-4 657-664
112 Rozana Zakaria The Risk Perspective Of Green Highway Investment Transport-5 665-668
113 Rozana Zakaria Identification of Energy Efficiency Criteria for Malaysia Green Highway Transport-6 669-673
114 Saaed Omer Ahmed A Review of Sustainability Principles as A Comprehensive Approach to Assist Green Site Planning to Design Toll House in Green Road Transport-7 674-680
115 Wan Nur Aifa Binti Wan Azahar Recycling of Pavement towards Sustainable Green Highway Transport-8 681-685
Additional Papers
118 Dicky I. Wahjudi Numerical Implementation in Modeling Hysteretic Cyclic Response Behavior with Pinching of A Reinforced Concrete Beam-to-Column Connection Analysis-20
119 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Stiffenner Paralel To Web Analysis-21
120 Paulus Karta Wijaya Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Of I Beam With Lateral Support Analysis-22
121 Mohammad Ghozi Influence of Chromosome Repairing in Genetic Algorithm for 2D Frame Optimization Analysis-23
122 Arie Febry Fardheny High Grade Bolt Failure Concept in Truss Bridge According to Transformation From Static Load Case to Dynamic Vibration Load Analysis-24
123 Rokhmad Joni Catur Utomo Optimization of Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) Steel Structure Using Genetic Algorithm-Sap2000 Analysis-25
124 Iman Wimbadi Study of Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake in Banda Aceh City Earthquake-6
125 Ferry Firmawan Environmental Performance Assessment in Construction Projects: A Review Environment-9
126 Miftahul Fauziah The Effect of Waste Ash from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil on The Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete Material-24
127 Candra Irawan Prediction of Fly Ash-Concrete Strength under Steam Curing with Maturity Method Material-25
128 Budijanto Widjaja Influence of Clay Fraction on Viscosity in Relation to Mudflow Material-26
129 Triwulan VOLCANIC ASH ON THE STEAM CURING CONCRETE Material-27
130 Theresita Herni Setiawan Risk Factor Analysis in the Manufacturing Process of Hollow Core Slab Safety-7
131 Ni Nyoman Kencanawati Acoustic Emission Weibull Analysis for Reliability Evaluation of Pulsed Power Recycle Coarse Aggregate Concrete under Bending Safety-8
132 Agung Sedayu Design Of Minimum Services Standard Of Public Transport Terminal Infrastructure In Indonesia Transport-9
133 Dicky I. Wahjudi Choice of Beam-to-Column Connection Systems in A Precast Concrete Moment Resisting Frame – Influence on Its Performance and Constructability Composite-9
APSEC-ICCER 2012 Norhazilan Md. Noor et. al. (Eds.)
2 – 4 October 2012 | Surabaya, Indonesia
518 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
Development of a Framework for Safety Assessment
of Mobile Mooring System
Silvianita PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Malaysia
Lecturer, Department of Ocean Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
vian_nita@yahoo.com
Mohd Faris Khamidi & V.J Kurian Department of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
Malaysia
Abstract— Mooring system is a vital component for the safety of
floating structure. Mobile mooring system is responsible for the
positioning of offshore platform. Therefore it is very essential to do
the safety assessment of mobile mooring system. This paper
studies a framework for safety assessment of mobile mooring
system using HAZOP (Hazard Operability) and FTA (Fault Tree
Analysis). HAZOP is a systematic examination of a system that is
helpful to identify and evaluate risk related to accidents/incidents
in mooring system. FTA is a deductive method for conducting
safety assessment. The general objective of this paper is to evaluate
the probability of failure of the mobile mooring system of semi
submersible pipe lay barge. The primary objective of the HAZOP
is to determine the direct causes of mooring failure. This
information is then used to develop fault tree diagram in order to
find the probability of mooring failure. To construct the FTA we
obtained the knowledge and experience of experts on mobile
mooring system. Based on the primary data, the top events for
FTA of mobile mooring system are mooring line breakage (MLB),
anchor failure (AF), anchor handling failure (AHF) and
appurtenance connection failure (ACF). The result shows that the
frequency of mooring system failure is classified as probable.
Assessment, Fault, Hazard, Safety, Tree (key words)
I. INTRODUCTION
Offshore installations are hazardous places because incidents in these environments can lead to enormous consequences (Deacon et al., 2010). A hazard is condition with the potential to cause harm, while risks depend on the likelihood of the harm, the severity of the harm and the number of people who might get injury or illness (Authority, 2006). This paper will explain the hazards that occur in semi submersible column stabilized pipe lay barge which is used mobile mooring system for the positioning. The vessel has a hull with two pontoons and four columns fitted with 12 point mooring system in order to control movement during pipe lay operations. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to identify the possible causes of mooring failure; (2) to develop the possible causes into undesired events of mooring system failure; (3) to determine the frequency of undesired events in mooring system failure.
