28795185 fundamentals of computer
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G.K.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI-63
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY MANUAL
COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY-II
II SEMESTER
2008-2009.
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APPROVAL
The MANUAL of (GE 2155) COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II
UNDER COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II IN II SEMESTER
OF I YEAR (2008-2009) .
PREPARED BY APPROVED BY
1. Ms.S.Sudha. Mr.M.Babu.2. Mr.M.Karthikeyan. HOD/CSE.3. Mr.P.Selvakumar.
4. Mr.E.Senthilkumaran.5. Mr.M.Manickam.6. Mr.N.Kalyanasundaram.7. Mr.Amit Prasad.
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I N D E X - II N D E X - I
S.NOS.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTNAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NOPAGE NO11 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM. 11
22 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS. 88
33 STUDY OF VI EDITORS. 1414
4A4A CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF
AN EMPLOYEE.
2121
4B4B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. 2323
5A5A TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF
TWO-WAY BRANCHING USING IF
STATEMENT.
2525
5B5B TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-
ELIF STATEMENT.
2727
5C5C TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE
STATEMENT.
2929
6A6A TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT N
NATURAL NUMBERS.
3131
6B6B TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST
N FIBONACCI SERIES.
3333
6C6C TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE
MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING UNTIL
LOOP.
3535
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I N D E X -I N D E X - IIII
S.NOS.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTNAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NOPAGE NO6D6D TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE 3737
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SUM USING FOR LOOP.
6E6E TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO
CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL.
3939
77 PROGRAM TO FIND INVERSE OF THE
GIVEN NUMBER AND FIBONACCISERIES UP TO NEEDED LEVEL USING
FUNCTIONS.
4141
88 PROGRAM FOR THE ILLUSTRATION
OF POINTERS EXPRESSIONS.
4444
99 PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC MEMORY
ALLOCATION, REALLOCATION AND
DELETING.
4646
1010 PROGRAM TO CREATE FILE, TO
STORE INFORMATION IN THE FILE
AND TO SHOW THE INFORMATION IN
THE FILE BY USING FILE HANDLING
FUNCTIONS.
4949
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EX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEMEX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
AIM:AIM: To study about unix operating system.To study about unix operating system.
WHAT IS UNIX
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UNIX is an operating system which was developed first in the
1960s and has under constant development ever since by operating
system we mean the sui te of programs which make the computer
work. I t is a stable, mult i-user, mult i- tasking operat ing system for
servers, desktops and laptops.
UNIX operat ing system also have graphical user interface (GUI)
similar to Microsoft windows operat ing system which provides an
easy to environment. However knowledge of unix is required for
operations which are not covered by graphical program or for when
there is no windows interface available.
TYPES OF UNIX
There are many different versions of unix, although they
share the common similar i t ies. The most popular variet ies of unix
are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux and Macos X.
THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
The Unix Operating system is made up of three parts
1 . The Kernel
2 . The She ll
3 . The ProgramsTHE KERNEL
The Kernel of Unix is the hub of the operating system. It
al locates t ime and memory to programs and handles the f i le store
and communication in response to system calls.
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As an i l lustrat ion of the way that the shel l and the kernel work
together, suppose a user types rm myfi le (which has the effect of
removing the fi le myfile). The shell scratches the fi lestore for the fi le
containing the program rm. And then requests the kernel, through
system cal ls to rm myfi le f inished running, the shel l then returns
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the unix prompt % to the user, indicating execute the program rm
on myfile. When the process that it is waiting for future commands.
THE SHELL
The shell acts as an interface between the user and the
kernel. When user login, the login program checks the username and
password, and then star ts another program cal led the shel l . The
shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands
the user t ypes in an a rranges for them to be car ried out . The
commands are themselves programs. When they terminate, the shell
gives the user another prompt (% on our system). By typing part of
the name of a command, f i lename and directory and pressing the
[tab] key, the shel l wi l l complete the rest of them automatical ly. I f
shel l f inds more than one name beginning wi th those let ters you
have typed, it wil l beep, prompting to type a few more letters before
pressing the tab key again.
The shel l keeps the l ist of the commands you have typed in, i f you
need to repeat a command, use the cursor key to scroll up and down
the l is t or type history for a l is t of previous commands. Di f ferentusers may use dif ferent shel ls. Ini t ial ly, your system administrator
wil l supply a default shell, which can be overridden or changed.
