articulations chapter 9. classification table 9–1
Post on 21-Dec-2015
227 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Functional Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses (singular = synarthrosis)– Immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses (singular = amphiarthrosis)– Slightly movable joints
• Diarthroses (singular = diarthrosis)– Freely movable joints
Structural Classification of Joints• Fibrous
• no joint cavity, bones held together with collagen fibers
• Cartilagnous• no joint cavity, bones held together with cartilage
• Synovial• have a “synovial” cavity, bones held together with an enclosed capsule & ligaments
•Synostosis• Conversion of other joints to solid bone mass
Linear (non-axial) Motion
• Pencil maintains vertical orientation, but changes position
Figure 9–2a, b
Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
• Monaxial or uniaxial (1 axis)
• Biaxial (2 axes)
• Triaxial or multiaxial (3 axes)
Rotation
• Direction of rotation from anatomical position
• Relative to longitudinal axis of bodyLeft or right rotation
• Medial rotation (inward rotation): – rotates toward axis
• Lateral rotation (outward rotation): – rotates away from axis
Pronation and Supination
• Pronation:– rotates forearm, radius over ulna
• Supination:– forearm in anatomical position
Inversion and Eversion
• Inversion:– twists sole of foot medially
• Eversion:– twists sole of foot laterally
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Dorsiflexion: – flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
• Plantar flexion:– extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Protraction and Retraction
• Protraction: – moves anteriorly– in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
• Retraction: – opposite of protraction– moving anteriorly (pulling back)
Elevation and Depression
• Elevation: – moves in superior direction (up)
• Depression:– moves in inferior direction (down)
Ellipsoidal Joints(sometimes called “condylar” joints)
• Oval articular face within a depression
• Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
Figure 9–6 (4 of 6)
Intervertebral Articulations
• C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
– at inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
– between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
Disc Structure
• Anulus fibrosus:– tough outer layer– attaches disc to vertebrae
• Nucleus pulposus:– elastic, gelatinous core – absorbs shocks
Verterbral Joints
• Also called symphyseal joints
• As vertebral column moves:– nucleus pulposus shifts– disc shape conforms to motion
6 Intervertebral Ligaments
• Anterior longitudinal ligament:– connects anterior bodies
• Posterior longitudinal ligament:– connects posterior bodies
• Ligamentum flavum:– connects laminae
6 Intervertebral Ligaments
• Interspinous ligament: – connects spinous processes
• Supraspinous ligament:– connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to
sacrum)
• Ligamentum nuchae:– continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)
Damage to Intervertebral Discs
• Slipped disc:– bulge in anulus fibrosus – invades vertebral canal
• Herniated disc:– nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus
fibrosus– presses on spinal cord or nerves
Movements of the Vertebral Column
• Flexion:– bends anteriorly
• Extension:– bends posteriorly
• Lateral flexion:– bends laterally
• Rotation
ACL replacement
http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/95/plaweski/plaweskius.shtml
Rheumatism• A pain and stiffness of skeletal and
muscular systems
Arthritis• All forms of rheumatism that damage
articular cartilages of synovial joints
Osteoarthritis
• Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
• Generally in people over age 60
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• An inflammatory condition
• Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
• Involves the immune system
Gouty Arthritis
• Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts):– form within synovial fluid– due to metabolic disorders
Joint Immobilization
• Reduces flow of synovial fluid
• Can cause arthritis symptoms
• Treated by continuous passive motion (therapy)
Bones and Aging
• Bone mass decreases
• Bones weaken
• Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture
top related