Articulations and joint Articulations and joint movementmovement

Chapter 9Chapter 9

*Note that articulations can be *Note that articulations can be classified by:classified by:

Structure or functionStructure or function

According to structureAccording to structure : table 9.1: table 9.1

Based on: Based on: 1. Presence/absence space between bones = 1. Presence/absence space between bones =

__________________________________________ 2. Type of CT that binds bones2. Type of CT that binds bones

____________- bones are held together by fibrous ____________- bones are held together by fibrous CT rich in collagen fibers; lacks synovial cavityCT rich in collagen fibers; lacks synovial cavity

_______________- bones held together by cartilage; _______________- bones held together by cartilage; lack synovial cavitylack synovial cavity

_______________- have synovial cavity (freely _______________- have synovial cavity (freely moveable); articular capsulemoveable); articular capsule

According to function: According to function: Related to degree of movement permitted:Related to degree of movement permitted: _____________________- _____________________- synsyn = together; immovable joint = together; immovable joint

Synchondrosis- cartilageSynchondrosis- cartilage SuturesSutures GomphosisGomphosis

____________________- ____________________- amphiamphi= on both sides; slightly = on both sides; slightly movable jointmovable joint Symphysis- growing togetherSymphysis- growing together Syndesmosis- band or ligamentSyndesmosis- band or ligament

___________________- freely movable joint___________________- freely movable joint all of these are synovial jointall of these are synovial joint variety of shapes to permit several types of movementsvariety of shapes to permit several types of movements

Types of synarthoses: fig 9.1-2Types of synarthoses: fig 9.1-2 ____________________- thin layer of dense fibrous ____________________- thin layer of dense fibrous

CT uniting bones of the skull CT uniting bones of the skull coronal suture- between the frontal and parietal bones. coronal suture- between the frontal and parietal bones.

_____________- _____________- gomphogompho=bolt or nail; cone-shaped =bolt or nail; cone-shaped peg fits into socketpeg fits into socket teethteeth

_____________- _____________- chondrochondro = cartilage; connecting = cartilage; connecting material is hyaline cartilagematerial is hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate (functionally, synarthrosis, but when epiphyseal plate (functionally, synarthrosis, but when

elongation ceases & bone replaces cartilage, becomes a elongation ceases & bone replaces cartilage, becomes a synostosis = bony joint)synostosis = bony joint)

First rib to manubriumFirst rib to manubrium

Types of fibrous jointsTypes of fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis Cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysisand symphysis

Types of amphiarthosesTypes of amphiarthoses

__________- __________- syndesmosyndesmo=band, ligament; fibrous joint=band, ligament; fibrous joint compared to suture these have a greater distance between compared to suture these have a greater distance between

bones & more fibrous CTbones & more fibrous CT Fibrous CT is arrange as a bundle = ligament or sheet Fibrous CT is arrange as a bundle = ligament or sheet

distal tibiofibular joint - connects tibia and fibuladistal tibiofibular joint - connects tibia and fibula

________________- “growing together” ________________- “growing together” ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage

ANDAND bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage: bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage:

pubic symphysispubic symphysis

Synovial joints, fig 9.3Synovial joints, fig 9.3

_________________ = freely moveable_________________ = freely moveable _________________-_________________- reduces friction during reduces friction during

movement and helps to absorb shockmovement and helps to absorb shock _________________- sleevelike, surrounds joint, _________________- sleevelike, surrounds joint,

enclosing cavity, unites articulating bones, 2 layers: enclosing cavity, unites articulating bones, 2 layers: outer fibrous capsuleouter fibrous capsule- dense irreg CT attached to - dense irreg CT attached to

periosteum, permits considerable movement & provides periosteum, permits considerable movement & provides great tensile strengthgreat tensile strength

fibers in parallel bundles= ligaments fibers in parallel bundles= ligaments inner synovial membraneinner synovial membrane- areolar CT w/ elastic fibers- areolar CT w/ elastic fibers

*in many the membrane includes *in many the membrane includes articular fat padsarticular fat pads

Synovial joints (2)Synovial joints (2)

________________ -secreted by synovial membrane, ________________ -secreted by synovial membrane, forms thin film over surfaces within articular capsule. forms thin film over surfaces within articular capsule.

Fluid functions in reducing friction by Fluid functions in reducing friction by lubricating jointslubricating joints supplying nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from supplying nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from

the chondrocytes within articular cartilage the chondrocytes within articular cartilage Contains ______________ -remove microbes and Contains ______________ -remove microbes and

debris occurring from normal wear and tear.debris occurring from normal wear and tear. When joint is immobile: ___________________When joint is immobile: ___________________

as movement increases fluid less gel like = more liquid… as movement increases fluid less gel like = more liquid… so warm up before exercising!so warm up before exercising!