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The most commonly available shells are:
Bourne shell (sh)
C shell (csh)
Korn shell (ksh)
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TC Shell (tcsh)
Bourne Again Shell (bash)
Each shel l a lso i ncl udes i ts own prog ramming l anguage.
Command f i les, cal led "shel l scr ipts" are used to accomplish a
series of tasks.
Uti l i t ies :UNIX provides several hundred ut i l i ty programs, often
referred to as commands.
Accomplish uni versal functions
editing f i le maintenance
printing
sorting
programming support
online info
Modular : s ingle funct ions can be g rouped to per fo rm more
complex tasks.
The Bourne shell i s one o f the o ldest she l ls and is the most
efficient for background work. However it provides few facil i t ies for
interactive users.
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The C shel l provides sophisticated interactive capabil it ies lacking
in the Bourne she ll . Features o f this she ll inc lude a command
history buffer, command aliases and fi le name
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complet ion. The C she ll has a syntax which resembles the C
programming language.
The C shell is the default shel l for interact ive work on many UNIX
systems. I t wi l l be covered in this document, al though most of thebasic commands given here are relat ively standard across al l the
main shells.
The Korn shell was writ ten by David Korn from AT&T and in i t he
attempted to merge the preferred features of both the Bourne and C
shells as well as adding some additional features.
Unfor tunately the Korn shel l was not avai lable for f ree, as other
UNIX shel ls were, so many users and companies did not chose to
use of it.
The Bash shell was based on the Bourne shell (Bourne again
shell) and as with Korn it attempted to combine the best features of
the other shells which were available at the time. This shell however
was available for free.
Bash was init ially adopted for LINUX although several varieties of
LINUX now exist e.g. RedHat, SuSE and Debian-GNU.
FILES AND PROCESS
Everything in unix is either a fi le or a process. A process
is an execu ting p rogram iden ti fi ed by a unique P ID (Process
Identif ier).
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A f i le is col lect ion of datas. They are created by users using text
editors, running, compilers etc.
Examples of f i les
Document
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The text of a program written in some high level language.
All fi les are grouped together in the directory structure. The fi le
system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, l ike inverted tree. The
top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written [/] slash)
FEATURES OF UNIX
1. Mul ti task ing
Mult i tasking is the capabil i ty of the operating system to
perform var ious tasks s imul taneously. I .e. A s ingle user can run
multiple programs (tasks) concurrently.
2. Mult i -user Capabi l i tyMulti-user capabil ity of UNIX allows several users to use the
same computer to perform their tasks. Several terminals (keyboards
and monitors) are connected to a single powerful computer (Unix
server) and each user can work with their terminals.
3 . Secu ri ty
Unix allows sharing of data. Every user must have a login
name and a password . So, accessing ano ther user s data i s
impossible without permission.
I.e. Invalid users cannot access data.
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4. Por tabi li ty
UNIX is portable because it is written in a high level language.
So, UNIX can be run on different computers.
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5. Communication
UNIX supports the fallowing communications
o Between the dif ferent terminals connected to the UNIX
server.
o Between the users o f one compute r to the users o f
another computer located elsewhere in the network.
6. Programming facil i ty
UNIX is highly programmable, the UNIX shell programming
language has all necessary ingredients l ike conditional and control
structure (Loops) and variables, that establ ish i t as a programming
language in its own right.
ADVANTAGES OF UNIX
UNIX is a very stable operating system.
UNIX supports the Multi-User feature.
UNIX is a Multitasking operating system.
UNIX can be loaded to any type of computer hardware.
UNIX is optimized for program development.
UNIX has r ich set of smal l commands and ut il i ties that do
specific tasks.
UNIX has a powerful unif ied f i le system, everything in a f i le;
data, program and all physical devices.
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UNIX has the abil ity to string commands and uti l i t ies together
in unlimited ways to accomplish more complicated tasks.
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UNIX al lows onl y autho ri zed use rs to modi fy f ile s and
directories.
UNIX al lows only System Administrators to make changes in
System Configuration fi les.
RESULT:
Thus study of unix operating system was completed.
