aids/hiv/drugs

HIV/ AIDS/Drugs The 21st century pandemic

S . Madan Kumar S . Madan Kumar

M.A., M. A., M.Phil., B.Ed., M.B.A.,M.A., M. A., M.Phil., B.Ed., M.B.A.,

A Acquired

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AA Acquired

II Immuno

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AA Acquired

II Immuno

DD Deficiency

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AA Acquired

II Immuno

DD Deficiency

SS Syndrome

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HH Human

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HH Human

II Immunodeficiency

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HH Human

II Immunodeficiency

VV Virus

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HIV/AIDS refers to…

“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome” (AIDS) (AIDS) or a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(HIV).. This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.

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Basic Definitions And MeaningsWhat is HIV?

HIV is “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”,it is the virus that cause AIDS.

Human means that it affects only humans and lives only in humans.

The virus does not live in toilets, mosquitoes, cups, spoons, on bed sheets or towels that people with HIV might have used.

Immunodeficiency refers to lack(deficiency) or breakdown of immune system. The “immune system” is the body’s resistance or the body’s defense force for fighting off infections.

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The virus attacks and eventually overcomes the body’s immune system. The immune system is usually able to defend the body against infections.

A virus is a germ.

What is AIDS?• AIDS means “Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome”• To acquire means to “get or develop over a

period of time”• The immune system breaks down gradually over

time.

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It gets deficient or less and less efficient, under relentless attack by the multiplying number of virus in the body.

Syndrome refers to the group or collection of signs and symptoms of indication of diseases in a person who has AIDS.

HIV is the infectious stage of the condition, HIV is the infectious stage of the condition, AIDS is the disease phase.AIDS is the disease phase.

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The Origin of AIDS and HIV

HIV came from a similar virus found in chimpanzees - SIV.

HIV probably entered the United States around 1970.the first recognized case of AIDS was in the early 1980s.

HIV is a lent virus (slow virus),which in turn is a part of a larger group of viruses known as retro virus

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EpidemiologyMales>females

Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups

All areas of the country are affected

In some city inner areas, as many as 50% of males are HIV positive

AIDS is now the second leading cause of death for all men aged 25-44 years

(Unintended injuries is #1 and heart disease is #3 for this age group)

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HIV Transmission

• HIV enters the bloodstream through:

Open Cuts

Breaks in the skin

Mucous membranes

Direct injection16

Routes of Transmission of HIV

Sexual Contact: Male-to-male

Male-to-female or vice versa

Female-to-female

Blood Exposure: Injecting drug use/needle sharing

Occupational exposure

Transfusion of blood products

Perinatal: Transmission from mother to baby

Breastfeeding17

Routes of Transmission of HIV

Occupational TransmissionOccupational Transmission

Health care worker/ hospital staff

Laboratory workers

Other routesOther routesOrgan transplantation

Artificial inseminationNeedle-prick

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HIV Transmission

Common body fluids that are means of transmission:

BloodSemenVaginal Secretions Breast Milk

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HIV in Body Fluids

Semen11,000 Vaginal

Fluid7,000

Blood18,000

Amniotic Fluid4,000 Saliva

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Average number of HIV particles in 1 ml of these body fluids21

HIV-Infected T-CellHIV

VirusT-Cell

HIV InfectedT-Cell

New HIVVirus

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Ways through which HIV/AIDS is not contacted

HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is not spread by:

• Air or drinking water from the same pot with an infected person.

• Insects: including mosquitoes. Studies conducted by researchers have shown no evidence of HIV transmission from insects.

• Saliva, tears, or sweat.  There is no documented case of HIV being transmitted by spitting.

• Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing dishes.

• Closed-mouth or “social” kissing.

Window Period

This is the period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative.

90 percent of cases test positive within three months of exposure

10 percent of cases test positive within three to six months of exposure

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Signs And SymptomsThe clinical consequence of HIV infection comprises of a spectrum ranging from an acute syndrome with primary infection to a prolonged asymptomatic stage to advanced disease.

Incubation period: 2 to 10 yrs.

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The Acute HIV Syndrome Follows 3-6 wks following primary infection

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Signs And Symptoms

Second phase-Asymptomatic contact

Initial HIV inf. or after illness of inf.

No symptomsLast 2 to 10 yrs.

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Signs And SymptomsThird phase-

PGL (Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy)

Enlargement of lymph nodes.

outside the inguinal areamore than 2 areasmore that 3 months

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Signs And Symptoms

Fourth phage-Overt Manifestation of AIDS

ARC(AIDS-related complex): fever, loss of weight, anorexia, diarrhea plus PGL

Nervous system symptoms: headache, convulsion, paralysis, progressive dementia

Rare opportunistic infection.Unusual malignant tumors.Pneumonia.

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HIV Infection And Antibody Response

6 month ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years ~ Years

VirusAntibody

InfectionOccurs

AIDS Symptoms

Initial Stage---------------- --------Intermediate or Latent Stage----------------- Illness Stage

Flu-like SymptomsOr

No Symptoms Symptom-free

<

----

----

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Common manifestation of AIDS

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Kaposis sarcoma

Candidiasis Of Mouth

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Swollen parts of the body

Deterioration of the body tissues

Extreme Wt loss

Lymphadenopathy

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P. Carinii pneumonia

Primary CNS Lymphoma

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Effects of HIV/AIDS

AIDS Worldwide

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AIDS In

India

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDSRisk factors

Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV, but you're at greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you: Have unprotected sex with multiple partners. Unprotected sex means having sex without using a new latex or polyurethane condom every time.

Have unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive.

Have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, herpes, Chlamydia, gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis.

Share needles during intravenous drug use.

Received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1985.

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDSNewborns or nursing infants whose mothers tested positive for HIV but did not receive treatment also are at high risk. Fastest growing method of HIV transmission: heterosexual contact.Heterosexual transmission is easier from men to women than from women to menRisk of acquiring for men is greater if contact occurs during menstruationUncircumcised men are more likely to be seropositive and contract HIV during sex

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS

If mother is HIV positive, 100% of children will test positive at birth

Breast feeding increases transmission rate

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS.

Prevention includes educating yourself about HIV and avoiding any behavior that allows HIV-infected fluids — blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk — into your body.

HIV-negative Individual prevention:HIV-negative Individual prevention:Educate yourself and others. Educate yourself and others. Know the HIV status of any sexual partner. Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex.Consider male circumcision. Use a clean needle.Be cautious about blood products. Get regular screening tests.

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS

HIV positive individual prevention:

Follow safe-sex practices.

Tell your sexual partners you have HIV.

If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV.

Tell others who need to know.

Don't share needles or syringes.

Don't donate blood or organs.

Don't share razor blades or toothbrushes.

If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS

Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS

Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:

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Prevention Of HIV/AIDS

Traditionally, prevention is described as being at three levels:

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Two Approaches To Disease Prevention

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Risk Avoidance & Risk Reduction

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What is the ABC Approach?

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ABC Strategy

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EVALUATION

WHAT IS AIDS?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIV AND AIDS?

STATE THREE MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV.

MENTION FIVE WAY THROUGH WHICH HIV/AIDS CAN NOT BE TRANSMITTED.

OUTLINE THREE WAYS OF PREVENTING HIV/AIDS?

WHY WE SHOULD AVOIDE DRUGS?

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