There are three steps in order to determine the possible causes of mobile mooring failure:
(i) Data Gathering: this activity include gathering the document required for conducting the mooring risk assessment: mooring specification, mooring configuration, operational procedure, etc.
(ii) Hazard Operability (HAZOP): the purpose of this approach is to identify and define the possible causes of mooring failure. This information is then used to develop fault trees of the mooring failure scenarios.
(iii) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): this method is used to break down the possible causes of mooring failure into undesired events. It is also helpful to determine the frequency of mooring system failure.
II. HAZOP (HAZARD & OPERABILITY)
HAZOP is a useful approach for safety analysis and it is important to identify problems by conducting brainstorming with the expert (Dhillon, 2003). To develop the HAZOP, initially was done a brainstorming with the team members about all possible potential hazards in mooring system (Silvianita, 2011). Generally the report of HAZOP was developed according with the scope of study, which are shown in Table I.
TABLE I. HAZOP WORKSHEET
System Identification
Activity: Description of System Activity
Guide
Word Deviation
Possible
Causes
Possible
Consequence Safeguard Action
The descriptions for each column of the presented form are:
a. Guide word: A keyword to create the imagination of a deviation of the system.
b. Deviation: Description of a system in which the process condition may depart from their design.
APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian
519 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
c. Possible Causes: Description of the causes why the deviation could happen that may result in the worst possible consequence.
d. Possible Consequence: Consequence of the occurrence of the failure or the results of the deviation.
e. Safeguards: A facilities that either prevent the cause or safeguard against the consequence such as regular plant inspections.
f. Action: description of the action that should be taken when the consequence occur. It can be remove the cause and mitigate or eliminate the consequences.
The HAZOP result of mooring system failure is shown in Table II.
TABLE II. HAZOP RESULT
System Identification: Semi Submersible Column Stabilized Pipe Lay Barge
Activity: Moor the vessel in a working pipe lay configuration
Guide Word
Deviation Possible Causes
Possible Consequence
Safeguard Action
Fatigue Fatigue at
sheave or
connection
Overload Crack at
Sheave or
Connection
Routine
maintenance
Checking &
monitoring the
equipment with Remotely
Operated
Vehicle (ROV)
Abrasion Abrasion of wire
rope
Wire rope
contact with seabed
Rocks
/debris
Broken
wires Operation
activities
delayed
Routine
maintenance
Checking &
monitoring the
equipment with Remotely
Operated
Vehicle (ROV)
Corrosion
Corrosion
of wire & chain
Wire &
chain for over time
ingress
with sea water
Crack of
wire and chain
Routine
maintenance, checking for
corrosion.
Proper
maintenance performed by
divers or by
dry docking the vessel
Weather Storm Rain Operation suspend
Checking the
radar plant
Monitored
the radar
plant
Traffic Collision Neighboring facilities
Vessel damage
Checking the
ARPA radar
Monitored
the ARPA
Radar
Anchoring Anchor
Failure
Insufficient
holding
Anchor
Handling
Tug (AHT)
retrieves the buoy &
re-runs the
anchor
Check as well
all monitoring equipment be
fore start the
activities & make good
coordination
with project people
Checking and
monitoring
the equipment
with
Remotely Operated
Vehicle
(ROV)
Anchor wire
breaks
Anchor
Handling
Tug (AHT) retrieves
the buoy &
prepare of a new
anchor
Pennant wire
breaks
Anchor
Handling Tug
(AHT) prepare a
new buoy
&pennant wire
Mooring Winches
Rope &
Chain
Failure
Rope &
chain for over
time
ingress with sea
water
Operation
activities
delayed
Ensure that
mooring
equipment (winch) could
working as
well and make a good
coordination
between mooring crew
and project
people
Checking and
monitoring the
equipment with Remotely
Operated
Vehicle (ROV)
III. FTA (FAULT TREE ANALYSIS)
FTA has been widely used to develop a framework for safety
assessment because of its systematic and logical approach
(Michael Stamatelatos, 2002). There are several stages to
perform fault tree analysis, generally it included:
(i) Definition of the system under study
(ii) Determine the top event of the fault tree
(iii) Developing the fault tree
(iv) Define the basic events
(v) Survey the basic events failure data
(vi) Determine minimum cut sets
(vii) Evaluation of the fault tree
(viii) Analyze the result
(ix) Conclusion The top event of this study is mooring system failure. This
top event then divided into four major events which are mooring line breaks, anchor failure, anchor handling failure and appurtenances connection failure. Each of the major events is break down in order to define the basic event. For this paper, it will generate the fault tree (FT) of anchor failure as can be seen in Fig. 1 - 5. The fault tree was developed using the computational tool DPL software belonged to the Syncopation Software Corporation (Chris Dalton, 2005).