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EX NO: 2 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS
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AIM:To study about basic UNIX commands in UNIX
GENERAL COMMANDS
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION1 Date Date
_Displays the current date andtime
2 Cal cal MMYYYY
Cal Displays the calendar of thecurrent month
cal YYYY Displays the calendar of thewhole year specified
cal MM YYYY Displays the calendar of thespecified month and year
3 Man man commandname -
Displays the manual pages ofthe command name specified.
4 Who Who-
Displays information aboutpeople who are presentlylogged in
5 who am i who am i-
Displays information aboutoneself
6 Finger finger user-
Displays information about thespecified user
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FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS
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12 Page page file Same as moreexcept that
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/
OPTIONS
DESCRIPTION
7 Cat cat > filename cat > filename Creates a filewith thespecified name
cat filename Displays thespecified file inthe console
cat file1file2filen >filez
Copies thespecified files tofilez
cat >> filename Appendscontents to thespecified file
8 Rm rm filename-
removes thespecified file
9 Mv mv filenamedestination
mv filenamedestination
Moves the file tothe destination
mv filenamenewname
Renames the filewith the newnameRenaming can bedone whilemoving withinthe samedirectory ordifferentdirectory
10 Cp cp sourcedestination
Copy SOURCEto DEST, ormultipleSOURCE(s) toDIRECTORY.
11 More more file More is a filter for pagingthrough text onescreenful at atime for lengthyfiles.
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more requiresspacebar to bepressed forevery pagewhereas page
requires returnkey to bepressed
13 Ls Ls -l shows aboutpermission, owner,size etc-a shows all filesincluding hiddenfiles-R displays thecontents of
subdirectories-r reverses theorder of filesdisplayedls ~ List thecontents of yourhome directoryls / List thecontents ofyourroot directory.
ls ../ List thecontents of theparent directory.ls */ List thecontents of all subdirectories.ls -d */ Only listthe directories inthe currentdirectory.
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14 File file filename Displays thetype of thespecified file
15 Wc wc filename Print thenumber of lines,
words,characters andbytes in the file.
16 Head head nfilename
Display the firstn lines from thefile
17 Tail tail n filename Display the lastn lines from thefile
18 Sort sort filename -r sort inreverse order
-fsort ignoringcase-n sortnumerically-b ignoreleading blanks
Sorts the linesin the text files
and displaysthem in theconsole
19 Grep greppatternfilename
-F for fixedgrep-E for extendedgrep-c print the
count ofmatching lines-i ignore casefor matching-h prefix eachmatching linewith linenumber
Grep searchesthe named inputFILEs for linescontaining amatch to the
givenPATTERN.
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DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT COMMANDS
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20 Chmod chmodfilename users+ permissionsfile/directory
+ for addingpermission- for removingpermissionu stands forownerg stands forgroupo stands forothers
chmod changesthe permissionsof each givenfile accordingto the modespecified
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION
21 Mkdir Mkdirdirname
Creates a directory with thespecified name.
22 Rmdir Rmdirdirname
Deletes the specified directoryif not empty
23 Mv mv dirnamedestination
Move the directory and all itscontents to the destination. If aname is specified in the
destination, the directory willbe renamed.
24 Pwd Pwd Shows the current directory
25 Cd cdcd ~
Moves to the home directory
cd ..
cd -
Moves to the parent directoryMoves to the previousdirectory
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RESULT: Thus basic UNIX commands in UNIX was studied.
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EX:NO:3 VI EDITOR
AIM: To Study of Basic vi Commands
What isVI?
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual
editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include Pico and emacs, a
product of GNU.]The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:
1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and2. Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.
In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does somethingto the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may evencause the vi editor to enter the insert mode.
In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressingthe (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.
The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the
tables below.NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter
in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.
To Get Into and Out OfVI
To Start vi
To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then
the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist,then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.
* vi filename editfilename starting at line 1
vi -r filenameRecoverfilename that was being edited when system crashed
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To Exit vi
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Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also
possible to quit vi without saving the file.
Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This
type of command is completed by hitting the (or) key.
* :x quitvi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wqquitvi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:q quit (or exit) vi
* :q!quitvi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call
Moving the Cursor
Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move thecursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the key commands
listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well;
however, sincevi
was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrowkeys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should
be avoided.If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment,you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the mostfrustrating difference between the two.In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the key should
be held down while the letter key is pressed.
