arthrology

ARTHROLOGY

By:

Waqas Nawaz11-arid-975__DVM 2nd sem

ARTHROLOGY

Study of jointsThe Articulations of Joints An articulation or Joint is formed

by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue

CLASSIFICATION

a. Anatomically according to their mode of development, the nature of the uniting medium, and the form of the joint surfaces.

b. Physiologically, with regard to the amount and kind of movement or the absence of mobility in them.

c. By a combination of the foregoing considerations.

SUBDIVISIONS

Three chief subdivisions of joints are usually recognized on the basis of function:-

a. Synarthroses b. Diarthroses c. Amphi-Arthroses

SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS In this group the segments are united

by fibrous tissue or cartilage or a mixture of the two Fixed or immovable joints There is no cavity Most of these joints are temporary

CLASSES The chief classes in this group of

joints are as follows:- (1) Suture:- This term (Suture) is applied to those joints in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissues the sutural ligament

Suture Serrata Suture Squamosa Suture Harmonia

2-SYNDESMOSIS

In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture.

e.g., union of the shaft of the metacarpal bones and the attachments

to each other of costal cartilages

3-SYNCHONDROSIS

In these, the two bones are united by cartilage.

e.g the joints between the basilar part of the occipital bone and the

sphenoid bone. Very few joints are permanent.

4. Symphysis:- This term is usually limited to a

few median joints which connect symmetrical parts of the skeleton.

e.g Symphysis pelvis, symphysis mandible.

5. Gomphosis:- This term is sometimes applied to

the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli. The gomphosis is not properly considered a joint at all sine the teeth are not parts of the skeleton.

SYMPHYSIS & GOMPHYSIS

DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS These joints are characterized by the

presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule and by their mobility.

Movable or true joints. Functional joint

Consists of synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments, particular discs or menisci and a marginal cartilage

MOVEMENTS The movements of a joint are

determined chiefly by the form and extent of joint surfaces and the arrangement of ligaments. They are usually classified as:- Gliding Angular Movements Circumduction Rotation Adduction abduction

CLASSIFICATION This is based on the form of the joint surfaces

and the movements which occur. The following chief classes may be recognized:-

1. Arthrodia:- Or gliding joint Examples: Carpo-metacarpal joints

2. Ginglymus :- Or hinge-joint Examples:- Atlanto - occipital and elbow joints.

3. Trochoid:- Or pivot joint.Examples:- Atlanto – axial joint.

4. Enarthrosis:- Or ball-and-socket joints.Examples:- Hip and shoulder joints.

AMPHIARTHROSES

Segments are directly united by a plate of fibro-cartilage, and usually by ligaments also

These joints are nearly all medial in position

Joints between the bodies of the vertebrae There is typically no joint cavity, but in

certain situation one exists.

AMPHIARTHROSIS

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