Synovial (diarthrosis) joint Synovial (diarthrosis) joint

Types of synovial joints fig 9.4Types of synovial joints fig 9.4 Remember they have:Remember they have:

Synovial cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, Synovial cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, accessory ligaments, articular discs SEE synovial fluid, accessory ligaments, articular discs SEE FIGURE 9.3FIGURE 9.3

_________joints_________joints- articulating surfaces are flat or - articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curvedslightly curved intracarpal joints between carpal bones.intracarpal joints between carpal bones.

________ joints________ joints- convex surface on one bone fits into - convex surface on one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone the concave surface of another bone elbowelbow

________ joints________ joints-rounded or pointed surface of one -rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligamentbone and partly by a ligament atlas rotates around axisatlas rotates around axis

____________ joints____________ joints- - condylcondyl=knuckle; the convex =knuckle; the convex oval shaped projection of one fits into the oval shaped oval shaped projection of one fits into the oval shaped depression of anotherdepression of another metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5

___________ joints___________ joints- the articular surface of one bone - the articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, the other articular surface fits into the is saddle shaped, the other articular surface fits into the saddle as a rider would sitsaddle as a rider would sit carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and metacarpal carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and metacarpal

of thumb.of thumb. ________________joints________________joints- ball-like surface of one - ball-like surface of one

bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bonebone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone shoulder and hipshoulder and hip

Also in some synovial joints:Also in some synovial joints:

______________________- sac-like structures strategically - sac-like structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some jointssituated to alleviate friction in some joints (such as) shoulder and knee (such as) shoulder and knee filled with _________________located between:filled with _________________located between:

skin & bone where skin rubs over boneskin & bone where skin rubs over bone between tendon & bonebetween tendon & bone ligament & boneligament & bone muscle & bonemuscle & bone

Also in some synovial joints (2):Also in some synovial joints (2):

___________________________(fig 9.15)___________________________(fig 9.15) Fibrocartilage pads between articular surfacesFibrocartilage pads between articular surfaces Attached to fibrous capsuleAttached to fibrous capsule Usually subdivides synovial cavity into 2 spacesUsually subdivides synovial cavity into 2 spaces

Permitting separate movementsPermitting separate movements Modify shape of joint surfaces allowing bones of Modify shape of joint surfaces allowing bones of

different shape to fit more tightly different shape to fit more tightly Maintain stability of jointMaintain stability of joint Direct synovial fluid to areas of greatest frictionDirect synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction

Origin and insertionOrigin and insertion

______________________ - attachment of muscle tendon - attachment of muscle tendon to to ________________________________ bone bone Attachment at the Attachment at the proximalproximal end end End opposite of insertionEnd opposite of insertion

______________________ - attachment of muscle tendon - attachment of muscle tendon to to __________________ bone bone Attachment to the Attachment to the distaldistal end end End opposite of originEnd opposite of origin

Connective tissue & articulationsConnective tissue & articulations

____________ - type of CT consisting of ____________ - type of CT consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in: chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in: dense network of collagen and elastic fibersdense network of collagen and elastic fibers Matrix of chondroitin sulfateMatrix of chondroitin sulfate

______ - white fibrous cord of dense regular CT ______ - white fibrous cord of dense regular CT Attaches muscle to boneAttaches muscle to bone Attaches muscle to muscle (flat sheet =aponeurosis)Attaches muscle to muscle (flat sheet =aponeurosis)

__________ - dense regular CT__________ - dense regular CT Attaches bone to boneAttaches bone to bone

Body movements fig 9.5-9.9Body movements fig 9.5-9.9

FlexionFlexion-decrease angle between bones-decrease angle between bones ExtensionExtension-increase angle between bones-increase angle between bones HyperextensionHyperextension-extension beyond anatomical -extension beyond anatomical

positionposition

AbductionAbduction-move bone -move bone awayaway from midline from midline AdductionAdduction-move bone -move bone towardtoward the midline the midline

Body movements fig 9.5-9.9Body movements fig 9.5-9.9

RotationRotation-bone revolves around longitudinal axis-bone revolves around longitudinal axis CircumductionCircumduction-move distal end of body part in circle-move distal end of body part in circle

Supination Supination - move so palm is turned anteriorly- move so palm is turned anteriorly Pronation Pronation - move so palm is turned posteriorly- move so palm is turned posteriorly

Eversion Eversion - movement of soles laterally- movement of soles laterally InversionInversion - movement of soles medially - movement of soles medially