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*jor
[ordown-arrow]move cursor down one line
* k [orup-arrow] move cursor up one line
*hor
[or left-arrow]
move cursor left one character
*lor
[orright-arrow]move cursor right one character
* 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
* $ move cursor to end of current line
w move cursor to beginning of next word
b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
:0or 1Gmove cursor to first line in file
:nor nGmove cursor to line n
:$or G move cursor to last line in file
Screen Manipulation
The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or
down several lines and to be refreshed.
^f move forward one screen
^bmove backward one screen
^dmove down (forward) one halfscreen
^u move up (back) one half screen
^l redraws the screen
^rredraws the screen, removingdeleted lines
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Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text
Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the
mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up andundo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoingand redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.
* u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.
Inserting or Adding Text
The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of thesecommands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the key must be
pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command
mode.
* i insert text before cursor, untilhit
I insert text at beginning of current line, untilhit
* a append text after cursor, untilhit
A append text to end of current line, untilhit
* oopen and put text in a new line below current line, until
hit
* O open and put text in a new line above current line, untilhit
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Changing Text
The following commands allow you to modify text.
* r replace single character under cursor (no needed)
R replace characters, starting with current cursor position, untilhit
cwchange the current word with new text,
starting with the character under cursor, untilhit
cNwchange Nwords beginning with character under cursor, untilhit;
e.g., c5wchanges 5 words
C change (replace) the characters in the current line, untilhit
cc change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when is hit
NccorcNcchange (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line,
stopping when is hit
Deleting Text
The following commands allow you to delete text.
* x delete single character under cursor
Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor
dNwdelete Nwords beginning with character under cursor;
e.g., d5wdeletes 5 words
D delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursorposition
* dd delete entire current line
NddordNddelete N lines, beginning with the current line;
e.g., 5dddeletes 5 lines
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Cutting and Pasting Text
The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.
yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
NyyoryNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
P put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
Other Commands
Searching Text
A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another.To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the followingcommands.
/string search forward for occurrence ofstringin text
?string search backward for occurrence ofstringin text
n Move to next occurrence of search string
NMove to next occurrence of search string in opposite
direction
Determining Line Numbers
Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number oflines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.
:.= Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
:= Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
^g
provides the current line number, along with the total
number of lines,in the file at the bottom of the screen
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Saving and Reading FilesThese commands permit you to input and output files otherthan the named file with which you are currently working.
:r filenameread file namedfilename and insert after current line
(the line with cursor)
:w write current contents to file named in originalvi call
:w newfile write current contents to a new file namednewfile
:12,35w smallfilewrite the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35
to a new file namedsmallfile
:w! prevfile write current contents over a pre-existing file namedprevfile
RESULT: Thus the commands related to vi Editor was studied.
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Ex .No: 4A
CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF AN
EMPLOYEE
AIM:
To write a simple script to calculate the gross salary of an employee.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the basic salary from the user
STEP 3 : Calculate the Da , Hra, and gross with the needed formulas namely
da=`expr $b \* 10 / 100`
hra=`expr $b \* 20 / 100`
gross=`expr $b + $da + $hra`
STEP 4 : Print the gross salary by use of echo command
STEP 5 : Stop
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PROGRAM
echo Calculating the gross salary of an employee
echo Enter the Basic salary
read b
da=`expr $b \* 10 / 100`
hra=`expr $b \* 20 / 100`
gross=`expr $b + $da + $hra`
echo Gross Salary=$gross`
OUTPUT
Calculating the gross salary of an employee
Enter the Basic salary
10000
Gross Salary= 13000
Result:Thus the program to find gross salary of an employee is created and
executed successfully.
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Ex .No: 4 B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE
AIM:
To write a simple script to find the area of a circle.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the radius from the user
STEP 3 : Read the radius.
STEP 4 : Calculate the area by using the formula 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc
STEP 5 : Stop
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PROGRAM
echo FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE
echo "Enter the radius of the circle"
read radius
echo "The Area of the circle is"
echo 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc
OUTPUTFINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE
Enter radius of the circle
5
The Area of the circle is 78.571425
Result:Thus the program to find radius of circle was created and executed
successfully.
