abe 482 lecture 2
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ABE 482Environmental
Engineering in Biosystems
September 8, 2008Lecture 2
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Today
What is environmental engineering?
Scope of the class
Treatment processes
Waste audits Collection, storage and analysis of
solid waste
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Environmental Engineering
The technology concerned with thereduction of pollution, contamination,and deterioration of the surroundingsin which humans live. (Answers.com)
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Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineering is theapplication of science and engineeringprinciples to improve the environment(air, water, and/or land resources), toprovide healthy water, air, and landfor human habitation and for otherorganisms, and to remediate pollutedsites. (Wikipedia)
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Scope of ABE 482
air-quality control
water supply
wastewater disposal
storm-water management solid-waste management
hazardous-waste management
waste to energy conversions
Civil
Civil
Chemical
ChE 454/882
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Waste Management
What is waste?
What is the cost of waste?
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http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/FDwaste
What is the cost of waste?
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Waste Management
What is waste?
What is the cost of waste?
What incentives are there for
reduction or alternative uses ofwaste?
Are they working?
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Are the incentives working?
http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/soe/waste_indicators/49_percap_waste.html
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Waste Management
What is waste?
What is the cost of waste?
What incentives are there for
reduction or alternative uses ofwaste?
Are they working?
Factors that affect production ofwaste
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Waste Management Hierarchy
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Waste Disposal vs Waste Treatment
Disposal
Landfills
Incineration
Treatment/Utilization
Composting
Digestion
Constructed wetlands
Land application
Conversion facility
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Waste Treatment Processes
Flowchart
Liquid stream
Solid stream
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Reasons for Waste Processing
Treatment of organic solids
Reduces overall waste footprint of aprocess or facility
Generate energy
Generate useful by-product
Secondary and tertiary treatment of
liquids Reduces negative environmental impact
when discharged
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Waste Audits
An assessment of the current
byproducts and analysis of currenthandling methods of a certain process
May be conducted for many reasons To ensure regulatory compliance
To define existing liabilities
To track costs of operation
To improve efficiency of wastemanagement
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Waste Audits
If you were conducting a waste auditfor a facility, what information wouldyou need to know from your client?
What types of waste streams wouldyou expect from
U of S
Cargill Canola Crushing plant
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Waste Analysis
Sampling and analysis requirements
Must consider the medium to be sampledand the environment in which it is in
Frequency of sampling and number of
individual samples needed depends onthe time or spatial variability of thesampling sites
Must always take care to avoidcontamination of the sample
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Waste Analysis
Sampling and analysis techniques
Collection Solid waste
Semi-solid waste
Surface water
Free flowing water
Groundwater
Gas
Storage and preservation
Analysis
Interpretation of results
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Sampling and Analysis Techniques
Collection of solid waste
Must obtain representative sample (may bedifficult if material is heterogeneous)
Random sampling
Divide and conquer Must represent every area of pile or holding tank
Often not possible to quantify the uncertaintiesassociated with the sample selection
Best to select as large a test sample as practical Sample size depends on analysis required
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Sampling and Analysis Techniques
Collection of solid waste
Shallow depths (15 to 30 cm)
Scoops, shovels or soil punch
Depths greater than 30 cm
Trenching, augers, soil probes or splitbarrel samplers
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Sampling and Analysis Techniques
Storage of solid waste
Depends on the type of analysis required
Usually: air tight container made of non-contaminating material
Sometimes: sample must be driedand/or frozen or refrigerated if storedbefore analysis
Minimize time between sampling andanalysis whenever possible
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Sampling and Analysis Techniques
Analysis of solid waste
Physical parameters
Inorganic parameters
Organic parameters
Metals
Industrial hygiene
Microbiological parameters
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Sampling and Analysis Techniques(For solid wastes, parameters of interest)
Physical parameters (0.2 to 2 kg)
Moisture content/solids content
Density, porosity
Chemical parameters (10 to 100 g)
pH, EC Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, organic C, etc.)
Metals
Microbiological parameters (1 to 10 g) Coliform, E. coli, Enterococci
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Waste Analysis Companies
ALS Laboratory Group (Saskatoon)
Saskatchewan Research Council(SRC)
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Next Day
Important terms/definitions
Waste treatment processes (overview)
Pre-treatment processes
Gravity sorting
Mechanical sorting
Sedimentation
Coagulation/flocculation
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