Body movements fig 9.5-9.9Body movements fig 9.5-9.9

ProtractionProtraction - movement of body part anteriorly - movement of body part anteriorlyRetractionRetraction - movement of body part posteriorly - movement of body part posteriorly

ElevationElevation - upward movement - upward movementDepressionDepression - downward movement - downward movement

DorsiflexionDorsiflexion - toe points superiorly, stand on heels - toe points superiorly, stand on heelsPlantar flexionPlantar flexion - toe points inferiorly, stand on toes - toe points inferiorly, stand on toes

Joint Problems and DisordersJoint Problems and Disorders

________________________ - an acute or chronic - an acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa; caused by:inflammation of a bursa; caused by: Trauma, infection, or rheumatoid arthritisTrauma, infection, or rheumatoid arthritis Repeated or excessive exertion of a joint, w/ local Repeated or excessive exertion of a joint, w/ local

inflammation and accumulation of fluid.inflammation and accumulation of fluid. Symptoms = pain, swelling, tenderness, limited Symptoms = pain, swelling, tenderness, limited

movementmovement Treatment = oral anti-inflammatory agent, Treatment = oral anti-inflammatory agent,

injection of coritsol like steroidsinjection of coritsol like steroids

Joint Problems and DisordersJoint Problems and Disorders

____________- forcible wrenching or twisting of joint- forcible wrenching or twisting of joint Stretch or tear ligamentStretch or tear ligament No dislocation of boneNo dislocation of bone Caused by ligaments stressed beyond normal Caused by ligaments stressed beyond normal

capacitycapacity May also damage b.v., muscles, tendon, nervesMay also damage b.v., muscles, tendon, nerves Severe: joint cannot be moved due to painSevere: joint cannot be moved due to pain Swelling due to rupture of b.v.Swelling due to rupture of b.v.

______________________- stretched or partial torn muscle- stretched or partial torn muscle Muscle contracts to powerfully or suddenlyMuscle contracts to powerfully or suddenly

Sprinters accelerating too quicklySprinters accelerating too quickly

Joint Problems and DisordersJoint Problems and Disorders ___________=luxation___________=luxation - displace of bone from joint - displace of bone from joint

Result = tear ligaments, tendons, and articular capsulesResult = tear ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules Caused by blow or fallCaused by blow or fall Subluxation is partial or incomplete dislocationSubluxation is partial or incomplete dislocation

______________ - severe or complete loss of ______________ - severe or complete loss of movement at a jointmovement at a joint Results from a diseaseResults from a disease

Lyme diseaseLyme disease

___________ - form of rheumatism (painful disorder ___________ - form of rheumatism (painful disorder of supporting structures) in which joints are swollen, of supporting structures) in which joints are swollen, stiff and painfulstiff and painful Afflicts 40 million people in USAfflicts 40 million people in US Types: rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, goutyTypes: rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, gouty

Joint Problems and Disorders (2)Joint Problems and Disorders (2) _________- production of excessive amounts of _________- production of excessive amounts of

uric acid or inability to excrete normal amounts uric acid or inability to excrete normal amounts ____________-waste product of metabolism of nucleic ____________-waste product of metabolism of nucleic

acid (DNA, RNA) subunits, substance that gives urine acid (DNA, RNA) subunits, substance that gives urine its nameits name

uric acid builds up in blood and reacts with sodium to uric acid builds up in blood and reacts with sodium to form a salt, crystals of this salt can accumulate in soft form a salt, crystals of this salt can accumulate in soft tissues such as kidneys, and cartilage of ears and jointstissues such as kidneys, and cartilage of ears and joints

In soft tissue of joints= ____________________- In soft tissue of joints= ____________________- inflammation, swelling, pain, inflammation, swelling, pain,

if untreated: bones may fuse and become immovableif untreated: bones may fuse and become immovable

Joint Problems and Disorders (3)Joint Problems and Disorders (3)

___________________________ - autoimmune ___________________________ - autoimmune disease of cartilage & joint liningsdisease of cartilage & joint linings inflammation of the joint causing swelling, pain, loss of inflammation of the joint causing swelling, pain, loss of

functionfunction when cartilage destroyed fibrous tissue joins exposed bone when cartilage destroyed fibrous tissue joins exposed bone

ends, ossifies, and fuses the joint so that it becomes ends, ossifies, and fuses the joint so that it becomes immovableimmovable

___________________- degeneration of articular ___________________- degeneration of articular cartilage such that bony ends touchcartilage such that bony ends touch resulting friction worsens the conditionresulting friction worsens the condition usually associated with elderlyusually associated with elderly