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Ex .No:5 A TWO-WAY BRANCHING
AIM:
To implement the concept of two-way branching using if statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP1 :Start
STEP2 :Declare the variables and its access
STEP3 :If a is greater than b then print A is Big, else
STEP4 :Print B is Big
STEP5 :Stop
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Program
echo Concept of two-way branching using if statement
echo Finding the Biggest of two numbers
echo Enter the two Numbers
read a b
if [ $a gt $b ]
then
echo A is Bigelse
echo B is Big
fi
OUTPUT
Concept of two-way branching using if statementFinding the Biggest of two numbers
Enter the two Numbers
12 45
B is Big
Result:Thus the program to find biggest of given two numbers by using if statement
was created and executed successfully.
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Ex .No: 5 B
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-ELIF
STATEMENT
AIM:
To implement the concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Declare the variables and its accessSTEP 3 : If a is greater than b and a is greater than c, then print A is Big, else
STEP 4 : If b is greater than c then print B is Big, else
STEP 5 : Print C is Big
STEP6 :Stop
.
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Program
echo Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statementecho Finding the Biggest of three numbersecho Enter the three Numbersecho a=read aecho b=read becho c=read c
if [ $a gt $b ]then
if [ $a gt $c ]then
echo A is Bigelse
echo C is Bigfi
elif [ $b gt $c ]then
echo B is Big
elseecho C is Bigfi
OUTPUT
Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statementFinding the Biggest of three numbersEnter the three Numbersa=14
b=23c=10B is Big
Result:Thus the program to find highest number among given three numbers by using
if-elif statement was developed and executed successfully..
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Ex .No: 5C
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE STATEMENT
AIM:
To implement the concept of multi-way branching using case statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Initialize the number of choices
STEP 3 : If the choice is present corresponding result will be displayed otherwise
STEP 4 : The statement of the default will be displayed
STEP 5 : Stop
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Program
echo Concept of multi-way branching using case statement
clear
echo 1. To know Your current Directory
echo 2.Todays Date
echo 3.List of Users
echo Enter your choice
read choice
case $choice in1) pwd;;
2) 2)date;;
3) who;;
*) echo Only give inputs from 1 to 3
esac
OUTPUTConcept of multi-way branching using case statement1. To know Your current Directory2.Todays Date3.List of UsersEnter your choice2wed march 18 08:25:20 IST 2009
Result:
Thus the program for multiway branching by using case statement was createdand executed successfully.
.
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Ex .No: 6 A PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL NUMBERS
AIM:
To write a program to print n Natural numbers
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get a number from the user to print n Natural numbers
STEP 3 : Read the number
STEP 4 : Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done
STEP 5 : Echo the value of i and increment the value of i
STEP 6 : End the loop
STEP 7 : Stop
.
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PROGRAM
echo print n natural numbers
echo Enter a number to get N natural numbers
read n
echo The first $n natural numbers are
i=1
while [ $i le $n ]
do
echo $ii=`expr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
print n natural numbers
Enter a number to get N natural numbers
5
The first 5 natural numbers are
1
2
3
4
5
Result:Thus the program to print n natural numbers was created by using while loop
and executed successfully..
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Ex .No: 6B PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N FIBONACCISERIES.
AIM:
To write a program to print first N Fibonacci Series.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number of terms of Fibonacci Series the user needs.STEP 3 : Read the number
STEP 4 : Initialize f1=-1,f2=1 and i=1
STEP 5 :Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done
STEP 6 : calculate the value of the Fibonacci Series with the needed formulas
STEP 7 : End the loop
STEP 8 : Stop
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PROGRAM
echo Enter the number of terms
read n
f1=-1
f2=1
i=1
echo The Fibonacci series upto $n terms is
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
f3=`expr $f1 + $f2`
echo $f3
f1=$f2
f2=$f3
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUTEnter the number of terms10The Fibonacci series upto 10 terms is011235813
2134
Result: Thus the program to display Fibonacci series up to given terms was created byusing while loop and executed successfully.
.
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Ex .No: 6C PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING
UNTIL LOOP
AIM:
To write a program to print the multiplication table using until loop.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number from the user to print its multiplication table.
STEP 3 : Read the number
STEP 4 :Start the until loop
STEP 5 : write the necessity statements within do and done
STEP 6 : End the loop
STEP 7 : print the multiplication table .
