a ground-up view of measuring tropical forest biomass
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A Ground-Up View of Measuring Tropical Forest BIOMASS
Oliver Phillips with contributions from Jerome Chave and Simon Lewis
First BIOMASS Science Workshop European Space Agency, Frascati
27-30 January , 2015
BIOMASS ground work has to be pan-tropical
63% of forest carbon is in intact tropical forests. The most diverse, complex ecosystems on Earth, so we need to measure across the domain to understand present-day variation
The satellite challenge
• RS does not measure biomass; it measures structural
features which need to be related to AGB locally (calibration)
• Assessing uncertainty in these relationships requires validation
• Structure / AGB relationships vary across environmental gradients – hence cal/val is data-hungry
How can ground data help for calibration and validation ?
• ground data are also estimates, but they are independent, being based on individual organisms (trees), not canopy structural features
• requires (1) matching to RS in time, (2) accurate tree dimensions, and (3) accurate species identification
Biomass mortality is non-constant
Pan-Amazon plot biomass dynamics, Brienen et al. (in press) Nature
Amazon drought
Amazon drought
1. Synchronising measurements with BIOMASS
2. Accurate Dimensions: Foresters’ skills
Allpahuayo, Peru
3. Accurate Identification: Botanists’ skills
Species matter
Leaf Area Index, Robert Simmon, MODIS data (NASA)
20% of global forest biomass (Pan et al. 2011, Science)
comprised of 16,000 tree species
(ter Steege et al. 2013, Science),
invisible from space
Species D (cm) H (m) Ρ (g/cm3) AGB (t, dry mass)
Apuleia leiocarpa
108 30 0.855 12.2
Cavanillesia umbellata
115 28 0.132
2.3
Dipteryx micrantha
158 44 0.871 76.1
R. C. Goodman, O. L. Phillips, T. R. Baker, 2012, Nature 491: 527
species impact on AGB at the tree-scale
Whole trees measured directly - cut, dried, weighed
Whole trees measured directly - cut, dried, weighed:
The heaviest tropical tree! Dipteryx micrantha, AGB = 76 t
Species are also critical for AGB at the landscape-scale
Pleistocene alluvium: 0.61+0.02 g cm-3, basal-area weighted community wood density (n=8 plots)
Holocene alluvium: 0.51+0.05 g cm-3, basal-area weighted community wood density (n=12 plots)
Madre de Dios, SE Peru
5 km
• Systematic national resource inventories across Amazonia (e.g., RADAM-Brasil, minimum diameter 30cm
Species are also critical for AGB at the continental-scale
(a) floristic gradients (axis 1); (b) (axis 2) (c) community-weighted seed mass (d) community-weighted wood density (e) ectomychorrhizal genera, fraction; (f) Fabaceae, fraction H. Ter Steege et al. 2006, Nature 443: 444-447
Species are critical for AGB at the continental-scale
Forests are more than BIOMASS… Identity is closely related to other key ecosystem
functions
Tree population turnover rates (from 1 to 3% yr-1)
Tree species compositional gradient (axis 1)
Quesada et al. 2012, Biogeosciences Ter Steege et al. 2006, Nature
Most trees die broken and fallen
Many trees die standing
Key challenges for ground data quality 1. Technical challenges: • 1.1 Timing • 1.2 Accuracy: tree measured above buttress; point of
measurement noted, and painted; height measured by trained operators
• 1.3 Species Identity
2. Human challenges • Replicability & accountability (e.g., peer review) • Pan-tropical teamwork and standards • Training • Sharing
Pan-tropical teamwork (standardised protocols: many people, plots,
institutions)
CTFS-ForestGEO, 61 large dynamics plots, ca. 30
tropical
RAINFOR (Red Amazonica de Inventarios Forestales), 500 biomass & dynamics plots
AfriTRON (African Tropical
Forest Observation
Network) >250 biomass plots
RAINFOR: Partners
Noel Kempff 2001,6,7,9,11 TAMBOPATA 2002,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
Bogi 2002,7,10,11
IQUITOS 2001,5,6,8,9,10,11 Manaus
2002,5,6,10,11 Caxiuana
2002,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
Branganca 2002
Tapajos 2003 Jatun Sacha 2002,7,10,11
Acre 2003,9 Sinop 2002,13
San Carlos de Rio Negro 2004,6,12
Jari 2003
Mocambo 2003
El Dorado 2004,9,12
ANDES Transect 2003,6,7,8,9,10
Rio Grande 2004,9,12
Agua Pudre 2004,5,6,11
Alta Floresta 2002,8,11,13
Cusco Amazonico 2003,6,8
Zafire 2005,6,8,9
Mabura Hills 2006,10,12
Jenaro Herrera 2005,6,7,8,11
Dois Irmaos 2003,6,9,11,13
Tiputini 2002,7,10,11
Sacta 2006,9
BEEM 2006,10
Porongaba 2003,6,9,11
Lorena 2004,6,11
Nouragues 2008
Nova Xavantina 2008,10,11,13 Los Amigos 2008
Pasco 2008,10,11
Pto Nare 2010
Carbonera 2009,12 Barinas
2009,12
Pibiri 2006,10,12
Iwokrama 2010,12
Jurua 2003,9,11
Tanguro 2009,10,11
Pto Ayacucho 2012,13
Araracuara 2011
Amargal 2011
Clarines 2009,12
Caparo 2009,12
Catauba 2011 Santana do Araguaia 2011,13
150 campaigns, always with
some training
Guyana Guiana Francaise
Perú Brasil
RAINFOR: Campaigns
uniting 740 researchers from
31 nations
> 2,000,000 measures
11,500 species
1,700 plots
the first in 1939
“Cyberinfrastructure” to cope with complex tree data, and the trust to share them
Participating networks include RAINFOR, AfriTRON, GEM, T-
Forces, TROBIT, ECOFOR, PPBio
Data can be shared or private: the investigator decides
In sum, ground data for BIOMASS requires:
massive replication
synchronous timing
quality measurements species identity
people
Así…
Scientific Networks already do most of this, but need:
* Plot expansion to >4 ha
* New plots in degraded forest * Complementary measurements (e.g. ground
LiDAR) * Funding from 2019
What now?
• Hay un incremento en la biomasa de bosques primarios
Tropical partners of this effort must be valued as full partners.
This includes being adequately trained, equipped, insured, and paid.
How much?
• Hay un incremento en la biomasa de bosques primarios
Tropical partners of this effort must be valued as full partners.
This includes being adequately trained, equipped, insured, and paid.
Costs in remote, high-diversity, high-biomass tropical forests: €15,000 per ha: Botanical id, herbarium vouchers, height, permanent plots, peer-reviewed verified data & outputs, proper training, tight quality control, global co-ordination.
• If a central 1 ha is expanded to include surrounding 3 ha of trees >30 cm d: €30,000 per plot.
• Thus, if 200 plots per tropical continent for calibration and validation, expanded to 4-ha:
600 plots = €18M. Plus allometric work.
How much?
Estimated cost of pan-tropical
calibration and validation: 4 % of BIOMASS mission
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