appendicular skeleton. bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip) that...

Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder and hip) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

• Bones of the limbs help to get us from place to place and to manipulate our environment.

Clavicle

•Clavicle= collar bone•S-shaped•Sternal end: attaches to manubrium of sternum•Acromial end: attaches to acromion on scapula•Supports shoulder

Scapula•Back of shoulder•Dorsal surface= back•Ventral surface= front

•Spine: ridge that enlarges into acromion•Acromion: articulates with clavicle•Coracoid process: articulates with tendon of bicep•Glenoid fossa: socket where humerus fits

Scapula

Scapular Notch

Scapula/ Clavicle& Head of Humerus

1

2

34

56

Scapular notch: notch medial to coracoid process; for nerve

1011

12 Clavicle

Coracoid

Process

Acromion

Scapula/ Clavicle& Head of Humerus

• Head: always points toward median

• Greater Tubercle: bulge on lateral side of proximal end

• Lesser Tubercle: bulge on medial side of proximal end

• Intertubicular groove: for tendon of biceps

Humerus: upper arm

Humerus: upper arm

• Medial epicondyle: bulge on distal medial side

• Lateral epicondyle: bulge on distal lateral side

• Coronoid fossa: depression in distal end • Olecranon fossa: indentation on posterior• Capitulum: head of radius connects here• Trochlea: next to capitulum; sideways

hourglass

Humerus

Humerus

Ulna• Little bone in forearm, pinky side• Olecranon: pointy part that sticks out of

elbow• Semilunar notch: meets trochlea for

flexion/extension• Coronoid process: fits onto coronoid fossa• Radial notch: head of radius fits into it• Styloid process: nobby end of ulna

Ulna & Radius

Radius

• Larger bone in forearm, thumb side, end=circle

• Head: fits into capitulum– For supination/pronation

• Radial tuberosity: bulge below head for muscle attachment: biceps

• Styloid process: bulge on lateral (thumb side) of wrist

14 (3 rows)

5

8 Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Hand

Carpals of Hand Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home

Carpals

• Short bones arranged in 2 rows of 4

• Sliding joints between them

• Posterior view

(thumb)The Teachers Couldn’t Help (pinky)

Students Learn The Problem

Metacarpals

• 1st bones within hand

• #1-5

• 1= thumb, 5= pinky

Phalanges

• Proximal, middle, distal

• Digits 2-5 have 3 (thumb is missing middle phalange)

Lower Limb• 3 Coxal bones + sacrum= Pelvic Girdle

– Ilium: superior ½ including ridge of hip you feel– Ischium: posterior lower half– Pubis: anterior lower half, makes V

Ilium- superior half

• Iliac crest: top ridge• Anterior iliac spine: comes

to point at front• Posterior iliac spine:

comes to point in back• Greater sciatic notch: big

notch faces back, for sciatic nerve

Ischium- posterior lower 1/2

• Ischial Spine: point below notch

• Lesser Sciatic notch: smaller notch below spine

• Ischial Tuberosity:

bulge below lesser

sciatic notchLesser sciatic notch

Pubis- anterior lower 1/2

• Ramus: 2 bars, parts of V

• Pubic symphysis: fibrocartilage that connects 2 pubis bones in middle

Ramus

Male vs. Female

• Crests at wider angles in females

• Pelvic bowl larger in females

• Pubic angle= greater than 90 in females, less than 90 in males

Acetabulum

• Giant fossa where femur articulates

• All three bones meet here

Obturator foramen

• Giant hole between ischium and pubis

Femur

Femur landmarks

• Head: fits into acetabulum of coxal

• Greater trochanter: anterior, superior

• Lesser trochanter: below greater, posterior

• Medial/Lateral condyle: balls on distal end

• Medial/Lateral epicondyle: projections on condyles

• Intercondylar notch: between condyles

Patella

• Knee cap

Tibia landmarks

• Tibia= shin bone, larger bone in lower leg

• Intercondylar eminence: bump between condyles

• Medial/Lateral condyle

• Tibial tuberosity: bump on anterior side for largest muscle group attachment

• Medial malleolus: medial bump of ankle

Fibula & Tibia

Fibula landmarks

• Fibula= lateral to tibia, smaller

• Head

• Lateral malleolus: lateral bump of ankle

3 sets: Proximal

Middle (not in big toe)

distal

5

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Calcaneus

7

Tarsals of Foot

Tarsals (7)

• Talus

• Calcaneus = heel

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Cuneiforms (3)