STEP 8 :Stop
.
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PROGRAM
echo Enter a numberread n
i=1
echo The multiplication table of $n is
until [ $i gt 10 ]
do
pro=`expr $i \* $n`
echo $n x $i=$pro
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
Enter a number5
The multiplication table of 5 is5 x 1=55 x 2=105 x 3=155 x 4=205 x 5=255 x 6=305 x 7=355 x 8=405 x 9=455 x 10=50
Result: Thus the program for multiplication table was developed and executedsuccessfully by until loop.
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Ex .No: 6D PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM USING FOR LOOP.
AIM:To write a program to print the sum using for loop.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Initialize the variable i.e sum=0
STEP 3 : Start the for loop
STEP 4 : calculate the sum by using the formula sum=`expr $sum + $i` for all the
elements in the for loop list
STEP 5 : End the loop.
STEP 6 : Print the value of the sum
STEP 7 : Stop
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Program
echo Program implementing For Loop
sum=0
for i in 1 2 3 4 10
do
sum=`expr $sum + $i`
done
echo The sum is $sum
OUTPUT
Program implementing For Loop
The sum is 20
Result:
Thus the program to find the sum of the numbers by using for loop wasdeveloped and executed successfully.
.
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Ex .No: 6E PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL
AIM:
To write a program to calculate the factorial.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number from the user
STEP 3 : Read the number
STEP 4 :Initialize the variable i.e f=1
STEP 5 : Start the for loopSTEP 6 : calculate the factorial
STEP 7 : End the loop.
STEP 8 : print the factorial of the given number.
STEP 9 : Stop
.
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Program
echo "Factorial Program"
echo "Enter the number"read a
f=1
for (( i = 1; i
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EX NO: 7 Program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series
up to needed level using functions
AIM:To develop the program to find inverse of the given number and
Fibonacci series up to needed level using functions
ALGORITHM:1. Open the UNIX operating system.
2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in
the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full
screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name
indicates program name.
3. Now enter required header files and open main( ) function.
4. Inside main( ) function declare required variables, declare
two functions. One function to find inverse of given number
with return type and one argument of integer data type.
5. Another function for Fibonacci series with no return type
and one argument of integer data type.6. Assign the values to given variables at compile or runtime.
7. Call the two functions inside main ( ) function.
8. Close main ( ) function. Define two functions outside
main ( ) function.
9. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard
and enter :wq command.
10.To compile the program edit the command cc file name.c.
11.If no compile time error, to run the program edit the
command ./a. out.
12.If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.
.
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Program#includemain( ){
int n1,n2;printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: ");scanf("%d",&n1);printf(" INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER %d = %d",n1,inverse(n1));n2=10;printf("\n");printf(" FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . \n ");fibo(n2);
}inverse(int n){
int a,d;d=0;while(n>1){
a=n%10;d=d*10+a;n =n/10;
}return d;
}fibo(int m)
{int a,b,c,i;a=0;b=1;for(i=1;i
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OUTPUT
ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: 7865INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER 7865 = 5687FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . .0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
RESULT:
Thus the program to find inverse of the given number andFibonacci series by using functions is developed and executed successfully.
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EX NO: 8 Program for the illustration of pointers expressions.
AIM:To develop the program for the illustration of pointers
expressions.
ALGORITHM:
1. Open the UNIX operating system.
2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory
or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full
screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates
program name
3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )
function.
4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,
pointers of integer data type.
5. Give the value for the variables at compile or
runtime. After given values, assign the address of variables to the
pointers.
6. Show the value of the variables and its stored
address by pointers.
7. Evaluate more than one expression by pointers and
show the result.
8. To save the program, press Escape button in the
keyboard and enter :wq command.
9. To compile the program edit the command
cc filename.c
10. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the
command ./a. out.
11. If no run time error, output of the program is
displayed.
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Program
#includemain( )
{int a,b,*p1,*p2;printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR A,B : ");scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
p1=&a;p2=&b;printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p1,p1);printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p2,p2);printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)*(a -*p2) = %d", (*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2));printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = %d",(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b));printf(" \n *p1*p2/a+b = %d",*p1*p2/a+b);printf("\n");
}
OUTPUT Enter the value for a,b: 12 8
12 is stored in the address 32184666768 is stored in the address 3218466672
(*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2) = 80(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = 5
*p1**p2/a+b = 16
RESULT:
Thus the program for the illustration of pointer expressions isdeveloped, executed successfully
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EX NO: 9 Program for dynamic memory allocation, reallocation anddeleting.