Figure 1. FT of Mooring System Failure
APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian
520 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
Figure 2. FT of Anchor Failure
Figure 3. FT of Insufficient Holding
Figure 4. FT Part of Anchor Breaks
Figure 5. FT of the Mooring Line Clashed
Figure 6. FT of the Collision
In order to quantify the frequency of failure, the basic event
in a system failure need to be found. But sometimes it is very
difficult to gather the past record data for FTA, therefore we
need the expert opinion and experience to determine the
probabilities of the undesired events (Silvianita, 2012). In this
study the expert gives their judgment based on the IMO
(International Maritime Organization) standard as shown in
Table III (Veritas, 2002).
APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian
521 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
TABLE III. FREQUENCY INDEX
No Frequency Description FI F (per
ship year)
1 Frequent Likely to occur once per month
on one ship 7 10
2 Reasonably
probable
Likely to occur once per year in
a fleet of ships, i.e. likely to
occur several times during a ships life
5 0.1
3 Remote
Likely to occur once per year in
a fleet of 1000 of ships, i.e. 10%
chance of occurring in the life of 4 similar ships
3 10-3
4 Extremely remote
Likely to occur once in 100 years
in a fleet of 1000 ships, i.e. 1% chance of occurring in the life of
40 similar ships
1 10-5
FTA is a logical and diagrammatic approach which uses the
rules of Boolean algebra to evaluate the occurrence probability
of an accident resulting from sequence of faults and failure
events (Metin Celik, 2010). Mathematically the FT diagram of
mooring system failure (MSF) can be expressed:
ACFAHFAFMLBMSF
ACFAHFAFMLB (1)
TABLE IV. THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUB EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM
FAILURE (MSF)
No Sub Events Code
1 Mooring Line Breaks MLB
2 Anchor Failure AF
3 Anchor Handling Failure AHF
4 Appurtenances Connection Failure ACF
The FTA of mooring system failure is developed in Fig. 1. and
the descriptions of top events, sub events and basic events are
listed in Table IV and V.
TABLE V. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIC EVENTS OF MOORING SYSTEM
FAILURE
No Basic Events Code
1 Adverse Environmental Condition AEC
2 Debris in Seabed DiS
3 Design Error DE
4 Electrical Failure of Winch EFoW
5 Exposed Sharp Edges ESE
6 Electrical Failure EF
7 Excessive Waves EWa
8 Excessive Winds EWi
9 Excessive Currents ECu
10 Human Error HE
11 Incomprehensive Data Collection IDC
12 Improper Quality Control IQC
13 Inadequate Winch Maintenance Schedule IWMS
14 Inadequate Coating Protection ICP
15 Inadequate Maintenance Schedule IMS
16 Inappropriate Subsea Assets Inventory ISAI
17 Improper Reading Seismic Data IRSD
18 Improper Soil Data Sampling ISDS
19 Incompetence Crews IC
20 Manufacturing Error ME
21 Mechanical Failure MF
22 Natural Hazard NH
23 Poor Raw Material PRM
24 Rocky Seabed RS
25 Soft Sand SS
26 Uncertified Crews UC
27 Unregular AHT Maintenance UAM
28 Uncertified Equipment UE
29 Wrong Material WM
The evaluation of FTA begins with the calculation of the cut
set. The smallest combinations of basic events that lead to the
top event happen are called the minimal cut set. The minimal
cut set of the mooring system failure is shown in Table VI.
TABLE VI. THE MINIMAL CUT SET OF FT
Code Order ACF AF AHF MLB
AEC 1st 0.03 0.03 N/A 0.03
DiS RS
2nd N/A N/A N/A 0.000012
DE 1st N/A 0.0006 0.0006 N/A
EFoW 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A
ESE 1st N/A N/A N/A 0.0003
EF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006
EWa
EWi ECu
3rd 0.0724 0.0724 N/A 0.0724
HE 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
IDC 1st 0.009 N/A N/A N/A
IQC
PRM 2nd N/A 0.000015 N/A N/A
IWMS 1st N/A N/A 0.0003 N/A
ICP 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A
IMS 1st 0.0005 N/A N/A N/A
ISAI
IRSD 2nd N/A 0.000016 N/A 0.000016
ISDS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A
IC 1st 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
ME 1st 0.0002 N/A N/A N/A
MF 1st N/A 0.0006 N/A 0.0006
NH 1st N/A 0.03 N/A 0.03
SS 1st N/A N/A N/A N/A
UC 1st 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian
522 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
UAM 1st N/A N/A 0.0004 N/A
UE 1st 0.0004 N/A N/A N/A
WM 1st 0.0003 N/A N/A N/A
Probability 0.1736 0.195031 0.0624 0.194728
The formula of minimal cut set for the top event (Andrews,
1998) : T = C1+ C2+ C3+…. + CN (2)
Therefore the probability of mooring system failure is T =
0.1736 + 0.195031 + 0.0624 + 0.194728 = 0.625759 which
classified as reasonably probable. Fig. 7, shows the minimal
cut sets for anchor failure, the highest cut sets is caused by
excessive winds, waves and currents with value 0.0724.
