anatomical position body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from...

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

Figure 1.7a

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively

Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body

Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively

Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body

Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part

Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part

Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Table 1.1a

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Table 1.1b

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Frontal (forehead)

Orbital (eye)

Buccal (cheek)

Mental (chin)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)

Orbital (eye)

Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)

Pubic (genital region)

Patellar(anterior knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Femoral(thigh)

Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)

Hallux (great toe)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)

Orbital (eye)

Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull)

Cephalic(head)

(b) Posterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)

Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)Manus

(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

(b) Posterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)

Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)

Gluteal (buttock)

Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal(back of knee)

Sural (calf)

Calcaneal (heel)

Plantar (sole)

Manus(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

Lowerextremity

(b) Posterior

Body PlanesBody Planes

Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body PlanesBody Planes

Figure 1.8

Anatomical VariabilityAnatomical Variability

Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

Small muscles may be missing

Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen

Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

Small muscles may be missing

Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain

Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic

Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain

Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Cranial cavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)

Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord)

Key:

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)

(a) Lateral view

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9b

Ventral body cavity(thoracic and abdomino-pelviccavities)

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Superiormediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Cranialcavity

Vertebralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)

(b) Anterior view

Key:

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Serous Membrane RelationshipSerous Membrane Relationship

Figure 1.10a

Heart SerosaeHeart Serosae

Figure 1.10b

Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities

Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

Synovial – joint cavities

Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

Synovial – joint cavities

Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities

Figure 1.13

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11a

Organs of the Abdominopelvic RegionsOrgans of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11b

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper

Left upper

Right lower

Left lower

Right upper

Left upper

Right lower

Left lower

Figure 1.12