AIM:
To develop the program for dynamic memory allocation to store
information and the reallocating dynamically the same memory to store more
information .After the deleting same memory dynamically by dynamic memory
allocation functions.
ALGORITHM:
1. Open the UNIX operating system.2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in
the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a fullscreen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File nameindicates program name.
3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )
function.4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,
pointers and allocate a block of memory dynamically byusing malloc ( ) function.
5. Check whether dynamically a block of memory allocatedor not.
6. If allocated, store the information and display theinformation.
7. Reallocate the same memory to store more informationthan before by using realloc ( ) function.
8. Check whether reallocation of same memory dynamically
done or not.9. If allocated, store the new information and display it.10. If no longer needed the stored information, release by
using free ( ) function.11.To save the program, press Escape button in the
keyboard and enter :wq command.12.To compile the program edit the command
cc filename.c
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13. If no compile time error, to run the program edit thecommand ./a. out.
14. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.
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Program
#include#include#includemain( ){
char *buffer;buffer=(char *)malloc(10*sizeof(char));
if(buffer==0){
printf(" Dynamically memory not allocated . . . \n");exit(1);
}elseprintf(" Dynamically memory allocated . . . \n");strcpy(buffer,"Chennai");printf(" Buffer contains : %s \n",buffer);buffer=realloc(buffer,50);if(buffer==0)
{printf(" Reallocation failed . . . \n");exit(1);
}printf(" Buffer size modified . . .\n");printf(" Buffer still contains: %s \n",buffer);strcpy(buffer,"Chennai is the capital of the Tamilnadu state ");printf(" Buffer now contains: %s \n",buffer);printf(" Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . . . ");free(buffer);}
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OUTPUTDynamically Memory Allocated
Buffer contains : chennaiBuffer size modified . . .Buffer still contains: chennai
Buffer now contains: chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu stateReleasing dynamically allocated memory . . .
RESULT:Thus the program for dynamically memory allocation, reallocation and
releasing the allocated memory dynamically is developed and executedsuccessfully.
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EX NO: 10 Program to create file, to store information in the file and to showthe information in the file by using file handling functions.
AIM:To develop the program to create file, to store information in the
file and to show the information in the file by using file handling functions.
ALGORITHM :1. Open the UNIX operating system.2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in
the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a fullscreen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File nameindicates program name.
3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )function.
4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,file pointer. Open the file with write mode and assign to
the file pointer.
5. Enter number of students information to store.6. Through for( ) loop, read the one by one student
information by using stdin keyword, represents thekeyboard and write to the given file by file pointer.
7. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer asargument.
8. Again open the file with read mode and assign to the filepointer.
9. Again through same for( ) loop, read one by one studentinformation from the file by file pointer and write to thescreen by using stdout keyword, represents screen.
10.For reading use fscanf ( ) function and for writing fprintf ( )function.
11.Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer asargument.
12.To save the program, press Escape button in thekeyboard and enter :wq command.
13.To compile the program edit the commandcc filename.c
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14. If no compile time error, to run the program edit thecommand ./a. out.
15. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed..
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Program
#includemain( ){
FILE *fp;char studname[15];int n, i,em,tm,mm,sm.scm,total;float avg;
fp=fopen("studentdetails","w");printf(" ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS : ");scanf("%d",&n);printf(" enter student name and fallowing subject marks \n \n");printf(" english tamil maths science socialscience \n \n");for(i=1;i
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OUTPUT
ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 2ENTER STUDENT NAMES AND FALLOWING SUBJECT MARKS . .
ENGLISH TAMIL MATHS SCIENCE SOCIALSCIENCE
1: STUDENT DETAILSGnanasekar.P
48 78 90 76 56
2: STUDENT DETAILSVisu.L70 89 76 65 54
STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . .
Gnanasekar.P4878
90765634869.6
Visu.L708976655435470.8
RESULT:
Thus the program for file handling by using file handling functions isdeveloped and executed successfully.
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