arch 1250 applied environmental studies lecture four geology
Post on 09-Feb-2022
1 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
9/20/2012
1
ARCH 1250
APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
John Seitz, RA, LEED APAssistant Adjunct Professor
Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARAAssistant Professor
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Geology
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Geology is the scientific study of the structure and composition of the earth’s surface
Kaaterskill Falls, Catskill Park, NY,
image credit John Seitz © 2011
9/20/2012
2
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Geology
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Monastery in Bhutan
Building design requires a basic knowledge of geology to understand the characteristics of the site, to design adequate foundations, support plant communities, guide water flows and ensure resiliency.
We consult civil engineers for drainage, and structural engineers for building foundations.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Natural plant communities are determined by and determine climate and soil.
Plant Communities and Soil
SavannahRain Forest Temperate Forest
9/20/2012
3
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
SELECTION & BOUNDARIES
ANALYSIS and MAPPING
PROGRAMMING and INTEGRATED DESIGN
CLIMATE
PRODUCTIVITY & BIODIVERSITY
MAINTENANCE
INTRO TO TERM PROJECT
NEXT CLASS
Extensive green roof
Intensive green roofGreen roofs are a microcosm of the larger environment and for diverse plantings a variety of soil depths and types are often
required.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
There are three types of rocks:
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
Rocks
9/20/2012
4
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks formed by the deposition of transported sediments. This type of rock is formed by particles which have been transported by streams, ocean currents, ice or wind.
The particles could be sand, dirt, rocks or even skeletons, shells and parts of living creatures. The rock is laid down in layers and the most beautiful is often considered to be limestone.
Rocks - Sedimentary
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks - Sedimentary
Lithification is the process by which deposited sediments are converted to firm rock. This type of rock covers most of the earths surface.
Examples are
sandstone
shale
limestone
9/20/2012
5
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks - Sedimentary
Sandstone
composed of sand-sized mineral particles
Shale
most common - made from mud, clay and silt-sized mineral particles
Limestone
composed primarily of calcium carbonate minerals of marine origin
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks - Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock material cools and solidifies on or beneath the earth’s surface. It is hard, dense and strong with very high bearing capacity.
Granite
9/20/2012
6
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rock formed from igneous or sedimentary rock as a result of heat, pressure, and chemical action.
Metamorphism is the process by which igneous or sedimentary rock is converted to metamorphic rock. It occurs mainly in mountainous areas.
Rocks - Metamorphic
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks - Metamorphic
Foliated – arrangement of minerals in parallel layers along which the rock easily splits into thin flakes or slabs.
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
9/20/2012
7
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Fordham Gneiss beneath Belvedere Castle,
Central Park, image credit Stig Nygaard © 2005
Manhattan Schist, Edgecombe Avenue, image
credit John Seitz © 2010
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Rocks - Metamorphic
Unfoliated metamophic rocks include:
Quartzite
Marble
9/20/2012
8
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Inwood Marble outcrop, Isham Park, image
courtesy of http://www.newyorknature.net/Geology.html
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil
Soil is a living matrix and an essential part of the ecosystem. It is also a building medium, mineral
in content and formed over thousands of years.
It varies greatly in character based on
parent rocks, climate,
topography, age and the actions of plants, winds,
and water.
Soil section from
Derek Elsom’s, Earth,
The Making, Shaping
and Workings of a
Planet, 1992
9/20/2012
9
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil Horizons
Soil is divided into horizontal layers called horizons.
The three main soil horizon layers are the A, B and C layers.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil - A Horizon
The layer called topsoil; Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer.
It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.
9/20/2012
10
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil - B Horizon
Also called the subsoil
It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil - R Horizon
The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.
9/20/2012
11
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil Classification
There are many different ways of classifying soil based on its uses.
From a building perspective we are most interested in systems based on particle size since that largely determines 3 important soil qualities:
Drainage
Bearing Capacity
Erodibility
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Soil Classification
USDA Classifications
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
We also look at
• Gravel
• Organic Soils
9/20/2012
12
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Sand
Sand is a coarse grained soil whose particles are .002 to .25 inches in diameter
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Silt
Silt is a fine grained soil whose particles are .002 to .00008 inches in diameter
9/20/2012
13
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Clay
Clay is a fine-grained soil whole particles are smaller than .00008 inches in diameter
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Gravel
Gravel is a coarse grained soil whose particles are larger than .25 inches in diameter.
It has good to excellent drainage characteristics and bearing capacity.
9/20/2012
14
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Organic soils
Organic soils are much more important to supporting life than buildings. They generally retain water and have very low bearing capacity.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Unified Soil Classification System
9/20/2012
15
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Soil Investigations
A Test pit is an excavation made to expose the subsurface soils for an in-place examination
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Soil Investigations
Test boring is a hole drilled into the ground, from which samples or undisturbed subsurface soils are obtained for laboratory inspection and testing
9/20/2012
16
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Soil Investigations
A soil boring log is a graphic representation of the soils encountered in a test boring.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Soil Investigations
Bearing Capacity is the ability of a soil to support a structural load.
9/20/2012
17
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
From Wild New York, Mittlebach and Crewdson, 1997
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Surficial Geologic map (soils)NYS Geological Survey 1989
Geologic map (bedrock)NYS Geological Survey 1970
9/20/2012
18
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Surficial Geologic map (soils)
NYS Geological Survey 1989
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Geologic map (bedrock)NYS Geological Survey 1970
9/20/2012
19
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Foundation problems may be caused by …..
• Subsidence
• Previous building foundations
• Changes due to moisture
• Seasonal changes
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Subsidence
Subsidence isthe sinking of the landwhich may occur because of poor compaction, decomposition of organic fill, or the removal of subgrade materials through mining (oil, gas, minerals, water).
9/20/2012
20
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Previous building foundations
Foundations must rest on undisturbed soil.
If a building was previously on the site, the new
foundation must go below the level of the old foundations.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Changes due to moisture
Expansive soil Refers to clay which swells when wet and shrinks when dry.
9/20/2012
21
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Seasonal Changes
In the winter, soil freezes and expands. In the summer, the soil contracts.
Frost line is the deepest penetration of frost below grade. Foundations must be below this level.
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Methods for overcoming poor bearing capacity
Compaction is the reduction of soil volume by pressure from grading machinery.
Piles rely on the support of friction.
The foundation may go down to bedrock.
9/20/2012
22
LECTURE FOUR
GEOLOGY
ARCH 1250
APPLIED
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
ROCK
SOIL
BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
For next week
The team PowerPoint presentations for both classes will be posted on the openlab website for everyone to review.
Each student is required to make at least two comments on the work of two other teams – (that is two comments one for each team)
You must make comments on a team that is focused on a different category than your own and you can comment on the work of either class.
As the semester continues you must continue two comments per week until the end of the semester.
In addition each team – must respond to any comments left by other students. The purpose of this is to create dialogue and for everyone to be familiar with the efforts and work of other teams. Remember this is a class project – with a final class presentation.
http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/maplocator/(xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&layout=6_1_61_48&uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea=%24ROOT)/.do
top related