Minimal Cut Sets for Anchor Failure
EWa,Ew i,ECu
HEIC
NH
AEC
UCDE
EF
MF
ISAI,IRSD
IQC,PRM
Figure 7. Importance Index for Anchor Failure
HEImportance
Index
- Conduct mooring analysis- Visual inspect all mooring components- Rescheduling special task- Insure all the assets
- Crew regularly trained - Hired certified crew- Employ competence crew - Highly supervision
EWa, EWi,ECu
IC
AEC NH
Figure 8. The Mitigation of Anchor Failure
In Fig. 8, it can be seen that the most critical component to anchor failure is related to the controllable (inside) factors and uncontrollable (outside) factors. Controllable (inside) factors associated with human error and incompetence crew, while uncontrollable (outside) factors associated with excessive wave, excessive wind, excessive current, natural hazards and adverse environmental condition. This result allows the decision makers to make proper strategy in order to reduce the inside factors failure, the strategy may consist of:
(i) Trained the crew regularly to maintain the skills
(ii) Hired the certified and credible crew
(iii) Employ competent crew with the certification
(iv) Highly supervision during the manufacturing or field
processes. This result allows the decision makers to make proper
strategy in order to reduce the inside factors failure, the strategy may consist of:
(i) Conduct mooring analysis to ensure the moorings are fit
for purpose.
(ii) Visual inspect all mooring components
(iii) Rescheduling special task when necessary
(iv) Insure all the assets of company
IV. CONCLUSION
A framework for the mobile mooring system risk analysis with inexact, incomplete and linguistic information has been developed in order to analyze the safety assessment problem. The paper considers the frequencies of the basic events to determine the possible causes of the mooring system failure. The result of HAZOP analysis then used to develop the fault tree in order to investigate the root cause of mooring failure. A few key points from this paper can be highlighted as follow:
(i) The preliminary analysis has showed the importance of HAZOP to determine and evaluate the problems that may cause injury to the personnel or damage to the equipment.
(ii) FTA begins with top events which include mooring line breakage, anchor failure, anchor handling failure, and appurtenances connection failure. All these top events are further broken down until the undesired events are discovered.
(iii) The FTA shows that the highest frequency of mooring system failure is caused by anchor failure with the probability value 0.195031 per year which is classified as reasonably probable.
APSEC-ICCER 2012: Silvianita, Mohd Faris Khamidi, V.J Kurian
523 ISSN XXXX-XXXX
“Sustaining the World with Better Structures & Construction Practice”
REFERENCES
JOURNAL:
Dhillon, B. S. 2003. Methods For Performing Human
Reliability And Error Analysis In Health Care.
International Journal Of Health Care Quality Assurance,
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Deacon, T., Amyotte, P. R. & Khan, F. I. 2010. Human Error
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Science.
Metin Celik, S. M. L., Jin Wang 2010. A Risk Based Modelling
Approach To Enhance Shipping Accident Investigation.
Journal Of Safety Science, Pp. 18-27.
Books:
Chris Dalton, T. M. 2005. Syncopation Software.
Michael Stamatelatos, W. V. 2002. Fault Tree Handbook With
Aerospace Applications.
STANDARDS:
Authority, H. A. S. 2006. Guidelines On Risk Assessments And
Safety Assessments.
Veritas, D. N. 2002. Marine Risk Assessment. First Ed.
PROCEEDINGS:
Andrews, J. Year. Tutorial Fault Tree Analysis. In:
International System Safety Conference, 1998.
Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2011) Operational
Risk Assessment Framework Of Mobile Mooring System.
National Postgraduate Conference. Tronoh, Malaysia.
Silvianita., M.F. Khamidi., V.J. Kurian. (2012) An Application
Of Fault Tree Analysis For Mobile Mooring System. In:
International Conference On Civil, Offshore &
Environmental Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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